scholarly journals Root Trait Diversity in Field Grown Durum Wheat and Comparison with Seedlings

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2545
Author(s):  
Ridha Boudiar ◽  
Alejandra Cabeza ◽  
Miriam Fernández-Calleja ◽  
Antonio Pérez-Torres ◽  
Ana M. Casas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Root Angle ◽  
Soil Volume

Roots are important for crop adaptation, particularly in dryland environments. We evaluated root development of 37 durum wheat genotypes (modern cultivars and landraces) in the field at the adult plant stage, through a shovelomics approach. Large genotypic variability was found for root traits. Differences between the landraces and modern cultivars were the main driver of this variation, with landraces showing higher plant vigor for roots and shoots. Nonetheless, genotypic variation within groups was also observed, related to different models of root growth, largely independent of total root length. These two models represented root growth were oriented either to occupy more soil volume, or to occupy less soil volume with increased density. The field results were then compared with root data previously collected in seedlings using a filter paper-based method, to assess whether early root anticipated adult root features. Field plants showed a narrower root angle than seedlings. In particular, landraces presented a narrower root angle than cultivars, but only at seedling stage. Potentially useful correlations were found between the two growth stages for root length and number.

scholarly journals Characterization of Root System Architecture Traits in Diverse Soybean Genotypes Using a Semi-Hydroponic System

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2781
Author(s):  
Shuo Liu ◽  
Naheeda Begum ◽  
Tingting An ◽  
Tuanjie Zhao ◽  
Bingcheng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Soybean Genotypes

Phenotypic variation and correlations among root traits form the basis for selecting and breeding soybean varieties with efficient access to water and nutrients and better adaptation to abiotic stresses. Therefore, it is important to develop a simple and consistent system to study root traits in soybean. In this study, we adopted the semi-hydroponic system to investigate the variability in root morphological traits of 171 soybean genotypes popularized in the Yangtze and Huaihe River regions, eastern China. Highly diverse phenotypes were observed: shoot height (18.7–86.7 cm per plant with a median of 52.3 cm); total root length (208–1663 cm per plant with a median of 885 cm); and root mass (dry weight) (19.4–251 mg per plant with a median of 124 mg). Both total root length and root mass exhibited significant positive correlation with shoot mass (p ≤ 0.05), indicating their relationship with plant growth and adaptation strategies. The nine selected traits contributed to one of the two principal components (eigenvalues > 1), accounting for 78.9% of the total genotypic variation. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis separated the 171 genotypes into five major groups based on these root traits. Three selected genotypes with contrasting root systems were validated in soil-filled rhizoboxes (1.5 m deep) until maturity. Consistent ranking of the genotypes in some important root traits at various growth stages between the two experiments indicates the reliability of the semi-hydroponic system in phenotyping root trait variability at the early growth stage in soybean germplasms.

scholarly journals Durum Wheat Seminal Root Traits within Modern and Landrace Germplasm in Algeria

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 713
Author(s):  
Ridha Boudiar ◽  
Juan M. González ◽  
Abdelhamid Mekhlouf ◽  
Ana M. Casas ◽  
Ernesto Igartua
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Root Angle ◽  
Seminal Roots ◽  
Root Size ◽  
Paper Method

Seminal roots are known to play an important role in crop performance, particularly under drought conditions. A set of 37 durum wheat cultivars and local landraces was screened for variation in architecture and size of seminal roots using a laboratory setting, with a filter paper method combined with image processing by SmartRoot software. Significant genetic variability was detected for all root and shoot traits assessed. Four rooting patterns were identified, with landraces showing overall steeper angle and higher root length, in comparison with cultivars, which presented a wider root angle and shorter root length. Some traits revealed trends dependent on the genotypes’ year of release, like increased seminal root angle and reduced root size (length, surface, and volume) over time. We confirm the presence of a remarkable diversity of root traits in durum wheat whose relationship with adult root features and agronomic performance should be explored.

scholarly journals Variability of root traits in common bean genotypes at different levels of phosphorus supply and ontogenetic stages

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1170-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto dos Santos Trindade ◽  
Adelson Paulo Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Ontogenetic Stages ◽  
Growth Habits ◽  
Selection Of

Selection of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars with enhanced root growth would be a strategy for increasing P uptake and grain yield in tropical soils, but the strong plasticity of root traits may compromise their inclusion in breeding programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the magnitude of the genotypic variability of root traits in common bean plants at two ontogenetic stages and two soil P levels. Twenty-four common bean genotypes, comprising the four growth habits that exist in the species and two wild genotypes, were grown in 4 kg pots at two levels of applied P (20 and 80 mg kg-1) and harvested at the stages of pod setting and early pod filling. Root area and root length were measured by digital image analysis. Significant genotype × P level and genotype × harvest interactions in analysis of variance indicate that the genotypic variation of root traits depended on soil nutrient availability and the stage at which evaluation was made. Genotypes differed for taproot mass, basal and lateral root mass, root area and root length at both P levels and growth stages; differences in specific root area and length were small. Genotypes with growth habits II (upright indeterminate) and III (prostrate indeterminate) showed better adaptation to limited P supply than genotypes of groups I (determinate) and IV (indeterminate climbing). Between the two harvests, genotypes of groups II and III increased the mass of basal and lateral roots by 40 and 50 %, respectively, whereas genotypes of groups I and IV by only 7 and 19 %. Values of the genotypic coefficient of determination, which estimates the proportion of phenotypic variance resulting from genetic effects, were higher at early pod filling than at pod setting. Correlations between shoot mass and root mass, which could indicate indirect selection of root systems via aboveground biomass, were higher at early pod filling than at pod setting. The results indicate that selection for root traits in common bean genotypes should preferentially be performed at the early pod-filling stage.

scholarly journals Effects of warming and fertilization interacting with intraspecific competition on fine root traits of Picea asperata

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan-Dan Li ◽  
Hong-Wei Nan ◽  
Chun-Zhang Zhao ◽  
Chun-Ying Yin ◽  
Qing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
Picea Asperata

Abstract Aims Competition, temperature, and nutrient are the most important determinants of tree growth in the cold climate on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Although many studies have reported their individual effects on tree growth, little is known about how the interactions of competition with fertilization and temperature affect root growth. We aim to test whether climate warming and fertilization promote competition and to explore the functional strategies of Picea asperata in response to the interactions of these factors. Methods We conducted a paired experiment including competition and non-competition treatments under elevated temperature (ET) and fertilization. We measured root traits, including the root tip number over the root surface (RTRS), the root branching events over the root surface (RBRS), the specific root length (SRL), the specific root area (SRA), the total fine root length and area (RL and RA), the root tips (RT) and root branching events (RB). These root traits are considered to be indicators of plant resource uptake capacity and root growth. The root biomass and the nutrient concentrations in the roots were also determined. Important Findings The results indicated that ET, fertilization and competition individually enhanced the nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) concentrations in fine roots, but they did not affect fine root biomass or root traits, including RL, RT, RA and RB. However, both temperature and fertilization, as well as their interaction, interacting with competition increased RL, RA, RT, RB, and nutrient uptake. In addition, the SRL, SRA, RTRS and RBRS decreased under fertilization, the interaction between temperature and competition decreased SRL and SRA, while the other parameters were not affected by temperature or competition. These results indicate that Picea asperata maintains a conservative nutrient strategy in response to competition, climate warming, fertilization, and their interactions. Our results improve our understanding of the physiological and ecological adaptability of trees to global change.

Genotypic differences in phosphorus acquisition efficiency and root performance of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) under low-phosphorus stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bolang Chen ◽  
Qinghui Wang ◽  
Heike Bücking ◽  
Jiandong Sheng ◽  
Jia Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
P Acquisition ◽  
Fine Root Length ◽  
Cotton Genotypes

Low availability of phosphorus (P) is a major constraint to production of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The extent to which genotypic variation in root traits exists or contributes to P-acquisition efficiency (PAE) in cotton is unknown. To assess genetic variation in PAE, the biomass and P-acquisition characteristics of 32 cotton genotypes were evaluated in a hydroponic experiment. Significant genotypic variation in biomass and P content was detected among the cotton genotypes in two seasons. We then conducted a 2-year pot experiment to compare P-efficiency traits between three P-efficient and two P-inefficient genotypes under P-deficient and P-sufficient conditions (0 and 75 mg P2O5 kg–1 soil, respectively). We detected significant differences in biomass accumulation and allocation, P accumulation and allocation, root traits and PAE among the five cotton genotypes under P-sufficient and P-deficient conditions. Compared with P-inefficient genotypes, P-efficient genotypes had longer surface fine roots, and greater total root surface area, total root length, surface root length, and P concentration (partitioning index) in bolls. Root morphology, especially surface fine root length and middle root length, played an important role in P uptake under P-deficient conditions.

Shoot growth, root growth and grain yield of bread and durum wheat in South Australia

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zubaidi ◽  
G. K. McDonald ◽  
G. J. Hollamby
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Root Length ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Kernel Weights ◽  
Early Vigour

Summary. In South Australia, durum wheat yields more than bread wheat under well-watered and fertile conditions, but over much of the state’s cereal belt the yields of durum wheat, relative to bread wheat, are low. Three experiments were conducted over 3 years at 2 sites to compare the growth and yield of bread and durum wheat and to investigate some of the reasons for the differences in the relative yields of the 2 cereals. Durum wheat yielded less than bread wheat when annual rainfall was less than about 450 mm or when the site mean yield for bread wheat was less than 250 g/m2. Compared with bread wheat, durum wheat had poorer early vigour, which was associated with fewer tillers/m2, and produced fewer kernels/m2. Under favourable grain filling conditions, durum wheat produced larger kernels than bread wheat but its kernel weight was more variable across sites and seasons and consequently, the relative yields of the 2 cereals depended largely on kernel weight. For example, in a wet year, durum wheat yielded 20% more than bread wheat, despite producing 16% fewer kernels/m2, because of its larger kernels (52 v. 36 mg). In 2 drier years, kernel weights of durum and bread wheat were similar (durum and bread wheat mean kernel weights: 40 v. 37 mg; 30 v. 33 mg) and so durum was unable to overcome the limitation of fewer kernels/m2 and its yields were similar to or less than bread wheat. Root length densities of durum and bread wheat below 30 cm were low. Durum wheat had an equivalent or lower root length density than bread wheat and lower length per gram of root dry matter, indicating less finely divided roots. This suggests that durum wheat may sometimes be less able than bread wheat to utilise moisture and nutrient reserves in the subsoil because of a smaller root system. This is an undesirable characteristic for a crop that appears to be more reliant than bread wheat on producing large kernels for high yields. Efforts to improve the yield of durum wheat, either through genetic improvement or by agronomic means, should focus on reducing the levels of stress during the post anthesis period so that limitations to kernel growth are minimised. Improving the early vigour of the crop, having cultivars of the appropriate maturity and with adequate levels of resistance to root disease, and improving root growth and function in the subsoil are likely to be desirable characteristics.

Osmotic stress induced root growth and regulation of root development related genes in progenitors of wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Dalal ◽  
Sneha Tiwari ◽  
Vinod .
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Aegilops Tauschii ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Aegilops Speltoides ◽  
Good Resource ◽  
Primary Root Length

Maintenance of root growth during water deficit can significantly contribute to yield stability. In this study, total nine accessions, three each of Triticum monococcum, Aegilops speltoides and Aegilops tauschii were analysed for root traits under two levels of osmotic stress at seedling stage. T. monococcum accession (A2) showed highest increase in total root growth while 17% and 34% increase in primary root length was recorded in T. monococcum (A2) and Ae. speltoides (B3) under osmotic stress. Expression of BREVIS RADIX (BRX) and NAM/ATAF/CUC 1(NAC1) was analysed in three diploid accessions with contrasting root phenotype. BREVIS RADIX, a transcription factor modulating root length was up regulated in T. monococcum A2 accession while NAC1 expression was up regulated in three of the accessions under osmotic stress. The accessions and genes analysed in the study can be good resource to explore the molecular-genetic mechanism of root growth under stress.

scholarly journals Intraspecific genetic variation within and between improved cultivars and landraces of durum wheat in germination and root architectural traits under saline conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidal Odat
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Coleoptile Length ◽  
Maximum Root ◽  
Intraspecific Genetic Variation ◽  
Architectural Traits

This study was conducted to investigate the genetic variation within and between two subgroups of durum wheat in Jordan, i.e., cultivars and landraces, in germination and root architectural traits at three salinity concentrations (50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl). The results indicate that salinity significantly impacted most traits investigated. A multivariate discriminant analysis (DA) revealed large variations (~85%) between genotypes, with significant ranking in maximum root length, total root length, seminal root length, coleoptile length, germination percentage, and total and seminal root number over the three salinities. Within the cultivar subgroup, salinity significantly influenced the germination percentage and most root traits of durum genotypes, with variable magnitudes depending on NaCl concentration and within-variety intraspecific genetic variation (ANOVAs; P < 0.05). However, within the landrace subgroup, only a salinity of 150 mM NaCl significantly affected the studied traits, and the effect of salinity on germination percentage was highly genotype dependent. Additionally, the durum genotypes in the landrace subgroup were more affected by salinity and showed more genetic variation than those in the cultivar subgroup. 

scholarly journals Resistance to Stripe Rust in Five Durum Wheat Cultivars

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Ma ◽  
Ravi P. Singh ◽  
Osman Abdalla
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Infection Type ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Gene Segregation ◽  
Additive Action

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) cultivars developed by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) are currently grown on more than 8 million hectares worldwide. Because of the lack of information on the genetic basis of resistance to stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis), crosses in a diallel arrangement (without reciprocals) were made among five worldwide resistant cultivars and the susceptible cultivar Local Red. Inheritance of resistance was investigated in seedling and adult plant growth stages of F2 populations, and F3lines. The low seedling infection type of each resistant cultivar, namely Kroub 76, Chonta Inia, Sna 3, Syros, and Arena, was based on the additive action of the same two genes. Each of these genes conferred intermediate infection types when present alone. The field resistance of the cultivars was based on the additive action of the two genes identified in the seedlings and one additional, partially effective adult resistance gene. Segregation for plants with stripe rust severities higher than that of the parents in intercrosses of resistant cultivars indicated that some genetic diversity exists for adult genes. The resistance of these cultivars may prove to be long-lasting, since it results from the combined action of at least three genes.

scholarly journals Response of Hybrid Tomato (Solanum lycopersiucm L) for Calcium Nutrition: Growth, Root Traits and SPAD Index

2021 ◽  
pp. 117-123
Author(s):  
S. Salma Santhosh ◽  
T. Chitdeshwari ◽  
D. Jegadeeswari ◽  
C. Kavitha
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Calcium Sources ◽  
Different Growth Stages ◽  
Lateral Root Length

Aims: To evaluate the effect of various sources and levels of calcium fertilisation in improving the growth and SPAD index of hybrid tomato at different growth stages. Study Design: Factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: A field experiment was conducted in the farmer’s field at Devarayapuram village, Thondamuthur block, Coimbatore from January to April, 2021. Methodology: A field experiment was conducted with hybrid tomato (Solanum lycopersiucm L) Shivam by using various organic and inorganic calcium sources viz., calcium sulphate, calcium nitrate, calcium silicate, poultry manure and pressmud applied at different levels (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 kg Ca ha-1) in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. The growth parameters such as plant height, root length, lateral root length, root volume and SPAD index were recorded as per standard protocols at different plant growth stages. Results: A linear increase in the plant growth, root traits and SPAD index of hybrid tomato was noted by the addition of organic and inorganic sources of calcium and the highest values were observed with the application of 80 kg Ca ha-1. Higher plant height (93.8 cm), root length (16.8 cm), lateral root length (13.3 g cc-1) and SPAD index (62.0) was registered with poultry manure applied at 80 kg Ca ha-1 which was followed by pressmud applied at the same level. Skipping of calcium in the fertiliser schedule registered the lowest growth response of hybrid tomato at all the growth stages. Conclusion: Inorganic Ca fertiliser sources though improved the growth, root traits and SPAD index of hybrid tomato at different growth stages, and it was comparatively lesser than the organic sources such as poultry manure and pressmud as calcium sources. The order of better growth performance was: Poultry manure > Pressmud > Ca silicate > Ca Nitrate > Ca sulphate. The lowest values of all the growth attributes were noted with NPK control. It was concluded that application of poultry manure at 80 kg Ca ha-1 would be effective in improving the growth, root traits and SPAD index of hybrid tomato.

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