scholarly journals Effect of Chitosan Inclusion and Dietary Crude Protein Level on Nutrient Intake and Digestibility, Ruminal Fermentation, and N Excretion in Beef Heifers Offered a Grass Silage Based Diet

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 771
Author(s):  
Stuart F. Kirwan ◽  
Karina M. Pierce ◽  
Eleonora Serra ◽  
Michael McDonald ◽  
Gaurav Rajauria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Use Efficiency

Nitrogen (N) use efficiency in beef cattle is low (10–20%), resulting in large amounts of N excreted into the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chitosan inclusion and dietary crude protein (CP) level on nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and N excretion in beef heifers. Eight Belgian Blue × Holstein Friesian cross beef heifers (752 ± 52 kg BW) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial design. Factors were dietary CP concentration—high CP, 16% (HP) or low CP, 12% (LP)—and chitosan inclusion—0 or 10 g kg−1 dry matter (DM) offered at 50:50 forage concentrate ratio on a dry matter (DM) basis. Apparent total tract digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), and CP were reduced (p < 0.001) with chitosan inclusion, whereas offering the HP diets increased apparent total tract digestibility of CP (p < 0.001). Offering the HP diets increased urinary N excretion (p < 0.001), while chitosan inclusion increased N excretion in faeces (p < 0.05). Ruminal pH was increased with chitosan inclusion (p < 0.01). There was a CP × chitosan interaction for rumen ammonia (NH3) concentrations (p < 0.05). Including chitosan in the HP diets increased ruminal NH3 concentration while having no effect on the LP diets. Urinary N excretion was increased with increased levels of CP, but chitosan inclusion increased the quantity of N excreted in the faeces.

scholarly journals Effect of incorporating forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) hay into cereal hay on ruminal fermentation and apparent digestibility when fed to beef heifers

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 716-728
Author(s):  
A.A. Pursley ◽  
B. Biligetu ◽  
T.D. Warkentin ◽  
H.A. Lardner ◽  
G.B. Penner
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Inclusion Rate ◽  
Reduced Crude Protein ◽  
Microbial N

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion rate of pea hay in barley or oat hay diets for beef cattle. Six ruminally cannulated heifers (407 ± 38 kg) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square (25 d periods) with a 2 × 3 factorial design. Treatments included whole-crop barley or oat hay with pea hay blended in to achieve inclusion rates of 0%, 15%, or 30% (dry matter basis) of the forage. Pea hay inclusion increased dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.03) by 0.75 kg d−1 relative to diets without pea hay, but the response was not linear or quadratic. Inclusion of pea hay linearly increased mean ruminal pH (P = 0.039), the concentration of butyrate in ruminal fluid (P = 0.013), plasma urea nitrogen (N) concentration (P = 0.001), and quadratically increased ruminal ammonia concentration (P < 0.001). Pea hay inclusion reduced crude protein (CP) digestibility by 2.87% relative to cereal-only treatments (P = 0.025), but did not affect N intake, microbial N, or N excretion. Overall, pea hay inclusion increased DMI, increased ruminal butyrate concentration, but reduced CP digestibility without affecting N balance.

scholarly journals Different Sources Of Fat In Supplements For Beef Cattle At Pasture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucien Bissi da Freiria ◽  
Joanis Tilemahos Zervoudakis ◽  
Nelcino Francisco de Paula ◽  
Mozart Alves Fonseca ◽  
Pedro Ivo José Lopes da Rosa e Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Serum Urea ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of the fat supplementation source (free oil and rumen-protected fat) on the nutrient intake and digestion of beef cattle at pasture. Five rumen-cannulated Nelore bulls, with an average 467.8±32.8 kg of body weight (BW) and age of 26 months, were distributed in a Latin square design (5 x 5). The treatments were as follows: WF: without fat, PS: rumen-protected fat soybean oil, PA: rumen-protected fat palm oil, SO: soybean free oil, and CO: corn free oil. Nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal pH and ammonia (NH3-N), serum urea, and nitrogen balance were analyzed. The supplements with different fat sources did not alter (P>0.05) the intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM), forage, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral digestibility fiber (NDF), neutral digestibility corrected ash and protein (NDFap), nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) or total digestible nutrients (TDN), except ether extract (EE). An increase (P<0.05) in the intake and digestibility was observed with the inclusion of a fat supply, independent of the fat source. Differences were observed between the WF and other supplements with regard to ruminal parameters (pH and NH3-N) (P>0.05) and serum urea (P>0.05). The nitrogen balance was not affected by the fat source (P>0.05). Supplementation of grazing beef cattle with 2 g/kg BW low-level free oil (130 g/kg DM supplement) or rumen protection (160 g/kg DM supplement) did not interfere with the characteristic nutrient intake and digestibility.

scholarly journals 413 Effect of chitosan inclusion and dietary crude protein level on rumen fermentation in beef heifers fed a total mixed ration

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 166-167
Author(s):  
Stuart Kirwan ◽  
Tommy Boland ◽  
Eleonora Serra ◽  
Gaurav Rajauria ◽  
Karina Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Chitosan (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine polymer) is a natural biopolymer, which is the second most abundant organic compound on earth, found in lower plants and some arthropods and crustaceans. Studies with ruminants have shown that supplementing with chitosan can alter ruminal fermentation, including higher propionate concentration and lower acetate to propionate ratio, improving the energy efficiency within the rumen though data on nitrogen metabolism is lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chitosan with different dietary crude protein (CP) inclusion on rumen fermentation in beef heifers. Eight ruminally cannulated Belgian Blue x Holstein Friesian heifers (752 ± 52Kg BW) were allocated one of four dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial Latin Square design (n = 8). Diets were offered as total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of grass silage plus concentrate. Diets were offered once daily ad libitum. Dietary treatments were as follows: high CP (16%) +/- chitosan (10g kg-1 DMI) supplementation (HP+) or (HP-) and low CP (12%) +/- chitosan supplementation (LP+) or (LP-). Experimental periods were 25d in duration (14 d dietary adaptation and 10 d sampling). Rumen fluid was collected via cannula every 2 h post feeding for analysis of ruminal pH, ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) over a 48-hour period. Data was analysed using Proc Mixed procedure in SAS. Significant differences were considered when P &lt; 0.05. Dietary treatment had no effect on ruminal pH (P &gt; 0.05). Chitosan supplementation had no effect on ruminal NH3 and VFA concentrations (P &gt; 0.05), whereas, animals offered 16% CP had higher concentrations of ruminal NH3 (P &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, supplementing a TMR diet fed to beef heifers with chitosan had no effect on rumen fermentation. However, reducing dietary CP concentration fed to beef animals resulted in lower rumen NH3 concentrations.

Feed intake and digestibility in Yankasa sheep fed diets containing various levels of Leucaena leucocephala leaf residues

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Fasae ◽  
J. A. Alokan ◽  
G. E. Onibi
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Leaf Residue ◽  
Metabolism Study ◽  
Age Range

Four Yankasa sheep, weighing between 19 and 24kg live weight and with age range between 15-24 months were used in a metabolism study to determine the intake and the digestibility of Leucaena leucocephala leaf residue (LLLR) while diets B, C and D had 15, 30 and 45% LLLR inclusion respectively. Dry matter and dietary crude protein intake by trhe environmental animals decreased with increasing level of LLLR inclusion in the diets, although these values were not significant (P>0.05). Also, digestion rates for dry matter and nutrients decreased as protein level of the diets decreased but variation were not significant (P<0.05). Inclusion of 15% LLLR in the dust produced the best weight gain, though this was significantly (P>0.05) different from other treatments. None of the animals developed any health problem and none was underfed as they all recorded an increase in weight. The diet with 15% LLLR produced performance similar to the control both in nutrient intake and weight gain

scholarly journals Effect of stage of maturity at harvest for forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) on eating behavior, ruminal fermentation, and digestibility when fed as hay to yearling beef heifers

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex A Pursley ◽  
Bill Biligetu ◽  
Tom Warkentin ◽  
Herbert A Lardner ◽  
Gregory B Penner
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Pisum Sativum L

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the stage of maturity at harvest for pea hay (Pisum sativum L., c.v. CDC Horizon) on dry matter intake (DMI), eating behavior, ruminal fermentation, and digestibility when fed to beef heifers. Pea hay was cut at EARLY (defined to occur when flat pods were on one or more nodes), MID (when seeds filled the pods at one or more nodes and the leaves were changing from green to gold), and LATE (yellow dry seeds filled pods on most or all of the nodes and the pods and leaves had a yellow color) phases, and was cured in the field and baled. Six ruminally-cannulated Speckle Park heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with three 18-d periods including 12 d for adaptation, 2 d for measurement of ruminal pool sizes, and 4 d for the collection of eating behavior, ruminal pH, ruminal digesta, and feces. For all treatments, the respective pea hay was included at 40% of the dietary DM. Stage of maturity at harvest for pea hay did not affect total DMI, pea hay DMI, or the total short-chain fatty acid concentration in ruminal fluid with averages of 8.6 kg/d, 3.2 kg/d, and 96.55 mM, respectively. The duration of time spent ruminating decreased with advancing pea hay maturity when reported as min/d, min/kg DMI, and min/kg neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (P ≤ 0.01). Mean ruminal pH also decreased with advancing pea maturity (P &lt; 0.01). The ruminal DM and undigested NDF corrected for OM pools were not affected by stage of maturity (P ≥ 0.55) nor was the rate of digestion for NDF. However, NDF passage rate decreased by 0.21%/h with advancing pea hay maturity (P = 0.02). Apparent total tract digestibility of NDF (average = 16.30%, P = 0.41) was not affected, but starch digestibility decreased from 96.10% to 93.08% with advancing pea hay maturity (P = 0.07). Overall, stage of maturity at harvest for pea hay does not appear to affect DMI or NDF digestibililty but decreases chewing activity, apparent total tract starch digestibility, ruminal pH, and ruminal NDF passage rate.

scholarly journals PSIV-22 The effects of altering ruminal fermentable carbohydrate supply in finishing diets containing distillers grains on rumen fermentation characteristics and nitrogen utilization

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 220-220
Author(s):  
Cody Ream ◽  
Allison V Stevens ◽  
Gwinyai Chibisa
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Total Urine

Abstract This study examined the effects of altering ruminal fermentable carbohydrate (RFC) supply by feeding different amounts of corn and wheat in finishing cattle diets containing 15% corn dried distillers grains [DDGS; dry matter (DM) basis] on ruminal fermentation characteristics and nitrogen (N) utilization. Six ruminally-cannulated crossbred heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 28 d periods. Dietary treatments were either corn (73% of diet DM; CON), 53:20 corn:wheat blend (20W) or 33:40 corn:wheat blend (40W) as the major fermentable carbohydrate source. Diets were isonitrogenous (12% CP; DM basis). Feed intake was measured daily. Indwelling pH logger were used to measure ruminal pH (d 22 to 28) and ruminal fluid was collected from d 26 to 28 to determine fermentation characteristics, as were feces and urine to measure N excretion. Data was analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Dry matter and N intake tended to be lower (P ≤ 0.07) for heifers fed the 40W compared to the CON and 20W diets. There was no diet effect (P = 0.15) on total VFA concentration; however, the duration and area for pH &lt; 5.5 tended to be longer (P = 0.07) and greater (P = 0.096), respectively, for heifers fed the 20W and 40W compared to the CON diet. There was no diet effect (P ≥ 0.44) on ruminal ammonia concentration and total urine N excretion (g and % of N intake). However, urine urea N (UUN) excretion as a percentage of total urine N tended to be lower (P = 0.05) in heifers fed the 20W and 40W compared to the CON diet. In summary, although altering RFC supply by feeding increasing amounts of wheat resulted in a decrease in UUN excretion, it also caused a decrease in ruminal pH that possibly compromised DM intake.

scholarly journals PSI-3 Effect of stage of maturity of forage pea cultivar (Pisium sativum L.) in hay on palatability, ruminal fermentation, and digestibility when fed to beef cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 290-290
Author(s):  
Alex Pursley ◽  
Bill Biligetu ◽  
Tom Warkentin ◽  
Bart Lardner
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Late Stages

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate stage of maturity at harvest for pea hay on DMI, eating behavior, ruminal fermentation, and digestibility when fed to beef heifers. Pea hay was harvested at early, mid, and late stages of maturity. Early was defined as observing flat pods at one or more nodes. Mid stage was defined as seeds filling the pods at one or more nodes and leaves beginning to turn from green to gold. Late stage was defined as yellow, dry seeds filling pods on most or all of the nodes, with a yellow color to the leaves and pods. Six ruminally-cannulated Speckle Park heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 18-d periods with pea hay included at 40% of the dietary DM. Stage of maturity did not affect DMI or ruminal total SCFA concentration with averages of 3.2 kg/d and 96.55 mM, respectively. Time spent ruminating decreased with advancing maturity when reported as min/d, min/kg DMI, and min/kg NDF (P ≤ 0.01). Mean ruminal pH also decreased with advancing pea maturity (P &lt; 0.01). The ruminal DM and uNDFOM pools were not affected by stage maturity (P ≥ 0.55). While the rate of digestion for NDF was not affected, NDF passage rate decreased by 0.21 %/h with advancing maturity (P = 0.02). Apparent total tract digestibility of NDF (average = 16.30%, P = 0.41) was not affected but starch digestibility tended to decrease from 96.10 to 93.08% with advancing maturity (P = 0.07). Overall, stage of maturity at harvest for pea hay does not appear to impact DMI, fermentation, or digestibility.

scholarly journals Effect of Varying Dietary Crude Protein Level on Feed Intake, Nutrient Digestibility, Milk Production, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Lactating Holstein-Friesian Cows

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2439
Author(s):  
Constantine Bakyusa Katongole ◽  
Tianhai Yan
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Friesian Cows

The effect of dietary crude protein (CP) level on intake, digestibility, milk production, and nitrogen (N) use efficiency was studied. Twenty-four Holstein-Friesian cows (17 multiparous and seven primiparous) were grouped by parity, days in milk, milk yield, and live weight into six blocks of four, and randomly assigned to four total mixed ration (TMR) treatments, containing 141, 151, 177, or 210 g CP/kg dry matter (DM), over 28 day experimental periods. Apparent total-tract DM and fiber digestibilities and milk fat composition were similar across treatments. Milk protein and urea-N compositions, and urinary and manure N excretion increased linearly, while milk N efficiency (MNE) decreased linearly with increasing CP. DM intake was highest with the 177 diet, while CP intake increased linearly with increasing CP, peaking at 200 g/kg DM. Milk yield increased with CP intake for the three lower CP levels, peaking at 176 g CP/kg DM. The further increase in CP level from 177 to 210 g/kg DM did not result in improved milk yield, but resulted in decreased milk N secretion and increased urinary N excretion. In summary, milk protein composition increased linearly with increasing CP, accompanied by a linear decrease in MNE, resulting in a bell-shaped relationship between milk yield and dietary CP level.

scholarly journals Nutrients intake and digestibility in sheep fed with residue from the extraction of tamarind pulp

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (6Supl2) ◽  
pp. 4401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Juliano Valério Geron ◽  
Fabiana Gomes Costa ◽  
Jocilaine Garcia ◽  
Anderson Moura Zanine ◽  
Edmiar Barbosa de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Total Carbohydrates

<p>This study aimed to evaluate nutrient intake and digestibility by sheep fed diets containing residue from the extraction of tamarind pulp (RETP). We used four sheep with a mean body weight (BW) of 40.38 kg, whose pens were distributed in a Latin square design. The diet treatments contained 0, 5, 10 and 15% of RETP. The variables were subjected to analysis of variance and the differences observed were tested using regression equations at 5% significance. The intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), total carbohydrates (TC), and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC),expressed in g day-1, % BW and g kg0,75-1, were not significantly affected (p&gt;0.05) by the inclusion of RETP. The intake of ether extract (EE) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) showed a linear increase (p&lt;0.05) as RETP content rose. However, the digestibility of DM, CP, TC, and total digestible nutrients (TDN) decreased linearly (p&lt;0.05), while the digestibility of EE, NDF, ADF, and NFC, with average values of 62.12%; 79.95%; 41.59%; 37.12%, and 91.57%, respectively, were not significantly affected (p&gt;0.05) when RETP was included in the diet. The inclusion of up to 15% of the residue from the extraction of tamarind pulp changes the intake of ether extract and neutral detergent fiber, and reduced dry matter, crude protein, and total carbohydrates in the sheep’s diet.</p>

scholarly journals Digestibility and microbial efficiency in steers fed diets based on corn silage hybrids and concentrate levels

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-657
Author(s):  
F.H.M Chizzotti ◽  
O.G. Pereira ◽  
S.C. Valadares Filho ◽  
M.I Leão ◽  
K.G Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Microbial Efficiency

A trial involving a 2x2 factorial design was conducted to evaluate the effect of corn silage hybrids and concentrate levels (25 and 50%) on intake and digestibility of nutrients, ruminal characteristics and microbial efficiency in steers. Four ruminal and abomasal cannulated steers (512±25kg of birth weight), were used in a 4×4 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of 75% silage A + 25% concentrate; 50% silage A + 50% concentrate; 75% silage B + 25% concentrate; and 50% silage B + 50% concentrate on dry matter (DM) basis. There were no differences in the intakes of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein, and ether extract. The intake of non fiber carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients were positively affected by concentrate levels. The digestibility of DM and OM were also positively affected by concentrate levels. There were no effects of treatments on ruminal pH values, ruminal ammonia-N, and microbial efficiency.

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