scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Tamarixia radiata Populations and Their Associated Endosymbiont Wolbachia Species from China

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2018
Author(s):  
Hafiza Javaria Ashraf ◽  
Komivi Senyo Akutse ◽  
Irum Mukhtar ◽  
Luis Carlos Ramos Aguila ◽  
Muhammad Qasim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Parasitism Rate ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Citrus Huanglongbing ◽  
Coi Sequences ◽  
Wsp Gene

Tamarixia radiata is one of the established biocontrol pests against the major Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, a vector of Candidatus Liberibacter that is a causal agent of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) disease. Updated information and regional exploration on biocontrol pests are important elements for effective disease management strategies. In this study, the diversity and parasitism rate of T. radiata populations were evaluated. Due to the importance of the host–parasitoid relationship, the presence of Wolbachia as an endosymbiont was also investigated. The parasitism rate of various T. radiata populations from Ecuador and China ranged between 57.27% and 66.32%, respectively, with a non-significant emergence rate and a statistically similar sex ratio. Sequence analysis of ITS and COI from T. radiata populations was consistent with the morphological hypothesis that the collections represent a single species, whereas phylogeny of the wsp gene confirmed the presence of Wolbachia pipientis as an endosymbiont within T. radiata populations. Based on partial COI sequences, the maximum genetic diversity such as total haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.788), nucleotide, diversity (π = 0.2439), and average nucleotide difference (k = 171.844) was also estimated for different T. radiata populations. Furthermore, neutrality tests based on COI sequences indicated an overall contraction in T. radiata populations, whereas an expansion trend was observed in associated W. pipientis strains. This study clearly demonstrated the presence of genetically diverse T. radiata populations that were able to parasitize D. citri effectively, and these can be further explored as promising biocontrol candidates in integrated pest management strategies to solve citriculture economic loss caused by D. citri.

scholarly journals Development on Infected Citrus over Generations Increases Vector Infection by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus in Diaphorina citri’

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 469
Author(s):  
Inaiara de Souza Pacheco ◽  
Diogo Manzano Galdeano ◽  
João Roberto Spotti Lopes ◽  
Marcos Antonio Machado
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Citrus Huanglongbing ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
Vector Efficiency ◽  
Control And Eradication

‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas) is a major causal agent of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), which is transmitted by Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri, causing severe losses in various regions of the world. Vector efficiency is higher when acquisition occurs by ACP immature stages and over longer feeding periods. In this context, our goal was to evaluate the progression of CLas population and infection rate over four ACP generations that continuously developed on infected citrus plants. We showed that the frequency of CLas-positive adult samples increased from 42% in the parental generation to 100% in the fourth generation developing on CLas-infected citrus. The bacterial population in the vector also increased over generations. This information reinforces the importance of HLB management strategies, such as vector control and eradication of diseased citrus trees, to avoid the development of CLas-infected ACP generations with higher bacterial loads and, likely, a higher probability of spreading the pathogen in citrus orchards.

scholarly journals Citrus Huanglongbing: A Newly Relevant Disease Presents Unprecedented Challenges

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
pp. 652-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nian Wang ◽  
Pankaj Trivedi
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Citrus Diseases ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Citrus Huanglongbing ◽  
Ecological Importance

Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the oldest citrus diseases and has been known for over a century. HLB is caused by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ spp. that are phloem-limited, fastidious α-proteobacteria and infect hosts in different Kingdoms (i.e., Animalia and Plantae). When compared with well-characterized, cultivatable plant-pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, the interactions of uncultured insect-vectored plant-pathogenic bacteria, including ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ spp., with their hosts remain poorly understood. ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ spp. have been known to cause HLB, which has been rapidly spreading worldwide, resulting in dramatic economic losses. HLB presents an unprecedented challenge to citrus production. In this review, we focus on the most recent research on citrus, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, and psyllid interactions, specifically considering the following topics: evolutionary relationships among ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ spp., genetic diversity, host range, genome analysis, transmission, virulence mechanisms, and the ecological importance of HLB. Currently, no efficient management strategy is available to control HLB, although some promising progress has been made. Further studies are needed to understand citrus, ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’, and psyllid interactions to design innovative management strategies. Although HLB has been problematic for over a century, we can only win the battle against HLB with a coordinated and deliberate effort by the citrus industry, citrus growers, researchers, legislatures, and governments.

scholarly journals Update on Huanglongbing Progression and Current Research in Florida

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Brlansky
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Citrus Greening Disease ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Cultivar Development ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Citrus Huanglongbing ◽  
Causal Bacterium

Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening disease has been in Florida since at least 2005 and has spread to all of the citrus producing regions. The Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) is the insect that transmits the suspected causal bacterium which is tentatively named Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Symptoms of the disease are first the yellow shoot (huanglongbing) and the development of the blotchy mottle symptom in the leaves. Mineral deficiency symptoms are often found on infected trees and may mimic normal deficiency symptoms. Fruit on infected trees may be small and lopsided and may abscise prematurely and therefore productivity is reduced. Tree decline eventually occurs. The suspected causal bacterium has not been obtained in pure culture and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test along with symptoms, is the only way to verify infected trees. All citrus cultivars appear susceptible. Current management strategies are chemical and biological control to reduced psyllid populations, inspections for infected trees and removal of infected trees to reduce the available pathogen inoculum. Current research on psyllid control, psyllid transmission, symptomology, detection, culturing the causal agent, development of new detection methods, alternative hosts of the psyllid and the causal agent, physiology of the disease, resistant or tolerant cultivar development and more is discussed. HLB is a major problem for citrus production and often limits commercial production. Paper published with permission.

scholarly journals Technological Advances in Huanglongbing (HLB) or Citrus Greening Disease Management

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad Paudyal
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Citrus Greening ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Citrus Greening Disease ◽  
The World ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Greening Disease

Huanglongbing (HLB), previously citrus greening disease, is the most destructive of citrus species causing major threat to the world citrus industry. The disease was reported from China in 1919 and now known to occur in more than 40 different countries of Asia, Africa, South and North America. Three species of gram negative bacterium namely Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, Candidatus Liberibacter africanus and Candidatus Liberibacter americanus are the casual organisms of HLB, respectively prevailing in the continent of Asia, Africa and South America. It is one of the most extensively researched subjects in citriculture world. HLB was detected in 2004 and 2005, respectively in San Paulo of Brazil and Florida of USA: the two leading citrus production hub of the world causing huge economic loss within 5 years of first detection. Since then research on HLB detection and management was further accelerated in American continents. This paper presents the scientific advancement made on detection, spread, economic losses caused by HLB in different parts of the world and controlling management strategies. Remarkable achievements have been made on HLB detection techniques including iodine test, qPCR and more recently in spectroscopy. While efforts are being made to develop resistance varieties using conventional and biotechnological tools management strategy which includes reduction of inoculums source, vector control and replant with disease-free planting materials still remains major option for HLB control. Citrus intercropping with guava have shown promising results for vector reduction.Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council Vol.1 2015, pp.41-50

scholarly journals Genetic diversity analysis of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys based on mitochondrial COI and COII haplotypes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juncong Yan ◽  
Chandan Pal ◽  
Diane Anderson ◽  
Gábor Vétek ◽  
Péter Farkas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Cytochrome C Oxidase ◽  
Genetic Difference ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Halyomorpha Halys ◽  
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
China And Japan

Abstract Background: In the past decade, the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) has caused extensive damage to global agriculture. As a high-risk pest for many countries, including New Zealand, it is important to explore its genetic diversity to enhance our knowledge on and devise management strategies for BMSB populations. In this study, two mitochondrial genes, Cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and Cytochrome c oxidase II (COII) were used to explore the genetic diversity among 463 BMSB individuals collected from 12 countries. Result: In total, 51 COI and 29 COII haplotypes of BMSB were found, which formed 59 combined haplotypes (5 reported and 54 novel). Of these, H1h1 was the predominant haplotype. The haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (π) were high while the neutrality (Fu's Fs) values were negative for the BMSB populations in the native countries, China, and Japan. For the BMSB populations from the invaded countries, the Fu's Fs values were negative for populations from Chile, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Turkey, and USA, indicating that those populations are under demographic expansion. In comparison, the Fu's Fs values were positive for the populations from Austria, Serbia, and Slovenia, revealing a potential population bottleneck. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) suggested that significant genetic difference exist between groups of populations: China, Japan, and the invasive populations. Conclusion: This study revealed that the haplotype diversity of the BMSB populations was high in those two studied countries where BMSB is native to (China and Japan) but low in those countries which have been invaded by the species. The analysis indicated that multiple invasions of BMSB occurred and a new stable genetic cluster has established in Europe and the USA. The study also revealed that three ancestral lines and most of the novel haplotypes were evolved from them. Moreover, we observed two genetic clusters in the invasive populations that are formed during different invasion events. Our study provided a comprehensive overview on the global haplotypes distribution thus expanding the existing knowledge on BMSB genetic diversity that potentially could play an important role in formulating feasible pest management strategies, especially biocontrol.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity analysis of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys based on mitochondrial COI and COII haplotypes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juncong Yan ◽  
Chandan Pal ◽  
Diane Anderson ◽  
Gábor Vétek ◽  
Péter Farkas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Cytochrome C Oxidase ◽  
Genetic Difference ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Halyomorpha Halys ◽  
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
China And Japan

Abstract Background: In the past decade, the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) has caused extensive damage to global agriculture. As a high-risk pest for many countries, including New Zealand, it is important to explore its genetic diversity to enhance our knowledge on and devise management strategies for BMSB populations. In this study, two mitochondrial genes, Cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and Cytochrome c oxidase II (COII) were used to explore the genetic diversity among 463 BMSB individuals collected from 12 countries.Result: In total, 51 COI and 29 COII haplotypes of BMSB were found, which formed 59 combined haplotypes (5 reported and 54 novel). Of these, H1h1 was the predominant haplotype. The haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (π) were high while the neutrality (Fu's Fs) values were negative for the BMSB populations in the native countries, China, and Japan. For the BMSB populations from the invaded countries, the Fu's Fs values were negative for populations from Chile, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Turkey, and USA, indicating that those populations are under demographic expansion. In comparison, the Fu's Fs values were positive for the populations from Austria, Serbia, and Slovenia, revealing a potential population bottleneck. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) suggested that significant genetic difference exist between groups of populations: China, Japan, and the invasive populations.Conclusion: This study revealed that the haplotype diversity of the BMSB populations was high in those two studied countries where BMSB is native to (China and Japan) but low in those countries which have been invaded by the species. The analysis indicated that multiple invasions of BMSB occurred and a new stable genetic cluster has established in Europe and the USA. The study also revealed that three ancestral lines and most of the novel haplotypes were evolved from them. Moreover, we observed two genetic clusters in the invasive populations that are formed during different invasion events. Our study provided a comprehensive overview on the global haplotypes distribution thus expanding the existing knowledge on BMSB genetic diversity that potentially could play an important role in formulating feasible pest management strategies, especially biocontrol.

scholarly journals Developing Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) Management Strategies Based on the Severity of Symptoms in HLB-Endemic Citrus-Producing Regions

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 582-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinyun Li ◽  
Lei Li ◽  
Zhiqian Pang ◽  
Vladimir G. Kolbasov ◽  
Reza Ehsani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Citrus Huanglongbing

Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as greening, is a destructive disease caused by the fastidious, phloem-colonizing bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter spp.; ‘Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Las) is the most prevalent of the species causing HLB. The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP, Diaphorina citri) transmits Las. HLB is threatening citrus production worldwide, and there is no cure for infected trees. Management strategies targeting diseased trees at different stages of colonization by Las are needed for sustainable citrus production in HLB-endemic regions. We evaluated the effect of the combinations of plant defense elicitors, nitrogen (N) fertilizer, and compost on mildly diseased trees. We tested thermotherapy on severely diseased trees and assessed tree protectors to prevent feeding by ACP, thus preventing Las from being transmitted to new plantings that replaced HLB-moribund trees. After four applications over two consecutive growing seasons we found that the combination of compost, urea, and plant defense elicitors β-aminobutyric acid, plus ascorbic acid and potassium phosphite with or without salicylic acid, slowed down the progression of HLB and reduced disease severity by approximately 18%, compared with the untreated control. Our data showed no decline in fruit yield, indeed treatment resulted in a higher yield compared with the untreated control. Thermotherapy treatment (55°C for 2 min) exhibited a suppressive effect on growth of Las and progress of HLB in severely diseased trees for 2 to 3 months after treatment. The tree protectors prevented feeding by ACP, and therefore young replant trees remained healthy and free from infection by Las over the 2-year duration of the experiment. Taken together, these results may contribute to a basis for developing a targeted approach to control HLB based on stage of host colonization, application of plant defense elicitors, N fertilizer, compost, thermotherapy, and tree protectors. There is potential to implement these strategies in conjunction with other disease control measures to contribute to sustainable citrus production in HLB-endemic regions.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of the cyprinid fish Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843) populations from Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Turkey based on mtDNA COI sequences

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Parmaksız ◽  
Esra Eksi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Mtdna Coi ◽  
Gene Sequence Analysis ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Neutrality Tests ◽  
Coi Sequences ◽  
Amova Analysis

In this study, genetic diversity of Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843) populations from Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Turkey was evaluated based on gene sequence analysis of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtDNA COI) locus. Six polymorphic sites and seven haplotypes were detected in 47 samples collected from four populations viz., Adiyaman, Birecik, Bismil and Batman. The mean haplotype diversity (h) and nucleotide diversity (π) were calculated as h = 0,6420 and π = 0,00138 respectively. Pairwise FST statistics of different populations were found to be negative, low and were insignificant, indicating gene flow. AMOVA analysis showed Fst = 0.09865 and p = 0.00489, indicating that the populations were isolated. The results of Neutrality tests showed an increase in Adiyaman, Birecik and Bismil populations and a decline in Batman population, all values being statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Three haplotypes determined for mtDNA COI locus in the present study form important data set for genetic diversity of this species.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity Analysis of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha Halys Based on Mitochondrial COI and COII Haplotypes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juncong Yan ◽  
Chandan Pal ◽  
Diane Anderson ◽  
Gábor Vétek ◽  
Péter Farkas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Cytochrome C Oxidase ◽  
Genetic Difference ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Halyomorpha Halys ◽  
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
China And Japan

Abstract Background:In the past decade, the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) has caused extensive damage to global agriculture. As a high-risk pest for many countries, including New Zealand, it is important to explore its genetic diversity to enhance our knowledge on and devise management strategies for BMSB populations. In this study, two mitochondrial genes, Cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and Cytochrome c oxidase II (COII) were used to explore the genetic diversity among 463 BMSB individuals collected from 12 countries.Result:In total, 51 COI and 29 COII haplotypes of BMSB were found, which formed 59 combined haplotypes (5 reported and 54 novel). Of these, H1h1 was the predominant haplotype. The haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (π) were high while the neutrality (Fu's Fs) values were negative for the BMSB populations in the native countries, China, and Japan. For the BMSB populations from the invaded countries, the Fu's Fs values were negative for populations from Chile, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Turkey, and USA, indicating that those populations are under demographic expansion. In comparison, the Fu's Fs values were positive for the populations from Austria, Serbia, and Slovenia, revealing a potential population bottleneck. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) suggested that significant genetic difference exist between groups of populations: China, Japan, and the invasive populations.Conclusion:This study revealed that the haplotype diversity of the BMSB populations was high in those two studied countries where BMSB is native to (China and Japan) but low in those countries which have been invaded by the species. The analysis indicated that multiple invasions of BMSB occurred and a new stable genetic cluster has established in Europe and USA. The study also revealed that three ancestral lines and most of the novel haplotypes were evolved from them. Moreover, we observed two genetic clusters in the invasive populations that are formed during different invasion events. Our study provided a comprehensive overview on the global haplotypes distribution thus expanding the existing knowledge on BMSB genetic diversity that potentially could play an important role in formulating feasible pest management strategies, especially biocontrol.

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