scholarly journals Morphometric Characteristics of the Skull in Horses and Donkeys—A Pilot Study

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1002
Author(s):  
Katrina Merkies ◽  
Georgios Paraschou ◽  
Paul Damien McGreevy
Keyword(s):  
Hard Palate ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Skull Morphology ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Subsequent Measurement ◽  
Clear Differentiation

Horses and donkeys belong to the genus Equus, but important differences exist between the species, many of which affect their management and welfare. This study compared skull morphology between horses and donkeys. Horse (n = 14) and donkey (n = 16) heads were obtained post-mortem, sectioned sagittally close to the midline, and photographed for subsequent measurement of various skull structures. Skull, cranial, nasal, and profile indices were calculated for topographical comparisons between the species. The olfactory bulb area (OBA), OB pitch (the angle between the hard palate and the OB axis), and whorl location (WL) were also measured. A General Linear Model determined the main effect of species with Sidak’s multiple comparisons of species’ differences among the various measurements. There was no species difference in cranial or nasal indices (p > 0.13), but donkeys had a larger cranial profile than horses (p < 0.04). Donkeys had a smaller OBA (p < 0.05) and a steeper OB pitch (p < 0.02) than horses. The WL corresponded to the level of the OB in horses but was extremely rostral in donkeys (p < 0.0001). These results show clear differentiation in skull morphology between horses and donkeys. This may be useful in validating other physiological and behavioural differences between horses and donkeys.

Cortical and subcortical morphology deficits in cerebral gray matter in patients with schizophrenia and not affected siblings

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. s249-s249
Author(s):  
F. Pastoriza ◽  
L. Galindo ◽  
A. Mané ◽  
D. Bergé ◽  
N. Pujol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
General Linear ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
The Brain

ObjectiveExplore the basis of cortical morphometry in patients with schizophrenia and non-affected siblings by Magnetic Resonance Structural analyzing cortical thickness.MethodsTwenty-nine patients with schizophrenia treated with atypical antipsychotics and clinically stable in the last 6 months were recruited. Twenty-three not affected siblings of patients with schizophrenia and 37 healthy volunteers were recruited. Magnetic Resonance Structural was performed. FreeSurfer the brain imaging software package for analysis of Cortical Thickness is used. In the analysis of group differences in cortical thickness (CT) with the general linear model (GLM), the P-value was established in 0003 following the Bonferroni correction to control for multiple comparisons (seven regions of interest a priori in each hemisphere).ResultsSignificant differences in cortical thickness between patients and healthy controls. Differences between groups were calculated by general linear model (GLM) with age and sex as covairables (Table 1).ConclusionsIn applying the correction for multiple comparisons, differences in bilateral-lateral orbitofrontal, medial orbitofrontal-right and left temporal transverse frontal cortex are significant. Our study replicates previous findings and provides further evidence of abnormalities in the cerebral cortex, particularly in the frontal and temporal regions, being characteristic of schizophrenia.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.AcknowledgementsL. Galindo is a Rio-Hortega-fellowship-(ISC-III; CM14/00111).

A Species Difference in Conditioned Emotional Response

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman D. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Response ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Conditioned Emotional Response ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Exploratory Activity ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Rats And Mice

A technique to produce a quantitative measure of CER without pretraining is presented. The response, a change in S's exploratory activity during the CS, occurs rapidly in even 3-wk. old rats and mice. Species differences occur in the reaction to CS, US, and CS-US pairings. Although rats tend to suppress activity during CS as a result of CS-US pairings, the shock or buzzer alone increases activity level; while the opposite is true of mice.

scholarly journals Attractiveness of female sexual signaling predicts differences in female grouping patterns between bonobos and chimpanzees

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Surbeck ◽  
Cédric Girard-Buttoz ◽  
Liran Samuni ◽  
Christophe Boesch ◽  
Barbara Fruth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Spatial Association ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Sexual Signaling ◽  
Party Members ◽  
Frequent Presence

AbstractHere we show that sexual signaling affects patterns of female spatial association differently in chimpanzees and bonobos, indicating its relevance in shaping the respective social systems. Generally, spatial association between females often mirrors patterns and strength of social relationships and cooperation within groups. While testing for proposed differences in female-female associations underlying female coalition formation in the species of the genus Pan, we find only limited evidence for a higher female-female gregariousness in bonobos. While bonobo females exhibited a slightly higher average number of females in their parties, there is neither a species difference in the time females spent alone, nor in the number of female party members in the absence of sexually attractive females. We find that the more frequent presence of maximally tumescent females in bonobos is associated with a significantly stronger increase in the number of female party members, independent of variation in a behavioural proxy for food abundance. This indicates the need to look beyond ecology when explaining species differences in female sociality as it refutes the idea that the higher gregariousness among bonobo females is driven by ecological factors alone and highlights that the temporal distribution of female sexual receptivity is an important factor to consider when studying mammalian sociality.

scholarly journals A species difference in nucleoside phosphorylase activity and inosine-stimulated insulin secretion in isolated islets of Langerhans

1977 ◽  
Vol 168 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
I L Campbell ◽  
K W Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Insulin Release ◽  
Islets Of Langerhans ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Isolated Islets ◽  
Phosphorylase Activity ◽  
Nucleoside Phosphorylase ◽  
Isolated Islets Of Langerhans

Inosine is a potent simulant of insulin release from rat but not from rabbit islets of Langerhans. Further investigation showed that nucleoside phosphorylase activity is exceptionally low in rabbit islets. The ability of inosine to promote insulin release seems to be related to islet nucleoside phosphorylase activity, which can display marked species differences.

Ca2+ uptake by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum at low temperature in rat and ground squirrel

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (4) ◽  
pp. R1121-R1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Liu ◽  
D. D. Belke ◽  
L. C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Arrhenius Plot ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Activity Analysis ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Cold Sensitive

The Ca2+ uptake by isolated cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was compared between Richardson's ground squirrels and rats at 37, 25, 15, and 5 degrees C. The rate of SR Ca2+ uptake in ground squirrels was significantly higher than in rats over the temperature range. This marked species difference was observed over a Ca2+ concentration range from 0.1 to 10 microM. The Arrhenius plot for Ca2+ uptake was linear for ground squirrels between 37 and 5 degrees C but showed a depression from linearity for rats at 5 degrees C. This temperature sensitivity was also reflected in rat SR Ca2+-adenosinetriphosphatase activity. Analysis of [3H]ryanodine binding in SR suggests that more Ca2+ release channels are in an open state at low temperatures in rats than in ground squirrels. Together, these results suggest that species differences in the response of SR to low temperature may account for the rise in cytosolic free Ca2+ in cold-sensitive species and may be responsible, at least in part, for the inability of cold-sensitive hearts to function at low temperature.

scholarly journals Species differences in the metabolism and excretion of sulphasomidine and sulphamethomidine

1969 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
J W Bridges ◽  
S R Walker ◽  
R T Williams
Keyword(s):  
Partition Coefficients ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Acetyl Derivative ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Metabolite ◽  
Monkey Liver ◽  
Liver Homogenates

1. The excretion of 2,4-dimethyl-6-sulphanilamidopyrimidine (sulphasomidine; Elkosin) and 4-methoxy-2-methyl-6-sulphanilamidopyrimidine (sulphamethomidine) given orally was examined in man, rhesus monkey, rabbit and rat. 2. About 70% of sulphasomidine (0·1g./kg.) is excreted mainly unchanged in the urine by these species in 24hr.; less than 15% of the dose is acetylated and there is no marked species difference in the fate of this drug. 3. Sulphamethomidine is excreted more slowly than sulphasomidine, and in the rat, rabbit and monkey the main metabolite is the N4-acetyl derivative. In man, only 20–30% of the dose is excreted in 24hr. and nearly 70% of this is sulphamethomidine N1-glucuronide, which is also excreted by the monkey but not by the rat or rabbit. There is therefore a marked species difference in the metabolism of sulphamethomidine. 4. Sulphamethomidine N1-glucuronide was synthesized and shown to be identical with the glucuronide isolated from monkey urine. 5. Sulphasomidine, sulphamethomidine and sulphadimethoxine (2,4-dimethoxy-6-sulphanilamidopyrimidine) were acetylated by rabbit or monkey liver homogenates. Although sulphasomidine is poorly acetylated in vivo, it is acetylated in vitro at rates comparable with those of the other two drugs. 6. The solubilities, partition coefficients and plasma-protein-binding of the drugs were measured. 7. The results are discussed.

scholarly journals Consumer empowerment and self-assessment of empowerment

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259971
Author(s):  
Su-Jung Nam
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Search Behavior ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Consumer Empowerment ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Information Search Behavior

This study examined the influence of consumer empowerment and its self-assessment on consumers’ information search behavior and consumer life satisfaction; it also examined whether the results were consistent with the Dunning−Kruger effect. A total of 977 consumers who participated in a national consumer survey were divided into four groups, based on their level of empowerment and self-assessment. The Dunning−Kruger effect was observed in the consumer empowerment results, with 35.9% of respondents showing imbalanced empowerment and self-assessment levels. A general linear model was used to examine the survey results, which indicated that the main effect of empowerment had no significant effect on information searching or consumer life satisfaction. However, there was a significant main effect of self-assessment on both dependent variables. In addition, the interaction of empowerment and self-assessment had a significant effect only on information search behavior. Consequently, it can be concluded that self-assessed empowerment, rather than actual consumer empowerment, affects information search and consumer life satisfaction.

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