FUSARIUM SPECIES AND THEIR SPECIFIC PROFILES OF SECONDARY METABOLITES

This article provides a summary of current knowledge about wheat metabolites that may affect resistance against Fusarium head blight (FHB). The mechanisms of resistance, the roles of secondary metabolites in wheat defense, and future directions for breeding are assessed. The soluble phenols play an important role in redox regulation in plant tissues and can act as antimicrobial compounds. The color of cereal hulls and grains is caused by such natural pigments as anthocyanins in the aleurone, endosperm, and pericarp layers of the grain. Phenolic acids, alkylresorcinols, and phytohormones actively participate in the defense system, whereas carotenoids show various effects against Fusarium species that are positively correlated with the levels of their mycotoxins. Pathogen infestation of vegetative tissues induces volatile organic compounds production, which can provide defensive functions to infested wheat. The efficient use of native resistance in the wheat gene pool, introgression of resistant alleles, and implementation of modern genotypic strategies to increase levels of native secondary metabolites with antifungal properties can enhance the FHB resistance of new varieties. Expanding the breeding interest in the use of forms with different grain color and plant organs can be a potential benefit for the creation of lines with increased resistance to various stresses.

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Occurrence of mycotoxins in straw used in pig deep litter systems in Australia

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200010139 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 2005 ◽

pp. 102-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

D. D. Moore

Keyword(s):

Disease Resistance ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Production System ◽

Public Perception ◽

Production Systems ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Crown Rot ◽

Pig Production ◽

Winter Cereals

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi under certain stress periods (Smith and Seddon 1998). When ingested, mycotoxins cause insidious losses, ill thrift and reduced disease resistance. Zearalenone is known to cause hyperestrogesium in pigs and hence a reduction in fertility in both sows and boars can occur (Binder 2004). Certain mycotoxins such as zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxinivalenol (DON) are produced by fungi of the fusarium species on crops in the field. Fusarium pseudograminearum (Crown Rot) produces both DON and ZEA in decreasing levels up the tiller of winter cereals (Blaney et al. 1987). Most studies carried out so far analysed the occurrence of mycotoxins in the grain and less is known about the prevalence of mycotoxins in the straw of the crop. Housing of sows during gestation on straw is becoming a favoured production system due to environmental and public perception pressures. The intake of straw by weaners on straw based systems has been found to account for 11.5% of total feed intake (Barneveld et al. 2004), such that there could be a considerable risk for increased ingestion of mycotoxins in animals on straw based systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of mycotoxins in straw used for deep litter in Australian deep litter pig production systems.

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Fusarium-Produced Mycotoxins in Plant-Pathogen Interactions

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins11110664 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 664 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Lakshmipriya Perincherry ◽

Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska ◽

Łukasz Stępień

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽

Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽

Plant Host ◽

Fungal Partner ◽

Cytogenetic Changes ◽

Mycotoxin Biosynthesis ◽

Plant Pathogen Interactions

Pathogens belonging to the Fusarium genus are causal agents of the most significant crop diseases worldwide. Virtually all Fusarium species synthesize toxic secondary metabolites, known as mycotoxins; however, the roles of mycotoxins are not yet fully understood. To understand how a fungal partner alters its lifestyle to assimilate with the plant host remains a challenge. The review presented the mechanisms of mycotoxin biosynthesis in the Fusarium genus under various environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature, moisture content, and nitrogen source. It also concentrated on plant metabolic pathways and cytogenetic changes that are influenced as a consequence of mycotoxin confrontations. Moreover, we looked through special secondary metabolite production and mycotoxins specific for some significant fungal pathogens-plant host models. Plant strategies of avoiding the Fusarium mycotoxins were also discussed. Finally, we outlined the studies on the potential of plant secondary metabolites in defense reaction to Fusarium infection.

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Fusarium fujikuroi Species Complex Associated With Rice, Maize, and Soybean From Jiangsu Province, China: Phylogenetic, Pathogenic, and Toxigenic Analysis

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-19-1909-re ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (8) ◽

pp. 2193-2201 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jianbo Qiu ◽

Yunan Lu ◽

Dan He ◽

Yin-Won Lee ◽

Fang Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Species Complex ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Population Level ◽

Jiangsu Province ◽

Fusarium Fujikuroi ◽

Rice Seed ◽

Fusarium Fujikuroi Species Complex

Species belonging to the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) are of vital importance and are a major concern for food quantity and quality worldwide, as they not only cause serious diseases in crops but also produce various mycotoxins. To characterize the population structure and evaluate the risk of poisonous secondary metabolites, a total of 237 candidate strains were isolated from rice, maize, and soybean samples in Jiangsu Province, China. Species identification of the individual strain was accomplished by sequencing the translation elongation factor 1α gene (TEF-1α) and the fumonisin (FB) synthetic gene (FUM1). The distribution of Fusarium species among the different crops was observed. The maize seeds were dominated by F. proliferatum (teleomorph, Gibberella intermedia) and F. verticillioides (teleomorph, G. moniliformis), whereas F. fujikuroi (teleomorph, G. fujikuroi) was the most frequently isolated species from rice and soybean samples. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of these strains were performed, and the results suggested clear groups showing no obvious relationship with the origin source. FFSC species pathogenicity and toxigenicity were studied. All of the species reduced the rice seed germination rate, with no significant differences. F. fujikuroi showed two distinct patterns of influencing the length of rice seedlings, which were correlated with FBs and gibberellic acid synthesis. FBs were mainly produced by F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. F. proliferatum and F. fujikuroi also produced moniliformin and beauvericin. The toxigenicity of F. andiyazi (teleomorph, G. andiyazi) was extremely low. Further analysis indicated that the sequence variations in TEF-1α and the differences in the expression levels of the toxin synthesis genes were associated with the diversity of secondary metabolites in F. fujikuroi strains. These findings provide insight into the population-level characterization of the FFSC and might be helpful in the development of strategies for the management of diseases and mycotoxins.

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Effects of Secondary Metabolites from Pea on Fusarium Growth and Mycotoxin Biosynthesis

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof7121004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 1004

Author(s):

Lakshmipriya Perincherry ◽

Natalia Witaszak ◽

Monika Urbaniak ◽

Agnieszka Waśkiewicz ◽

Łukasz Stępień

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Host Plant ◽

Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Acquired Resistance ◽

Fumonisin B1 ◽

Enzymatic Reactions ◽

Coumaric Acid ◽

Wide Range ◽

Mycotoxin Biosynthesis

Fusarium species present ubiquitously in the environment are capable of infecting a wide range of plant species. They produce several mycotoxins targeted to weaken the host plant. While infecting some resistant plants, the host can alter the expression of toxin-related genes and accumulate no/very low amounts of mycotoxins. The ability of the host plant to modulate the biosynthesis of these toxins is entirely depending on the secondary metabolites produced by the plant, often as a part of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). A major role plays in the family of metabolites called phenyl propanoids, consisting of thousands of natural products, synthesized from the phenylalanine or tyrosine amino acids through a cascade of enzymatic reactions. They are also famous for inhibiting or limiting infection through their antioxidant characteristics. The current study was aimed at identifying the differentially expressed secondary metabolites in resistant (Sokolik) and susceptible (Santana) cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and understanding their roles in the growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis of two different Fusarium species. Although metabolites such as coumarin, spermidine, p-coumaric acid, isoorientin, and quercetin reduced the growth of the pathogen, a higher level of p-coumaric acid was found to enhance the growth of F. proliferatum strain PEA1. It was also noticeable that the growth of the pathogen did not depend on their ability to produce mycotoxins, as all the metabolites were able to highly inhibit the biosynthesis of fumonisin B1 and beauvericin.

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The Shifting Mycotoxin Profiles of Endophytic Fusarium Strains: A Case Study

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture9070143 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 143 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gelsomina Manganiello ◽

Roberta Marra ◽

Alessia Staropoli ◽

Nadia Lombardi ◽

Francesco Vinale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Species Complex ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Fusaric Acid ◽

Medium Composition ◽

Metabolomic Analysis ◽

Key Factors ◽

Axenic Cultures

Fusarium species are known to establish manifold interactions with wild and crop plants ranging from pathogenicity to endophytism. One of the key factors involved in the regulation of such relationships is represented by the production of secondary metabolites. These include several mycotoxins, which can accumulate in foodstuffs causing severe health problems to humans and animals. In the present study, an endophytic isolate (A1021B), preliminarily ascribed to the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC), was subjected to biochemical and molecular characterization. The metabolomic analysis of axenic cultures of A1021B detected up to 206 compounds, whose production was significantly affected by the medium composition. Among the most representative products, fusaric acid (FA), its derivatives fusarinol and 9,10-dehydro-FA, culmorin and bikaverin were detected. These results were in contrast with previous assessments reporting FIESC members as trichothecene rather than FA producers. However, molecular analysis provided a conclusive indication that A1021B actually belongs to the species Fusarium babinda. These findings highlight the importance of phylogenetic analyses of Fusarium species to avoid misleading identifications, and the opportunity to extend databases with the outcome of metabolomic investigations of strains from natural contexts. The possible contribution of endophytic strains in the differentiation of lineages with an uneven mycotoxin assortment is discussed in view of its ensuing impact on crop productions.

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Secondary metabolites of Fusarium species: apotrichothecene derivatives

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ◽

10.1021/jf00087a026 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 699-705 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Roy Greenhalgh ◽

David A. Fielder ◽

Lisa A. Morrison ◽

Jean Pierre Charland ◽

Barbara A. Blackwell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Fusarium Species

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Fusarium Head Blight, Mycotoxins and Strategies for Their Reduction

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10040509 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 509 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Elżbieta Mielniczuk ◽

Barbara Skwaryło-Bednarz

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Fumonisin B1 ◽

Agricultural Practices ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Head Blight ◽

Before And After ◽

Safe Food

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of microscopic fungi, which commonly contaminate cereal grains. Contamination of small-grain cereals and maize with toxic metabolites of fungi, both pathogenic and saprotrophic, is one of the particularly important problems in global agriculture. Fusarium species are among the dangerous cereal pathogens with a high toxicity potential. Secondary metabolites of these fungi, such as deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisin B1 are among five most important mycotoxins on a European and world scale. The use of various methods to limit the development of Fusarium cereal head diseases and grain contamination with mycotoxins, before and after harvest, is an important element of sustainable agriculture and production of safe food. The applied strategies utilize chemical and non-chemical methods, including agronomic, physical and biological treatments. Biological methods now occupy a special place in plant protection as an element of biocontrol of fungal pathogens by inhibiting their development and reducing mycotoxins in grain. According to the literature, Good Agricultural Practices are the best line of defense for controlling Fusarium toxin contamination of cereal and maize grains. However, fluctuations in weather conditions can significantly reduce the effectiveness of plants protection methods against infection with Fusarium spp. and grain accumulation of mycotoxins.

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