scholarly journals Potential Role and Involvement of Antioxidants and Other Secondary Metabolites of Wheat in the Infection Process and Resistance to Fusarium spp.

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2235
Author(s):  
Jana Chrpová ◽  
Matyáš Orsák ◽  
Petr Martinek ◽  
Jaromír Lachman ◽  
Martina Trávníčková
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Redox Regulation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Grain Color ◽  
Wheat Gene ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Native Resistance

This article provides a summary of current knowledge about wheat metabolites that may affect resistance against Fusarium head blight (FHB). The mechanisms of resistance, the roles of secondary metabolites in wheat defense, and future directions for breeding are assessed. The soluble phenols play an important role in redox regulation in plant tissues and can act as antimicrobial compounds. The color of cereal hulls and grains is caused by such natural pigments as anthocyanins in the aleurone, endosperm, and pericarp layers of the grain. Phenolic acids, alkylresorcinols, and phytohormones actively participate in the defense system, whereas carotenoids show various effects against Fusarium species that are positively correlated with the levels of their mycotoxins. Pathogen infestation of vegetative tissues induces volatile organic compounds production, which can provide defensive functions to infested wheat. The efficient use of native resistance in the wheat gene pool, introgression of resistant alleles, and implementation of modern genotypic strategies to increase levels of native secondary metabolites with antifungal properties can enhance the FHB resistance of new varieties. Expanding the breeding interest in the use of forms with different grain color and plant organs can be a potential benefit for the creation of lines with increased resistance to various stresses.

scholarly journals Fusarium Head Blight, Mycotoxins and Strategies for Their Reduction

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Mielniczuk ◽  
Barbara Skwaryło-Bednarz
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Safe Food

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of microscopic fungi, which commonly contaminate cereal grains. Contamination of small-grain cereals and maize with toxic metabolites of fungi, both pathogenic and saprotrophic, is one of the particularly important problems in global agriculture. Fusarium species are among the dangerous cereal pathogens with a high toxicity potential. Secondary metabolites of these fungi, such as deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisin B1 are among five most important mycotoxins on a European and world scale. The use of various methods to limit the development of Fusarium cereal head diseases and grain contamination with mycotoxins, before and after harvest, is an important element of sustainable agriculture and production of safe food. The applied strategies utilize chemical and non-chemical methods, including agronomic, physical and biological treatments. Biological methods now occupy a special place in plant protection as an element of biocontrol of fungal pathogens by inhibiting their development and reducing mycotoxins in grain. According to the literature, Good Agricultural Practices are the best line of defense for controlling Fusarium toxin contamination of cereal and maize grains. However, fluctuations in weather conditions can significantly reduce the effectiveness of plants protection methods against infection with Fusarium spp. and grain accumulation of mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Targeting spectrin redox switches to regulate the mechanoproperties of red blood cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederik Barbarino ◽  
Lucas Wäschenbach ◽  
Virginia Cavalho-Lemos ◽  
Melissa Dillenberger ◽  
Katja Becker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Redox Regulation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Spectrin Cytoskeleton ◽  
Redox Switches

AbstractThe mechanical properties of red blood cells (RBCs) are fundamental for their physiological role as gas transporters. RBC flexibility and elasticity allow them to survive the hemodynamic changes in the different regions of the vascular tree, to dynamically contribute to the flow thereby decreasing vascular resistance, and to deform during the passage through narrower vessels. RBC mechanoproperties are conferred mainly by the structural characteristics of their cytoskeleton, which consists predominantly of a spectrin scaffold connected to the membrane via nodes of actin, ankyrin and adducin. Changes in redox state and treatment with thiol-targeting molecules decrease the deformability of RBCs and affect the structure and stability of the spectrin cytoskeleton, indicating that the spectrin cytoskeleton may contain redox switches. In this perspective review, we revise current knowledge about the structural and functional characterization of spectrin cysteine redox switches and discuss the current lines of research aiming to understand the role of redox regulation on RBC mechanical properties. These studies may provide novel functional targets to modulate RBC function, blood viscosity and flow, and tissue perfusion in disease conditions.

Effect of wheat infection timing on Fusarium head blight causal agents and secondary metabolites in grain

2019 ◽  
Vol 290 ◽  
pp. 214-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Beccari ◽  
Consuelo Arellano ◽  
Lorenzo Covarelli ◽  
Francesco Tini ◽  
Michael Sulyok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Infection Timing

Species and trichothecene genotype of pathogens causing Fusarium head blight of wheat in Nebraska, USA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Valverde-Bogantes ◽  
Andreia Bianchini ◽  
Stephen Wegulo ◽  
Heather Hallen-Adams
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Pathogen Populations

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an economically important disease caused by several Fusarium species affecting wheat and other small grain cereals. In recent years, reports of shifts in populations of FHB pathogens around the world have shown that these populations are dynamic and change continuously, often resulting in increased yield losses or changes in the mycotoxins produced in the grain, which highlights the need for increased vigilance. The objective of this research was to identify the species and trichothecene genotypes of FHB pathogens in Nebraska in order to monitor their populations and the major toxigenic risks in the state. A total of 74 single-spore Fusarium isolates were obtained from 42 FHB symptomatic wheat spikes collected from Nebraska fields during the growing seasons in 2015-2018. Most of the isolates were identified as F. graminearum (n=67) based on translation elongation factor 1α (TEF1), trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase (TRI101), and reductase (RED) sequences. Additional species included F. boothii (n=3), F. poae (n=2), F. acuminatum (n=1), and one isolate was an F. graminearum × F. boothii interspecific hybrid. All F. graminearum and F. boothii isolates had the 15-ADON trichothecene genotype. This study shows that F. graminearum is not the only pathogen causing FHB in Nebraska and helps expand knowledge on the worldwide distribution of F. boothii. The information obtained from this survey will be useful in developing effective FHB management strategies in Nebraska, since different pathogen populations can cause varying levels of disease intensity and can be selectively sensitive to management tactics.

scholarly journals Analysis of Genetic Factors Defining Head Blight Resistance in an Old Hungarian Wheat Variety-Based Mapping Population

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1128
Author(s):  
Emese Varga-László ◽  
Katalin Puskás ◽  
Balázs Varga ◽  
Zsuzsanna Farkas ◽  
Ottó Veisz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Mapping Population ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Resistance Qtls

One of the most important limiting factors of high-quality wheat production is Fusarium head blight infection. The various Fusarium species not only may cause severe yield loss but—due to toxin production—the grains also might become unsuitable for animal and human nutrition. In the present research, our aim was to examine the Fusarium resistance of a special mapping population (’BKT9086-95/Mv Magvas’) and identify the genetic factors and chromosome regions determining the tolerance to Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum. The connection between the genetic background and the Fusarium head blight sensitivity was confirmed by the analysis of variance in the case of three markers, among which the co-dominant pattern of the gtac2 and gtac3 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers might indicate a marker development possibility. Consistently expressed quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified on the chromosomes 2A, 2B, 2D, 5A, and 7A. Loci linked to resistance were identified on 11 chromosomes. During the investigation of phenological and morphological traits (heading date, plant height, ear compactness) influencing the head blight resistance and the location of the resistance QTLs, the total overlap was found in the case of the region identified on chromosome 2D and partial overlap on chromosomes 2A and 2B. Whereas 5A may be a rare allelic variant of a novel QTL.

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