scholarly journals Revenues of Municipalities as a Tool of Local Self-Government Development (Comparative Study)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Viera Papcunová ◽  
Jarmila Hudáková ◽  
Michaela Štubňová ◽  
Marta Urbaníková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
The State ◽  
Dual Model ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Local Budget

A municipality’s budget is a tool that significantly affects the long-term economic potential of the area. In addition, it is an important tool for the management of the municipality, in relation to the effective provision of public services for inhabitants. To ensure them, it uses the revenues that the local self-government receives from various sources. The aim of the paper is to characterize and to compare the mechanism of creating revenues of the local self-government in the Slovak and Czech Republic and, at the same time, to analyze the relationships between individual groups of local revenues in the time period 2009–2018. We analyzed the basic groups of municipal revenues: total revenues, current revenues, and capital revenues. For the analysis, we used selected mathematical–statistical methods (trend lines, correlation coefficient). Although both countries were part of one country, both have a dual model of public administration and have undergone fiscal decentralization; the structure and sources of local self-government revenues are different. However, a common attribute is the dependence of local self-government on state revenues. Tax revenues are the most important part of current budget revenues. Despite fiscal decentralization, local budget revenues are dependent on the state. In the Slovak Republic, share taxes from the state represent 74% of the total tax revenues of municipalities, and in the Czech Republic, 85% of the total tax revenues of municipalities.

scholarly journals Effect of Calf Diseases on Mortality during Transport for Slaughter

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Večerek ◽  
V. Šímová ◽  
M. Malena ◽  
E. Voslářová ◽  
M. Malena
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
The State ◽  
General Effect ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Calf Mortality ◽  
Disease Effect ◽  
Emergency Slaughter

The aim of this study was to determine the general effect of calf diseases on the mortality rate in connection with a journey distance and, furthermore, to determine the tendency of development in this field. During the period of 1997 - 2004 inspectors of the State Veterinary Administration in the Czech Republic recorded the number of healthy calves transported for standard slaughter and numbers of calves that died in connection with this transport; furthermore, they recorded numbers of diseased calves transported for emergency slaughter and numbers of calves that died in connection with this transport. The calf mortality rate in connection with transport for standard slaughter and in connection with transport for emergency slaughter was 0.026% (29/113144) and 3.266% (2260/69207), respectively. The mortality rate during transport for emergency slaughter is considerably higher, an expression in the form of a ratio index is 127.4. The total number of calf deaths during transport for slaughter significantly increased (p < 0.01) due to calf diseases. The effect of the journey distance on calf mortality in connection with transport was manifested as follows: during transport up to 50 km the recorded mortality rate was 0.019% for standard slaughter and 3.029% for an emergency one. In case of a longer journey distance, up to 200 km, a higher mortality rate was detected, namely 0.110% for standard slaughter and 5.177% for an emergency one. Due to diseases the number of calf deaths during transport up to 50, 100 and 200 km significantly increased (p < 0.01). A long-term tendency concerning increase or decrease of calf disease effect on the mortality rate in calves during transport for slaughter depending on individual years of the period monitored was not proved. Calf disease significantly decreases calf welfare during their transport for slaughter and considerably increases number of calves that died in connection with transport for slaughter.

scholarly journals THE OPTIMIZATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ACTIVITIES OF A MUNICIPAL POLICE

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 266-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef Kubás ◽  
Viktor Šoltés ◽  
Zuzana Štofková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Secure Environment ◽  
Municipal Police ◽  
Local Budget

Public administration in Slovakia is organized on three levels, one of which is self-government. A local self-administration is defined as a territorial self-government, which is lower on the hierarchy than a regional government. In the Republics of Slovak and Czech, local self-government consists of municipals of privileged entities or incorporations that are attempting to achieve the most secure environment for their citizens. Obtaining this status is possible with a sufficient local budget to form and use services of municipal police. The municipal police force is a disciplinary unit within an area of its territory. In study is the possibility of improving the municipal police of the Slovak Republic. To identify limitations, the Slovak municipal police force is compared with that of another nation exercising activities under similar conditions. For this purpose, the municipal police force of the Czech Republic is compared with that of the Slovak Republic using various indicators. The results show several weaknesses of the municipal police force of Slovak Republic and recommendations are provided to improve its effectiveness.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 242-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef Kubás ◽  
Zuzana Ĺ tofková ◽  
Ján Mišík
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
The State ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Effective Instrument ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

The allocating revenue to the individual budgets of self-governments in the Slovak Republic is a highly sophisticated process. Redistribution of resources using fiscal decentralization is an effective instrument through which the government attempts to eliminate subsidizing of municipalities and self-governing regions from the state budget and thus achieve higher stability of the economy. The function of municipalities and higher territorial units is secured by so-called special purpose tax revenues, which do not go into the state budget but directly into the budgets of self-governments. This research contribution focuses on the revenue side of budgets of public administration institutions for the period of the last five concluding budget years. The analysis demonstrates the meaning and importance of tax revenues for the mentioned institutions as well as the expenditure side of the state budget. In this contribution, a comparative study identified the changes that occurred in the individual years of the presented range and subsequently, evaluated fiscal decentralization and its influence on the revenue side of budgets of municipalities.

scholarly journals Pricing Electric Power in the Czech Republic and in Selected Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 1001-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Mazegue Pavelková ◽  
Iva Živělová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The State ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Renewable Power

This paper focuses on state intervention in the pricing of electricity from renewable power sources in the Czech Republic when compared with the pricing in the Slovak Republic, Germany, France and Italy. In these countries the state intervention is implemented in different forms, but the critical part of the price is regulated everywhere by the state. The price of electricity is determined by its production costs, which depend on the source from which electricity is produced. The highest cost of electricity is required to generate renewable energy, particularly solar power, while the lowest costs of power are associated with its production by coal-fired and natural gas-fired thermal power plants. However, hydroelectric power plants attain clearly the lowest cost for generating electricity. State intervention includes supporting power generation from renewable power sources by guaranteeing purchase prices.

Trends in ambient ozone concentrations at twelve sites of the Czech Republic over the past three decades

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iva Hunova ◽  
Marek Brabec ◽  
Marek Malý
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Semiparametric Regression ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Data Series ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Ambient Ozone ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Measuring Period

&lt;p&gt;Ambient ozone (O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) remains a serious air pollution problem (O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) of Northern Hemisphere, and still represents a considerable threat both for human health and ecosystems. In Europe, the critical levels of O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; are permanently exceeded over vast areas (EEA, 2019). In the Czech Republic (CR), monitoring of O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; has been operated since 1993, currently at 50 sites, including both rural and urban stations covering the country (CHMU, 2019). O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; exposures in the CR are relatively high (H&amp;#367;nov&amp;#225;, Schreiberov&amp;#225;, 2012; H&amp;#367;nov&amp;#225; et al., 2016), and may result in negative endpoints, both regarding human health (H&amp;#367;nov&amp;#225; et al. 2013) and vegetation (H&amp;#367;nov&amp;#225; et al., 2011). O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is highly meteorology dependent and shows considerable year-to-year variations (H&amp;#367;nov&amp;#225; et al., 2019 a, b). Two to three-decade time series allows for a sound trend analysis, hence O&lt;sub&gt;3 &lt;/sub&gt;concentrations for trends at Czech long-term monitoring sites were already analysed using Mann-Kendall non-parametric test (H&amp;#367;nov&amp;#225;, B&amp;#228;umelt, 2018).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This time, however, our approach for time analysis was different. We applied a generalized additive model, GAM (Wood, 2017; Hastie &amp; Tibshirani, 1990) framework as a flexible, semiparametric regression approach to address nonlinear trend shapes in a formalized and unified way. In particular, we employed penalized spline approach with cross-validated penalty coefficient estimation.&amp;#160; We have examined daily mean O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations measured at twelve Czech sites representing different environments, geographical areas, and altitudes across the country; four urban, for rural and four mountain sites. We used long-term data series from the time period of 1994&amp;#8211;2018.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our results show inconsistent behaviour of sites before 1998 when the strict emission limits were introduced with an immediate consequence of substantial decrease in O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; precursor emissions. The highest concentrations and the most dynamic O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; decrease in this time period was recorded at the Praha 4-Libus urban background site, the lowest concentrations and the steepest increase in O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; were recorded at the Rudolice mountain site in the former Black Triangle Area. Two local maxima &amp;#8211; around 2003 for some sites and 2006 for other sites &amp;#8211; and a local minimum around 2013 are indicated. Steady increase in O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations for all sites is evident after 2014 up to now, most likely due to recent five hot and dry summer seasons. Seasonal O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; course averaged for the entire measuring period is similar for all sites, with clear maximum in May-June. The highest O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; in summer and lowest in winter were observed at the Usti nad Labem-Kockov site, relatively most flat curve, with the least differences between summer and winter was recorded at the Churanov site, in the Sumava Mts. More interesting is to compare the seasonal O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; curves for individual years.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In contrast with Mann-Kendall test standardly used for this kind of analysis, the GAM approach offers a detailed view on both time trend and seasonality curve and facilitates the analysis and interpretation of the results.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals IMMOVABLE PROPERTY TAX IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC AS AN INSTRUMENT OF FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 767-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana JANOUŠKOVÁ ◽  
Šárka SOBOTOVIČOVÁ
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Local Coefficient ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Local Coefficients

The issue of fiscal decentralization is connected with efforts to build a space for own decision-making in municipalities when raising funds. In the framework of fiscal decentralization, municipalities in the Czech Republic have an opportunity to influence immovable property tax revenues. The aim of the research is to find out the municipalities’ attitude towards the possibility of increasing immovable property tax revenues through a coefficient and how this option is used by municipalities. In the article, there is a description of the immovable property tax development in the Czech Republic on the basis of time series. The research relies on the evaluation of secondary statistical data and on the results of primary research focused on the application of the local coefficient. Municipalities have the option to edit tax components and the amount of tax reflects then the specificities and needs of the community. However, almost 92% of municipalities still postpone the introduction of a local coefficient. The motivation for the introduction of local coefficients was an increase in municipalities’ revenues generally or the need to fund specific projects. On the other hand the empirical research showed that some form of compensation is introduced in 46% of the municipalities.

Evaluation of Tax Incomes of Municipalities in Conditions of the Slovak and Czech Republics

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-27
Author(s):  
Viera Papcunová ◽  
Dana Országhová ◽  
Radomíra Hornyák Gregáňová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Total Current ◽  
Neoclassical Theory ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
Cumulative Data ◽  
Long Time

Abstract The basis of neoclassical theory of fiscal policy is the significant rationality of economic subjects. Rationality results from the ability of these entities to optimize their decisions within a long time horizon, taking into account the activities of other entities, for example Government. An important economic entity is also municipalities and cities as representatives of local self-government. In most countries, fiscal decentralization has taken place in relation to local self-government which aim was reducing the local government's dependence on the state's financial management. Nevertheless, the state's incomes are still identifying as an important part of local budgets. The objective of the contribution is to evaluate the tax incomes of municipalities on the basis of selected indicators in the conditions of the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic in the period 2009 - 2016. The basis for the analysis was cumulative data from municipalities in the Slovak Republic (2 890 municipalities) and cumulative data from municipalities in the Czech Republic (6 271 municipalities) processed in MS Excel. The analysis showed that incomes from tax of personal income represent on average over the analysed period 70% on tax incomes for municipalities in the Slovak Republic and 22% on tax incomes of municipalities in the Czech Republic. Within the structure of the current incomes of municipalities in the Slovak and Czech Republic, tax incomes represent an important component. At the level of municipalities in the Slovak Republic tax incomes represent on average over the analysed period 53% on total current incomes of municipalities and in municipalities in the Czech Republic tax incomes represent 52% on total current incomes of municipalities. Within the analysed period, we register a faster increase of the total current incomes in the municipalities in the Slovak Republic in comparison with the municipalities of the Czech Republic.

scholarly journals Long-Term Residence Permit in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and the Republic of Poland

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-106
Author(s):  
Markéta Bednářová ◽  
Eva Lásková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Foreign Student ◽  
Fundamental Difference ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Residence Permit ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Central European ◽  
The Individual

In all three Central European countries, long-term residence is defined as residence for a specific purpose of more than 90 days. The requirements for granting this type of residence are generally similar with differences in the individual types of purpose of this residence permit. The Polish Act contains a category that could be defined as ‘above-framework’, expanding the range of options that make it possible to obtain long-term residence. The Slovak legislation contains the purpose of “special activities”. In comparison with the Czech legislation, the range of possibilities for obtaining long-term residence in Slovakia is more extensive and less rigid. Specifically, in the case of long-term residence for the purpose of study, there is a fundamental difference in the legislation in the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic, where Slovak legislators include in the term “study” all university, secondary, and higher vocational education. The Polish Act mentions only university studies and doctoral studies. The administration related to the admission of a foreign student to a specific school in the territory is certainly more extensive and demanding in Poland, with both the minister and the voivode enter the process beyond the framework of standard state administration bodies. The arrangement of the Act reveals a fundamental difference in Poland, where the sequence and logic of the arrangement is different to the Czech or Slovak legislation, which is expressed in which institutions Poland focus greater attention and emphasis or importance. None of the countries completely leaves the issue of visas for aliens from third countries unregulated. Although the legislation is identical in many respects, there are differences between individual institutions and the periods for which a visa can be issued. However, the issue of alien law is, at first sight, very extensive and content-intensive in all the above Central European countries, as evidenced by the length of the legislation itself, the complexity of individual institutions, and specific complexity of the provisions.

scholarly journals Financial and Personal Issues of the Transferred State Administration Competencies in the Building Procedure to Municipality Offices

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Ivana Lichnerová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
The State ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
State Subsidies

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to draw attention to consequences of the transfer of competency at the level of the building procedure from state authorities to municipal offices in the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic. The defined research objective was achieved firstly by conducting controlled interviews with representatives of the building offices in the Nitra Region and, secondly, by analysis of financing of this competency from the obtained data from publicly available sources in both states. Secondly, the paper includes a comparison of the financial management of the transferred competencies at the level of the building procedure between the Nitra Region (Slovakia) and the Pardubice Region (Czech Republic). By conducting controlled interviews in the Nitra Region, we came to the conclusion of the financial under-dimensioning of this competency. By comparing the amount of state subsidies provided for the building procedure in both regions, significant differences were found. Based on our research findings, we recommend reassessing the state subsidies for the transferred competency in the field of building procedure.

scholarly journals Expert material on the deportation of leaders of the Dovolan movement from Ukraine

2013 ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
M. Pavlyuk
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Central Executive ◽  
The State ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Executive Body

Citizens of Ukraine once again address you, Mr. Yaroslav Skyba, as the head of the State Migration Service in Lviv Oblast, which should be guided by the Constitution of Ukraine and laws of Ukraine and is the central executive body, to explain to us our unmotivated delay in expulsion from Ukraine Citizens of the Czech Republic Dongnele Antonine and Spirikh Richard, citizens of the Slovak Republic Oberhauser Robert and two more dozen past nuns, excommunicated on May 14, 2011 from Chin Holidays On Basil. The Regulation on the State Migration Service obliges you to take actions on "expulsion, including forcibly, foreigners and stateless persons from Ukraine, the prohibition of entry into Ukraine of foreigners and stateless persons, the implementation of measures related to expulsion foreigners and stateless persons from Ukraine "(paragraph 9 of this Regulation).

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