scholarly journals LoRa-LBO: An Experimental Analysis of LoRa Link Budget Optimization in Custom Build IoT Test Bed for Agriculture 4.0

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 820
Author(s):  
Mahendra Swain ◽  
Dominik Zimon ◽  
Rajesh Singh ◽  
Mohammad Farukh Hashmi ◽  
Mamoon Rashid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Real Time Monitoring ◽  
Handheld Device ◽  
Localization Algorithms ◽  
Cloud Server ◽  
Link Budget

The Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming all applications into real-time monitoring systems. Due to the advancement in sensor technology and communication protocols, the implementation of the IoT is occurring rapidly. In agriculture, the IoT is encouraging implementation of real-time monitoring of crop fields from any remote location. However, there are several agricultural challenges regarding low power use and long-range transmission for effective implementation of the IoT. These challenges are overcome by integrating a long-range (LoRa) communication modem with customized, low-power hardware for transmitting agricultural field data to a cloud server. In this study, we implemented a custom-based sensor node, gateway, and handheld device for real-time transmission of agricultural data to a cloud server. Moreover, we calibrated certain LoRa field parameters, such as link budget, spreading factor, and receiver sensitivity, to extract the correlation of these parameters on a custom-built LoRa testbed in MATLAB. An energy harvesting mechanism is also presented in this article for analyzing the lifetime of the sensor node. Furthermore, this article addresses the significance and distinct kinds of localization algorithms. Based on the MATLAB simulation, we conclude that hybrid range-based localization algorithms are more reliable and scalable for deployment in the agricultural field. Finally, a real-time experiment was conducted to analyze the performance of custom sensor nodes, gateway, and handheld devices.

Low-Power Wireless IoT System for Indoor Environment Real-Time Monitoring and Alerting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalibor Fonovic ◽  
Zlatko Sirotic ◽  
Nikola Tankovic ◽  
Sinisa Sovilj
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Real Time Monitoring

Automatic Meter Reader Using Zigbee

2013 ◽  
Vol 303-306 ◽  
pp. 991-994
Author(s):  
Zazilah May ◽  
Mohamad Firdaus Mohamad Roselee
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Real Time Monitoring ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Lcd Display ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Automatic Meter Reading System ◽  
Reading System

The real-time monitoring of a data is crucial in ensuring the accuracy of the acquired data. It determines whether the device is properly working or in fault. This paper proposed the design and implementation of a ZigBee-based wireless automatic meter reading system. It focuses on the development of a device that is capable of monitoring meter reader remotely. It sends the data hourly or daily using Zigbee as the transmitting medium. The proposed device uses software; XCTU, Arduino Programming Language, Multisim and hardware; Microcontroller, Pulse generating circuit, Zigbee antenna, 16X2 LCD Display to actually demonstrate the result. This device has a good potential in wireless meter reading due to its low-cost, low power consuming, and low data rate. The input is the pulse generated by the pulsating circuit and the output will be shown onto the LCD display and in the XCTU software proving that it transmitted wirelessly. The results successfully shows the data is received as what it is transmitted.

scholarly journals Long range channel characteristics through foliage

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 941-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Afifah Binti Masadan ◽  
Mohamed Hadi Habaebi ◽  
Siti Hajar Yusoff
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Crown Density ◽  
Link Budget ◽  
Mimusops Elengi

Long Range Low Power Wide Area Network (LoRa LPWAN) technology is unique and remarkable technology because of its long-range coverage, low power consumption and low cost system architecture. These features have allowed Lora LPWAN to become a favorable option for performing communication in most of IoT wireless applications. In this paper, the foliage effect has been studied in terms of attenuation and its overall contribution to the path-loss and link budget calculations. Specifically, 5 tree types were studied and their contribution to the path loss were quantified for different path crossings (e.g., trunk, tree-top and branches). The trees are Licuala Grandis, Mimusops Elengi, Mangifera Indica, Cyrtostachys Renda and Livistona Chinensis. Mimusops Elengi tree gave the strongest mean foliage attenuation accumulating up to 20 dB, due to its big size and crown density. Trunks contribute even higher attenuation in comparison to tree-tops and branches. The Okumura/Hata, Log-normal shadowing and foliage models are used as references for this propagation models development in this paper. Our study showed that Okumura fails to capture the effect of foliage in an environment rich in trees and biodiversity. This demonstrates the need for considering the tropical environment where the characterization of foliage attenuation plays an important role in determining the propagation model path-loss and link budget needed for network design and planning.

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