The Effect of the Application of Stimulants on the Photosynthetic Apparatus and the Yield of Winter Wheat

The use of stimulation preparations seems to be a promising means for mitigating the effects of abiotic and biotic stressors. Their significance includes plant organism stimulation and metabolism optimisation, water regime, and nutrition during periods of stress. They help bridge it over and create conditions for rapid regeneration. In a field experiment, the effect of the application of stimulation preparations on cultivars Triticum aestivum L. with different genetic composition was evaluated (donor of blue aleurone colour KM-72-18; donor of a multi-row spike (MRS) KM-94-18). Our results show a predominantly positive effect of the application of stimulants on the yield and thousand-grain weight (TKW). The results obtained were influenced by the year, based on different temperatures and precipitation. Higher yields were achieved in 2020 with higher total precipitation during the grain filling period and with a higher maximum quantum yield of the photosystem II (Fv/Fm). In 2019, this period was significantly dry and warm, which was reflected in a lower yield and TKM, higher proline content in the leaves, and lower Fv/Fm values. In both experimental years, there was a higher yield of the cultivar with blue aleurone (KM-72-18). In the case of cultivars with coloured grains, the promising use of the content substances in cultivars as natural means of increasing resistance to abiotic and biotic stressors seems to be promising.

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Greenhouse studies on the effects of foliar spray of nutrient solutions during the grain filling period on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and black field bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties

10.31274/rtd-180816-1194 ◽

1977 ◽

Author(s):

Emilio Escamilla E.

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Field Bean ◽

Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽

Black Field ◽

Grain Filling Period ◽

Nutrient Solutions

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Effect of Magnesium Fertilization Systems on Grain Yield Formation by Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during the Grain-Filling Period

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy12010012 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 12

Author(s):

Witold Grzebisz ◽

Jarosław Potarzycki

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Plant Material ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Dry Matter Partitioning ◽

Wheat Growth ◽

Grain Filling Period ◽

Yield Formation

The application of magnesium significantly affects the components of the wheat yield and the dry matter partitioning in the grain-filling period (GFP). This hypothesis was tested in 2013, 2014, and 2015. A two-factorial experiment with three rates of magnesium (0, 25, 50 kg ha−1) and four stages of Mg foliar fertilization (without, BBCH 30, 49/50, two-stage) was carried out. Plant material collected at BBCH: 58, 79, 89 was divided into leaves, stems, ears, chaff, and grain. The wheat yield increased by 0.5 and 0.7 t ha−1 in response to the soil and foliar Mg application. The interaction of both systems gave + 0.9 t ha−1. The Mg application affected the grain yield by increasing grain density (GD), wheat biomass at the onset of wheat flowering, durability of leaves in GFP, and share of remobilized dry matter (REQ) in the grain yield. The current photosynthesis accounted for 66% and the REQ for 34%. The soil-applied Mg increased the REQ share in the grain yield to over 50% in 2014 and 2015. The highest yield is possible, but provided a sufficiently high GD, and a balanced share of both assimilate sources in the grain yield during the maturation phase of wheat growth.

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Effect of high temperature on early stage of grain filling period in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Korean Journal of Breeding Science ◽

10.9787/kjbs.2017.49.3.200 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 200-212

Author(s):

Chan Seop Ko ◽

Myung Kyu Oh ◽

Jong Nae Hyun ◽

Kyeong Hoon Kim ◽

Jin Baek Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

High Temperature ◽

Early Stage ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Grain Filling Period

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Dry matter accumulation and distribution in winter wheat grown in a humid continental climate

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b81-057 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 415-420 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

L. A. Hunt ◽

L. V. Edgington

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Maximum Value ◽

Grain Filling Period ◽

Green Coloration ◽

Continental Climate

The growth of a crop of 'Arrow' winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) was studied in detail from 2 weeks before ear emergence to maturity. Aboveground dry weight increased up to 4 weeks after ear emergence, when it reached a maximum value of 1.4 kg∙m−2, and then decreased marginally. The rate of aboveground dry matter accumulation over a 6-week period beginning 2 weeks before ear emergence averaged 24.4 g∙m−2∙day−1.Rapid ear growth commenced some 2 weeks after ear emergence and continued until after the crop had lost all green coloration. Dry matter accumulation in the ears in the period beginning 3 weeks past ear emergence was greater than accumulation in the aboveground parts of the crop as a whole. This indicated that much of the ear dry matter increase in the latter part of the grain filling period occurred as a result of translocation of previously accumulated assimilates. The stem fraction (including leaf sheaths), the major aboveground reservoir of material that is translocated to the ear, decreased from 800 g∙m−2 at 3 weeks after ear emergence to 493 g∙m−2 at maturity.

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The Response of Wheat to High Temperature Following Anthesis. I. The Rate and Duration of Kernel Filling.

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9950391 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 391 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

IF Wardlaw ◽

L Moncur

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

High Temperature ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Linear Phase ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

Cultivar Variation ◽

Grain Filling Period

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants were grown to anthesis at 18/13�C day/night and either retained at 18/13�C or transferred to a higher temperature (24/19 or 30/25�C) for the grain-filling period. It was confirmed that high temperature resulted in a considerable drop in kernel dry weight at maturity and there was significant cultivar variation in the degree of the response. ranging from a 30 to 60% decrease in kernel dry weight at maturity for a rise in temperature from 18/13 to 30/25�C. An analysis of the rate and duration of kernel filling of seven cultivars showed that those cultivars most tolerant of high temperature during kernel filling (least reduction of kernel dry weight at maturity) were those where the rate of kernel filling was most enhanced by high temperature, i.e. the increased rate compensated for the reduced duration of kernel filling. The importance of the rate of kernel filling in determining varietal responses to high temperature illustrates the need to isolate the effect of temperature on processes in the kernel during the linear phase of growth.

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Greenhouse studies on the effects of foliar spray of nutrient solutions during the grain filling period on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and black field bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties

10.31274/rtd-180813-1194 ◽

1977 ◽

Author(s):

Emilio Escamilla E.

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Field Bean ◽

Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽

Black Field ◽

Grain Filling Period ◽

Nutrient Solutions

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GRAIN FILLING PERIOD AND GRAIN YIELD RELATIONSHIPS IN SPRING WHEAT

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps75-107 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 673-678 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

H. G. NASS ◽

B. REISER

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Growth Curves ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Filling Rate ◽

Regression Methods ◽

Order Polynomial ◽

Final Weight ◽

Grain Filling Period

Ten cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were compared on the basis of grain yield determined at intervals after anthesis. When the data on grain yield were transformed to a square root scale, regression methods showed that the growth curves of the grain weight could be adequately represented by low-order polynomial expressions of time from anthesis. The fitted regression coefficients allowed the mid-season filling rate (and its standard error) to be estimated for each variety, and consequently the varietal filling rates could be compared. While the rate of filling appeared to be an important factor in determining the final weight, the length of the grain filling period (anthesis to maturity), by itself, was not.

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Methodological aspects and impact on grain weight of source reduction through shade meshes during grain filling of bread wheat

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp18565 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (8) ◽

pp. 739

Author(s):

Maria L. Maydup ◽

Mariana Antonietta ◽

Nicolás Rouillet ◽

Maria G. Cano ◽

Juan J. Guiamet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bread Wheat ◽

Photosynthetic Activity ◽

Light Attenuation ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Light Transmittance ◽

Source Reduction ◽

Grain Filling Period ◽

Days After Anthesis

In crop studies, shading is a common approach for reducing source activity (i.e. assimilates produced by photosynthesis); however, if source reduction is not directly proportional to the degree of light attenuation, estimations could be flawed. We analysed the effects of shading at three levels on light transmittance, air and canopy temperatures, and actual photosynthetic activity at different times of day, and on grain weight in a modern genotype of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The treatments were imposed 10 days after anthesis and comprised three levels of shading with meshes: 80%, 50% and 10% transmittance during midday. The decrease in midday photosynthetic activity (electron transport rate, ETR; and CO2 assimilation, An) in the shading treatments compared with control plants did not fit a 1:1 relationship with light transmittance of the meshes; for example, the reduction in ETR and An was <50% under the mesh with 50% light transmittance. The decrease in light transmittance and photosynthesis caused by the meshes was higher during the morning and afternoon than midday. In the grain-filling period, midday ETR showed a progressive, age-dependent decrease in control plants compared with shading treatments. Initial differences in photosynthetic activity between treatments were attenuated throughout the grain-filling period. The diurnal course of air temperature showed a progressive decrease from control to shade treatments, mainly during midday. This pattern was confirmed by infrared thermometry of canopy temperature, with severe shade showing the lowest temperature. Greenness measurements at 19 days after anthesis showed delayed senescence in shaded plants, possibly due to the decrease in temperature under shade. Grain weight per ear was reduced in shading treatments (mainly with 50% and 10% light transmittance). The decrease in grain weight per ear plotted against the decrease in photosynthesis (evaluated through ETR or An) did not fit a 1:1 relationship. This could be explained in part by an observed increase in dry matter retranslocation from the stem. In summary, estimations of source reduction on the basis of light attenuation could be biased, because the photosynthesis decrease is less than proportional, and photosynthesis differences are attenuated throughout grain filling.

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