scholarly journals Variations in Growth, Physiology, and Antioxidative Defense Responses of Two Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Cultivars after Co-Infection of Fusarium oxysporum and Meloidogyne incognita

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambreen Maqsood ◽  
Haiyan Wu ◽  
Muhammad Kamran ◽  
Hussain Altaf ◽  
Adnan Mustafa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L

The soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) and the nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Mi) are destructive pathogens that cause substantial yield losses to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops worldwide. The present study sought to elucidate the physiological, biochemical, and cytological responses of tomato cultivars (Gailing maofen 802 and Zhongza 09) by root invasion of Fo (1 × 105 CFUmL−1) and Mi (1500 second-stage juveniles (J2) alone and in combination after 14 days. Results revealed that combined inoculation of Fo and Mi significantly increased disease intensity, electrolyte leakage, and hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents; and decreased photosynthetic capacity and enzyme activity in both cultivars as compared to their solo inoculation. Increasing the disease intensity reduced the maximum morphological traits, such as shoot length, total dry weight, and total chlorophyll contents, in G. maofen 802 (by 32%, 54.2%, and 52.3%, respectively) and Zhongza 09 (by 18%, 32%, and 21%, respectively) as compared to the control. Others factors were also reduced in G. maofen 802 and Zhongza 09, such as photosynthetic capacity (by 70% and 57%, respectively), stomatal conductance (by 86% and 70%, respectively), photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (YII) (by 36.6% and 29%, respectively), and electron transport rate (by 17.7% and 10%, respectively), after combined inoculation of Fo and Mi. Furthermore, the combined infestation of Fo and Mi resulted in reduced activity of plant-defense-related antioxidants in G. maofen 802 compared with their single application or control. However, these antioxidants were highly up-regulated in Zhongza 09 (by 59%–93%), revealing the induction of tolerance against studied pathogens. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results further demonstrated that root cells of Zhongza 09 had unique tetrahedral crystal-like structures in the membrane close to mitochondria under all treatments except control. Therefore, it is concluded that Mi caused severe root damage, suppressed plant growth, depleted antioxidants, and caused high generation of ROS in the presence of Fo as compared to its solo inoculation. Tolerant cultivars adopted different mechanistic strategies at the structural and cellular levels to tolerate the Mi and Fo stresses.

scholarly journals BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL OF TRICHODERMA SPP. AGAINST FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM IN SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.

2020 ◽  
pp. 156-161
Author(s):  
Pavithra Ramasamy ◽  
LALITHA SUNDARAM
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Soil Microbial Population ◽  
Pot Culture

Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of biocontrol Trichoderma species agent against Fusarium oxysporum in Solanum lycopersicum L. Methods: Genus Trichoderma effective biocontrol agent against fungal, bacterial pathogen. The fungal isolates Trichoderma viride (Tr01), Trichoderma harzianum (Tr02), and F. oxysporum (Fu04) were also identified through morphological characterization observed under a light microscope (10x×40x). The isolates (Tr01, Tr02, Fu04) were confirmed through genetic DNA isolation and polymerase chain reaction analysis. After that pot culture study was conducted to test the antagonistic potential (Tr01, Tr02) and against (Fu04). Seeds of tomato (S. lycopersicum L.) were used in this experiment; treatment such as control, Tr01, Tr02, Fu04, Tr01+ Fu04, and Tr02+ Fu04 was given to the seeds sown in pots and maintained in appropriate distances. Results: In pot culture after 45th day after inoculation of bioinoculated plant (Tr02), significantly enhances plant length, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, NPK content, and soil microbial population. Conclusion: In this experiment, Trichoderma spp. to control plant pathogen and improve yield and quality of crop. Fungal species belonging to the genus Trichoderma act as a biological agent. Bioinoculated plant (Tr02) significantly enhances plant growth ability to with stand under nutrient deficient conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of Individual, Simultaneous and Sequential Inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Meloidogyne incognita on Growth, Biochemical, Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Antioxidants of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1145
Author(s):  
Ahmed Noureldeen ◽  
Mohd Asif ◽  
Taruba Ansari ◽  
Faryad Khan ◽  
Mohammad Shariq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Nematode Reproduction ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Defensive Enzymes ◽  
Sequential Inoculation ◽  
Nonenzymatic Antioxidants

This study was conducted on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. K-21) to investigate the bioprotective nature of Pseudomonas fluorescens and its interactive effects with Meloidogyne incognita in terms of growth biomarkers, changes in biochemical attributes and modulation in antioxidant enzymes of the tomato plant. In this study, we grew tomato plants with M. incognita and P. fluorescens in separate pots, simultaneously and sequentially (15 days prior or post) after 15 days of seed sowing. The sequential inoculation of Mi15→Pf maximally increased the root-knot index and decreased the nematode population. It was also noted that inoculation suppressed the plant growth biomarkers in comparison to control. However, maximum suppression in nematode reproduction and increment in growth and physiological attributes were observed when P. fluorescens was applied 15 days prior to the nematode (Pf15→Mi) as compared to control. All the treatments showed an increase in antioxidant enzymes. Expression of phenol content and defensive enzymes such as peroxidase (POX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased, in contrast to a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents when compared with the untreated inoculated plants. However, the highest levels of POX and SOD, and a lowest of phenol, MDA and H2O2 were displayed in the treatment Pf15→Mi, followed by Mi+Pf and Mi15→Pf.

Exogenous hexanoic acid induced primary defense responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants infected with Alternaria solani

2022 ◽  
Vol 295 ◽  
pp. 110841
Author(s):  
Zahra Rabiei ◽  
Siavosh Hosseini ◽  
Ali Dehestani ◽  
Hemmatollah Pirdashti ◽  
Farid Beiki
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Hexanoic Acid ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L

scholarly journals Compost enriched with ZnO and Zn-solubilising bacteria improves yield and Zn-fortification in flooded rice

2018 ◽  
pp. 310-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Zeb ◽  
Azhar Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Naveed ◽  
Allah Ditta ◽  
Shakeel Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Quality ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase Activity ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Flooded Rice

Zinc (Zn) is an essential element for humans, animals and plants, however, its deficiency has been widely reported around the world especially in flooded rice. Adequate amount of Zn is considered essential for optimum growth and development of rice. We hypothesised that management practices like Zn-mineral fertiliser, -compost, and -solubilising bacteria would improve Zn availability and uptake in flooded rice. A series of studies were conducted to find out the comparative efficacy of Zn-enriched composts (Zn-ECs) with Zn solubilising bacteria (ZnSB) vs. ZnSO4 for improved growth, yield and Zn accumulation in rice. There were six treatments viz. control, ZnSB, ZnO (80% Zn), ZnSO4 (33% Zn), Zn-EC80:20 and Zn-EC60:40. In all the treatments, Zn was applied at the rate of 5 kg ha–1 except the control. The treatment Zn-EC60:40 resulted in the maximum Zn release in soil as compared to ZnSO4 and all other treatments during incubation study. The treatment Zn-EC60:40 significantly improved root dry weight, grain yield and 100-grain weight of rice by 15, 22 and 28%, respectively as compared to ZnSO4. The same treatment resulted in the maximum increase in photosynthetic rate (11%), transpiration rate (21%), stomatal conductance (17%), chlorophyll contents (8%) and carbonic anhydrase activity (10%) while a decrease of 27% in electrolyte leakage was observed in comparison with ZnSO4 application. Moreover, the maximum increase in grain quality parameters and Zn bioaccumulation was observed with the application of Zn-EC60:40 in comparison with ZnSO4 application and all other treatments. We conclude that Zn-EC60:40 are not only an effective strategy to improve growth, physiology and yield parameters of rice, but also to improve the grain quality and Zn-bioaccumulation in rice compared to ZnSO4.

scholarly journals Impact of dry sludges and sludge biochar on height and dry matter of Solanum lycopersicum L.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-252
Author(s):  
Giovanni Reyes-Moreno ◽  
Jairo Leonardo Cuervo-Andrade ◽  
Aquiles Enrique Darghan-Contreras ◽  
Néstor Julián Cárdenas-Pardo
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Pollution Problem ◽  
Incomplete Factorial Design ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Different Doses

The generation of sludge as anthropic waste is a fundamental pollution problem. However, its conversion to biochar can be an alternative to conventional fertilization for its management and use in agriculture. In this research, we evaluated the effect of the application of different doses of dry sludge (DS) and biochar of pyrolyzed sludge (PS) on the height and dry matter of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crop and the nutrient content in the substrate. The biochar was made by rapid pyrolysis, and the substrate and the dry matter of plants were analyzed by different physical and chemical methods. An evaluation of 11 treatments was carried out in allometric measurements of plants and foliar dry matter, in three replicates with two materials (DS and PS) added to the substrate at different levels. The plant height and dry weight were evaluated using an incomplete factorial design in a completely randomized arrangement by performing statistical analysis of multivariate variance. An increase in plant height and dry weight was observed when the doses of DS and PS were increased; however, there were no statistical differences between the two materials. The amount of carbon, organic matter, and Ca concentrations in the dry leaf weight were increased with the addition of DS and PS. Likewise, the use of these materials as conditioners or amendments to agricultural soil at doses of 10-15 t ha-1 may be viable and can contribute to reducing environmental externalities through the use of these anthropic waste materials.

scholarly journals Isolation and Identification of Fungi Associated with Solanum lycopersicum L. (Tomato) Leaves in Alapoti, Ogun State Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Tolulope S. Ewekeye ◽  
Adegboyega C. Odebode
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Fungal Isolation ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Ogun State

Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) is an essential vegetable crop consumed worldwide. Major limiting factors in its production include fungal foliar diseases. Therefore, this work was aimed at investigating the fungi associated with diseased tomato leaves. Infected leaf samples (3 per plant, 30 plants per farm) of Kerewa variety were randomly collected at the expression of disease symptoms from 3 farms in Alapoti, Ogun State. Samples were cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar for fungal isolation. All isolates were identified using morphological and microscopic features. Pathogenicity test was conducted based on Koch’s postulates. Identified symptoms on the leaf samples were chlorosis, leaf spot and wilt. Fungi isolated from diseased tomato leaves were Aspergillus aculeatus, A. niger, A. tamarii, A. ustus, A. versicolor, Epicoccum nigrum, Fusarium oxysporum, Phialophora melinii, Phomopsis sp. and Trichodema asperellum. Fusarium oxysporum and Phomopsis sp. were found to be the causal organisms of the leaf infections. Due to the effect of the leaf diseases of the overall productivity of tomato, it is important to put in place adequate control measures to mitigate the effect of the diseases.

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