scholarly journals The Effect of Foliar Fertilization with Micronutrients on Disease Severity and Mycotoxin Concentrations in the Grain of Winter Spelt (Triticum Aestivum spp. Spelta L.): A Case Study

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 678
Author(s):  
Bożena Cwalina-Ambroziak ◽  
Arkadiusz Stępień ◽  
Agnieszka Waśkiewicz ◽  
Małgorzata Grzywińska-Rąpca
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Septoria Leaf Blotch ◽  
Foliar Fertilization ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Glume Blotch ◽  
Permissible Levels ◽  
Black Head

The effect of mineral fertilization (NPK), foliar fertilization with micronutrients (Cu, Zn and Mn) and the NanoGro biostimulant on the severity of leaf, spike, stem base and root diseases in winter spelt cv. Schwabenkorn was evaluated in a field-plot experiment. A mycological analysis was performed and the content of Fusarium mycotoxins in grain was determined. Mineral fertilization (NPK), foliar fertilization with micronutrients and the NanoGro biostimulant exerted varied effects on the severity of Septoria leaf blotch and Septoria glume blotch, they promoted the spread of brown rust (excluding the NPK + NanoGro treatment) and inhibited the spread of black head mold (excluding the NPK treatment), eyespot and Fusarium foot and root rot (excluding the NPK + Mn treatment). Fertilization had no influence on grain yield or the content of Fusarium mycotoxins in grain. The concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEA) and fumonisins FB1 + FB2 did not exceed the maximum permissible levels (except for DON in NPK + Cu + Zn + Mn and NPK + NanoGro treatments). Throughout the experiment, ergosterol (ERG) concentrations were highest in the grain of unfertilized spelt plants.

scholarly journals Application of Mycorrhizae for Controlling Root Diseases of Sesame

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
El-Sayed Ziedan ◽  
Ibrahim Elewa ◽  
Mostafa Mostafa ◽  
Ahmed Sahab
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Va Mycorrhizae ◽  
Root Diseases

Application of Mycorrhizae for Controlling Root Diseases of Sesame Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (VAM) was evaluated as a biotic agent for controlling wilt and root-rot diseases of sesame caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. sesami (Zap.) Cast and Macrophomina phaseolina (Moubl) Ashby pathogens can infect sesame plant at any growth stage causing considerable losses of seed yield. Spores of VA mycorrhizae fungi (Glomus spp.) were collected from the soil around the root systems of sesame plants then propagated on roots of Suddan grass (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanese). Under green house and field conditions, two hundreds sporocarps of Glomus spp. were added as a soil drench beside the sesame plant. Glomus spp. (VA mycorrhizae) significantly reduced wilt and root-rot incidence of sesame plants. Lums spp. (VA mycorrhizae) also significantly increased plant morphological characters such as plant height, number of branches and number of pods for each plant. Application of Glomus spp. to protect sesame plants by colonizing the root system, significantly reduced colonization of fungal pathogens in sesame rhizosphere as well as pathogenic activity of fungal pathogens increased lignin contents in the sesame root system were also observed. Furthermore, mycorrhizae treatment provided selective bacterial stimulation for colonization on sesame rhizosphere. These bacteria belonging the Bacillus group showed highly antagonistic potential to fungal pathogens. Application of mycorrhizae together with other biocontrol agent such as Trichoderma viride or Bacillus subtilis significantly effected than individual treatments for controlling these diseases incidences and increasing morphological characters and seed yield of sesame.

Effects of cultivation on Rhizoctonia root rot, cereal cyst nematode, common root rot and yield of wheat in the Victorian Mallee

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
RFde Boer ◽  
JF Kollmorgen ◽  
BJ Macauley ◽  
PR Franz ◽  
Boer RF De
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Common Root ◽  
Common Root Rot ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Direct Drilling

The effects of method, time and number of cultivations on root diseases and yield of wheat were studied in a field experiment, in 1985, on a calcareous sandy loam in the Victorian Mallee. The incidence and severity of rhizoctonia root rot (Rhizoctonia solani) were higher in direct-drilled wheat than in wheat sown after cultivation. Compared with direct drilling, the severity of rhizoctonia root rot in seedlings was reduced by 40% with cultivation 20 weeks before sowing; by 70% with cultivation 1 day before sowing; and by 90% with 2 cultivations, the first at 16 weeks and the second 1 day before sowing. Cultivation generally increased the incidence of common root rot (Bipolaris sorokiniana) but had no significant effects on the severity of damage by the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) or the number of nematode cysts produced, compared with direct drilling. The incidence and severity of root diseases, and the number of H. avenae cysts produced, were not significantly different in wheat sown after rotary hoeing than in wheat sown after scarifying. The severity of damage by H. avenae, the number of nematode cysts and the incidence of common root rot were higher (45, 70 and 36%, respectively) when scarifying was done 1 day before sowing, compared with scarifying 20 weeks earlier. Differences in sowing depth probably caused this effect since seed was sown deeper (as indicated by subcrown internode lengths) and plant emergence was less in the latter treatment. The timing and number of cultivations with a rotary hoe, however, did not significantly affect the severity of damage by H. avenae, the number of nematode cysts or the incidence of common root rot. The incidence of common root rot was correlated (r = 0.71) with the subcrown internode lengths, indicating that the deeper the seed was sown the greater the proportion of plants with the disease. Dry weight of seedlings and grain yield were negatively correlated (r = -0.79 and -0.66) with the severity of damage caused by H. avenae. Plant dry weight and grain yield were, however, not correlated with the severity of rhizoctonia root rot or the incidence of common root rot.

Simulated soil and plant management effects on root rots of subterranean clover

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 633 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Smiley ◽  
PA Taylor ◽  
RG Clarke ◽  
FC Greenhalgh ◽  
P Trutmann
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Plant Management ◽  
Root Rots ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Organic Debris ◽  
Pasture Soil ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Management Effects

Pasture productivity in southern Australia is often limited by root diseases of complex etiology. The influences of simulated plant and soil management procedures on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterranean cv. Woogenellup) root rots were evaluated in controlled environments, using a soil from an irrigated and from a dryland pasture. Root rot incidence and severity were high in soils collected and used as intact cores, and low to moderate in soils disturbed while being collected. Simulated cultivation of soil in cores also reduced root rots in the dryland pasture soil that had little surface litter, but not in the irrigated pasture soil which had high levels of organic debris (and pathogen inocula) distributed through the surface 0-11 cm. Root rot was mild on plants in continually moist cores at 10�C, and severe in cyclically wetted and dried cores at 10, 15 and 20�C, and in continually moist cores at 15 and 20�C. Root rots were reduced by treatment of seeds with Rhizobium, fungicides, or both, by drenching soils with fungicides, and by planting the resistant T. yanninicum cvv. Larisa, Meteora and Trikkala. Removal of seedling leaves, to simulate grazing, accentuated root rot severity. The identified pathogens included species of Pythium, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, and nematodes. Integrated strategies for controlling root rots of subterranean clover are considered promising in view of these studies with cores of pasture soils.

scholarly journals Use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and soil organic amendments for the management of root diseases complex of uridbean

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Siddiqui ◽  
S. S.. Shaukat ◽  
S. Ehteshamul-Haque
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Organic Amendment ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Neem Cake ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

Efficacy of two strains of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (Pa-5 and IE-2) and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> isolate alone or in conjunction with neem cake or <i>Datura fastuosa</i> was tested for the management of three soilbrne root-infecting fungi including <i>Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium solani</i> and <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> and the root-knot nematode, <i>Meloidogyne javanica</i> on uridbean. Biocontrol bacteria used in combination with either neem cake or <i>D.fastuosa</i> gave better control of the root-rot and root-knot infection with the enhancement of growth of uridbean compared to the use ofeither component alone. Neem cake l% w/w mixed with <i>P.aeruginosa</i> strain IE-2 caused greatest inhibition of the root-knot development due to <i>M.javanica, P.aeruginosa</i> and <i>B.subtilis</i> used with organic amendment also increased <i>Bradyrhizobium</i>-nodules in the root system.

Root Rot Caused by Species of Fusarium on Brassica carinata in South Dakota

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-192
Author(s):  
Paul N. Okello ◽  
Kristina Petrović ◽  
Brian Kontz ◽  
Shaukat Ali ◽  
Laura F. Marek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Dakota ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Brassica Carinata ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Root Diseases

Brassica carinata is an emerging oilseed crop in the United States, and root diseases caused by Fusarium have the potential to cause yield losses in production. In this study, B. carinata plants were randomly sampled at vegetative and seed development plant stages from South Dakota State University experimental plots. Reddish-brown lesions were observed on roots of sampled plants from which F. acuminatum, F. oxysporum, F. solani, and F. sporotrichioides were recovered. The Fusarium species were identified based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene region. Pathogenicity of the four Fusarium species was evaluated on five B. carinata accessions using a modified inoculum layer method in the greenhouse. At 21 days after inoculation, root rot severity caused by Fusarium on the B. carinata accessions was assessed on a rating scale of 0 to 4 and evaluated using relative treatment effects (RTEs). The F. oxysporum isolate caused significant differences in RTE (P = 0.01) among the B. carinata accessions. However, there were no significant differences in RTE among the B. carinata accessions in response to F. acuminatum (P = 0.82), F. solani (P = 0.76), and F. sporotrichioides (P = 0.47) isolates.

scholarly journals Practical application of integrated disease management

2002 ◽  
Vol 38 (SI 1 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002) ◽  
pp. 212-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Zinkernagel ◽  
H. Hausladen ◽  
H. Habermeyer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Tan Spot ◽  
Integrated Disease Management ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Septoria Leaf Blotch ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Advisory Service ◽  
Glume Blotch

A decision support system for cereal diseases and late blight of potatoes has been developed at the Chair of Phytopathology,<br />Technische Universität München. The Wheat and Barley Prognosis System has been in use for many years by the<br />Bavarian official advisory service. It is based on an exact diagnosis and established biological thresholds influenced by<br />weather. Certain fungicides are recommended also covering diseases which have not reached the threshold. Diseases under<br />consideration are eye spot disease, powdery mildew, Septoria leaf blotch, Septoria leaf and glume blotch, tan spot, brown<br />and yellow rusts.The PhytophthoraModel Weihenstephan consists of two parts, weather based prognosis and monitoring in<br />the unsprayed control plots. Spraying recommendations are given based on the results of the above-mentioned parts and<br />considering cultivar behaviour and blight development in the field. The first spraying in the season as well as the timing<br />of the following ones are crucial. This model does not give any recommendations regarding which active ingredient should<br />applied. However there is a distinction made with regard to contact (protective) fungicides and systemic fungicides. The<br />PhytophthoraModel Weihenstephan has been in use for several years in Germany as well as in Austria.

Effects of trifluralin, benomyl and metalaxyl on the incidence and severity of root disease in annual Medicago spp., and evaluation of cultivars for resistance to root rot

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
TW Bretag ◽  
JF Kollmorgen
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Annual Medicago ◽  
Moderate Resistance

The herbicide trifluralin increased both the incidence and severity of root rot in four Medicago truncatula cultivars and reduced their dry matter production. In glasshouse studies with a naturally infested soil from Kaniva, medic root disease was controlled by soil incorporation of metalaxyl but not by soil treatment with benomyl. The known biological activity of metalaxyl suggests that the fungi responsible for the root rot were Peronosporales. The same fungicides failed to control medic root diseases in a field trial at Dooen in 1984. Medic cultivars varied in their susceptibility to root rot, some having moderate resistance, although none were immune. The susceptibility rankings established in glasshouse tests with naturally infested soil were supported by field observations. The results show that there is potential for control of medic root diseases by selecting resistant medic cultivars.

scholarly journals Resistance to Diseases in Wheat Collection Samples and Somaclonal Variants

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 21-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.G. Tyryshkin ◽  
N.A. Tyryshkina
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Spot Blotch ◽  
Common Root ◽  
Seedling Resistance ◽  
Common Root Rot ◽  
Glume Blotch ◽  
Moderately Resistant

More than 2000 wheat collection samples were studied for seedling resistance to 4 diseases. Noncoincidence of results obtained after inoculation of leaf segments placed on water solution of benzimidazole (60&nbsp;ppm) and intact plants was found for 3 foliar diseases (leaf rust &ndash; Puccinia recondita, dark brown leaf spot blotch &ndash; Bipolaris sorokiniana and septoria glume blotch &ndash; Septoria nodorum). Sixty-three entries were resistant to leaf rust; 26 of them have gene for resistance Lr26 (non-effective under field condition), 25 &ndash; gene Lr24, 4 &ndash; gene Lr19, 8 &ndash; gene Lr9 and 2 &ndash; gene Lr41. Samples 181-5, Fielder, Butte 66, Raj 1972 and Soisson were moderately resistant to spot blotch; 181-5 &ndash; to common root rot and Moking and MN 81330 &ndash; to glume blotch. Very high level of partial resistance to 3 diseases was found in late generations of somaclonal lines of weakly and moderately resistant initial genotypes: to leaf rust in lines of cv. Spica, to leaf spot blotch &ndash; in lines of 181-5, to common root rot &ndash; in that of 181-5 and cv. Vera; moderate resistance to glume blotch was identified in lines of cv. Spica.&nbsp; &nbsp;

Effects of row spacing, seeding rate and seed-placed phosphorus on root diseases of spring wheat and barley under zero tillage

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Bailey ◽  
Guy P. Lafond ◽  
Daryl Domitruk
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Take All

Changes in tillage and other agronomic practices have shown benefits of increased grain yield for many crops, but these changes may alter the micro-environment resulting in changes to populations of disease-causing agents and other micro-organisms. This study examined the effects of row spacing (10, 20, 30 cm), seeding rate (54, 108, 161 kg ha−1 for barley; 67, 134, 202 kg ha−1 for spring wheat) and seed-placed phosphorus (0, 8, 16 kg ha−1) on root diseases in spring wheat and barley using a zero-tillage production system in four environments. Root rot severity was assessed by visual ratings and the causal agents were identified. Analyses of variance indicated significant differences in root rot severity and the incidence of some causal agents for the main treatment effects (i.e. row spacing, seeding rate, seed-placed phosphorus) and no significant interactions between locations, years, and cultural practices. Contrasts of treatment means showed that higher rates of seeding decreased root rot severity and the incidence of Fusarium in wheat but these effects were small (less than 6%). The higher rates of monoammonium phosphate fertilizer reduced root rot severity in barley by 7% and the incidence of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in wheat by greater than 40%. Wider row spacings showed a small reduction of 6% in root rot severity in wheat but mostly had no effect on root diseases. Wheat yields were negatively associated with root rot severity in three of four environments. Fertility, root rot severity, and seeding rate had the greatest impact on wheat yield. Root diseases did not affect barley yields. Therefore, the use of wider row spacings and higher seeding rates with zero tillage practices will not lead to adverse effects on root diseases in wheat and barley. Phosphorus fertilizer should be used to reduce losses resulting from take-all disease in wheat. Key words: Zero tillage, cultural practices, common root rot, take-all, cereals

scholarly journals Root Diseases of Wheat and Barley During the Transition from Conventional Tillage to Direct Seeding

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (9) ◽  
pp. 1247-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Schroeder ◽  
T. C. Paulitz
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Crown Roots

The use of direct seeding (no-till) in place of tillage can reduce soil erosion and improve water infiltration. However, despite these improvements in soil quality, growers in the Pacific Northwest are reluctant to adopt direct seeding, partially because of fears of increased root diseases caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia spp., and Pythium spp. To examine the effect of the transition from conventional tillage to direct seeding, field plots were established at two locations. One site had been managed with direct seeding for 12 years, and the second had been conventionally tilled. Over 4 years, a portion of each plot was tilled or direct seeded, and planted to wheat or barley. Plants in the tilled plots had consistently more crown roots than plants in direct-seeded plots. Rhizoctonia root rot and yield did not differ between tillage types during the first 2 years of the study. However, in the third and fourth years of the transition to direct seeding, a higher incidence of Rhizoctonia root rot, increased hyphal activity of R. solani, and reduced yields were observed in direct-seeded plots. Populations of R. oryzae and Pythium spp., and incidence of take-all were the same for both management practices.

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