scholarly journals Effect of incorporating forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) hay into cereal hay on ruminal fermentation and apparent digestibility when fed to beef heifers

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 716-728
Author(s):  
A.A. Pursley ◽  
B. Biligetu ◽  
T.D. Warkentin ◽  
H.A. Lardner ◽  
G.B. Penner
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Inclusion Rate ◽  
Reduced Crude Protein ◽  
Microbial N

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion rate of pea hay in barley or oat hay diets for beef cattle. Six ruminally cannulated heifers (407 ± 38 kg) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square (25 d periods) with a 2 × 3 factorial design. Treatments included whole-crop barley or oat hay with pea hay blended in to achieve inclusion rates of 0%, 15%, or 30% (dry matter basis) of the forage. Pea hay inclusion increased dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.03) by 0.75 kg d−1 relative to diets without pea hay, but the response was not linear or quadratic. Inclusion of pea hay linearly increased mean ruminal pH (P = 0.039), the concentration of butyrate in ruminal fluid (P = 0.013), plasma urea nitrogen (N) concentration (P = 0.001), and quadratically increased ruminal ammonia concentration (P < 0.001). Pea hay inclusion reduced crude protein (CP) digestibility by 2.87% relative to cereal-only treatments (P = 0.025), but did not affect N intake, microbial N, or N excretion. Overall, pea hay inclusion increased DMI, increased ruminal butyrate concentration, but reduced CP digestibility without affecting N balance.

scholarly journals PSIV-22 The effects of altering ruminal fermentable carbohydrate supply in finishing diets containing distillers grains on rumen fermentation characteristics and nitrogen utilization

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 220-220
Author(s):  
Cody Ream ◽  
Allison V Stevens ◽  
Gwinyai Chibisa
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Total Urine

Abstract This study examined the effects of altering ruminal fermentable carbohydrate (RFC) supply by feeding different amounts of corn and wheat in finishing cattle diets containing 15% corn dried distillers grains [DDGS; dry matter (DM) basis] on ruminal fermentation characteristics and nitrogen (N) utilization. Six ruminally-cannulated crossbred heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 28 d periods. Dietary treatments were either corn (73% of diet DM; CON), 53:20 corn:wheat blend (20W) or 33:40 corn:wheat blend (40W) as the major fermentable carbohydrate source. Diets were isonitrogenous (12% CP; DM basis). Feed intake was measured daily. Indwelling pH logger were used to measure ruminal pH (d 22 to 28) and ruminal fluid was collected from d 26 to 28 to determine fermentation characteristics, as were feces and urine to measure N excretion. Data was analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Dry matter and N intake tended to be lower (P ≤ 0.07) for heifers fed the 40W compared to the CON and 20W diets. There was no diet effect (P = 0.15) on total VFA concentration; however, the duration and area for pH &lt; 5.5 tended to be longer (P = 0.07) and greater (P = 0.096), respectively, for heifers fed the 20W and 40W compared to the CON diet. There was no diet effect (P ≥ 0.44) on ruminal ammonia concentration and total urine N excretion (g and % of N intake). However, urine urea N (UUN) excretion as a percentage of total urine N tended to be lower (P = 0.05) in heifers fed the 20W and 40W compared to the CON diet. In summary, although altering RFC supply by feeding increasing amounts of wheat resulted in a decrease in UUN excretion, it also caused a decrease in ruminal pH that possibly compromised DM intake.

scholarly journals Effect of Chitosan Inclusion and Dietary Crude Protein Level on Nutrient Intake and Digestibility, Ruminal Fermentation, and N Excretion in Beef Heifers Offered a Grass Silage Based Diet

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 771
Author(s):  
Stuart F. Kirwan ◽  
Karina M. Pierce ◽  
Eleonora Serra ◽  
Michael McDonald ◽  
Gaurav Rajauria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Use Efficiency

Nitrogen (N) use efficiency in beef cattle is low (10–20%), resulting in large amounts of N excreted into the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chitosan inclusion and dietary crude protein (CP) level on nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and N excretion in beef heifers. Eight Belgian Blue × Holstein Friesian cross beef heifers (752 ± 52 kg BW) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial design. Factors were dietary CP concentration—high CP, 16% (HP) or low CP, 12% (LP)—and chitosan inclusion—0 or 10 g kg−1 dry matter (DM) offered at 50:50 forage concentrate ratio on a dry matter (DM) basis. Apparent total tract digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), and CP were reduced (p < 0.001) with chitosan inclusion, whereas offering the HP diets increased apparent total tract digestibility of CP (p < 0.001). Offering the HP diets increased urinary N excretion (p < 0.001), while chitosan inclusion increased N excretion in faeces (p < 0.05). Ruminal pH was increased with chitosan inclusion (p < 0.01). There was a CP × chitosan interaction for rumen ammonia (NH3) concentrations (p < 0.05). Including chitosan in the HP diets increased ruminal NH3 concentration while having no effect on the LP diets. Urinary N excretion was increased with increased levels of CP, but chitosan inclusion increased the quantity of N excreted in the faeces.

scholarly journals Metabolic and Productive Response and Grazing Behavior of Lactating Dairy Cows Supplemented with High Moisture Maize or Cracked Wheat Grazing at Two Herbage Allowances in Spring

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 919
Author(s):  
Verónica M. Merino ◽  
Lorena Leichtle ◽  
Oscar A. Balocchi ◽  
Francisco Lanuza ◽  
Julián Parga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Grazing Behavior

The aim was to determine the effect of the herbage allowance (HA) and supplement type (ST) on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and composition, grazing behavior, rumen function, and blood metabolites of grazing dairy cows in the spring season. Experiment I: 64 Holstein Friesian dairy cows were distributed in a factorial design that tested two levels of daily HA (20 and 30 kg of dry matter (DM) per cow) and two ST (high moisture maize (HMM) and cracked wheat (CW)) distributed in two daily rations (3.5 kg DM/cow/day). Experiment II: four mid-lactation rumen cannulated cows, supplemented with either HMM or CW and managed with the two HAs, were distributed in a Latin square design of 4 × 4, for four 14-d periods to assess ruminal fermentation parameters. HA had no effect on milk production (averaging 23.6 kg/day) or milk fat and protein production (823 g/day and 800 g/day, respectively). Cows supplemented with CW had greater protein concentration (+1.2 g/kg). Herbage DMI averaged 14.17 kg DM/cow.day and total DMI averaged 17.67 kg DM/cow.day and did not differ between treatments. Grazing behavior activities (grazing, rumination, and idling times) and body condition score (BCS) were not affected by HA or ST. Milk and plasma urea concentration increased under the high HA (+0.68 mmol/L and +0.90 mmol/L, respectively). Cows supplemented with HMM had lower milk and plasma urea concentrations (0.72 mmol/L and 0.76 mmol/L less, respectively) and tended (p = 0.054) to have higher plasma β-hydroxybutyrate. Ruminal parameters did not differ between treatments.

scholarly journals 223 Effects of high protein DDGS in SFC or DRC-based diets on nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 128-128
Author(s):  
Lauren Ovinge ◽  
Mitch Norman ◽  
Kaylee Wheeler ◽  
Galen E Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Treatment Design

Abstract The effect of high protein dried distillers grains plus solubles in steam flaked corn (SFC) or dry rolled corn (DRC)-based diets on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestion was evaluated. Six ruminally and duodenally cannulated heifers were utilized in a 6×6 Latin Square experiment using a 2×3 factorial treatment design. One factor was SFC or DRC-based diets, and the other factor was a control with no DGS (CON), regularly produced DDGS (DDGS), or High Protein DDGS (HiPro) included at 30% in the diet (DM basis). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with individual steer within period as the experimental unit. There was an interaction of apparent total tract starch digestibility (P 0.01), as including either DDGS or HiPro reduced starch digestibility in DRC-based diets and tended (P = 0.06) to reduce starch digestibility in SFC-based diets. Digestibility of starch was greater (P < 0.01) for SFC versus DRC-based diets across distillers treatments. Dry matter and OM apparent total tract digestibility was lowest (P < 0.01) for HiPro and DDGS was intermediate. There was no difference in molar acetate proportions (P > 0.43) between treatments. Dry rolled corn tended (P = 0.08) to have greater propionate proportion than SFC (44 vs 38%; respectively). Ammonia concentration was greater (P < 0.01) for DRC-based diets, and greatest for CON (P < 0.01) over DDGS and HiPro treatments. Average ruminal pH was unaffected by treatment (P > 0.16). Digestible energy (Mcal/kg) tended (P = 0.08) to be greater for CON over HiPro and DDGS. The use of HiPro did not affect apparent total tract nutrient digestibility as compared to DDGS in SFC or DRC-based diets. The use of either distillers product did result in a reduction in energy intake and digestibility, without affecting ruminal metabolic parameters.

scholarly journals Senna spectabilis FRUIT ON HAIR LAMBS FEEDING: DIGESTIBILITY, BLOOD METABOLITES, AND RUMINAL KINETIC

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Bonilla-Trujillo ◽  
Jairo Andrés Pardo-Guzman ◽  
Román David Castañeda-Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Ruminal Degradability

Abstract In recent years sheep, farming has emerged as an alternative production system especially in dry areas. The use of leaves and fruit from some trees has become an alternative for feeding for ruminants; however, studies on these species are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of S. spectabilis fruit meal on in vivo and in vitro digestibility, blood metabolites, and ruminal kinetics in hair lambs. This study was carried out at Las Brisas farm, University of Tolima - Colombia. Twelve male hair lambs with body weight of 20.3 ± 2.5 kg were used. Animals were distributed in an experimental 4x4 Latin square design. The treatments consisted of diets based on Dichanthium spp hay with different inclusion levels of S. spectabilis fruit meal (15, 30, and 45%). A linear increasing effect (P <0.05) was observed for in vivo and in vitro digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein; likewise, plasma urea and ruminal degradability increased as the level of supplementation of S. spectabilis increased. The meal of S. spectabilis improves digestibility, protein intake, and ruminal kinetics in hair lambs; therefore, it is suggested as a promising alternative for ruminants feeding in dry tropic regions.

THE INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF AMMONIATED CEREAL STRAWS BY CATTLE

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. J. HORTON
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Oat Straw

The effects of treatment with 3.5% anhydrous ammonia on the nutritive value of straws from Neepawa wheat, Bonanza barley and Random oats were investigated with growing Hereford steers. Ambient temperatures during the 6-wk post-treatment period were 0.1 °C for wheat and barley straws and 15 °C for oat straw. The four treatments were untreated and ammoniated straw, fed with or without 4-kg supplements per day over four periods to four steers in a 4 × 4 latin square design. Crude protein was doubled in wheat and barley straws and trebled in oat straw following ammoniation. The consumption of all three straws without concentrates was increased significantly by ammoniation. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude fiber on straw rations were higher (P < 0.05) in ammoniated wheat and oat straw than in the corresponding untreated straws. Neither straw intake nor dry matter digestibility were improved (P > 0.05) by ammoniation when supplements were fed, though crude fiber digestibility was increased (P < 0.05) in wheat and oat straw rations. Straw treatment had no effect (P > 0.05) on ruminal pH, dehydrogenase activity, or total or molar proportions of volatile fatty acids. Ruminal ammonia concentrations were higher (P < 0.01) for ammoniated than for untreated straws fed alone and similar to those when concentrates were also fed. Plasma urea, measured 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 7 h post-prandial, was highest in steers fed ammoniated wheat and oat straw and lowest when untreated straw was fed alone.

scholarly journals Digestibility and microbial efficiency in steers fed diets based on corn silage hybrids and concentrate levels

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-657
Author(s):  
F.H.M Chizzotti ◽  
O.G. Pereira ◽  
S.C. Valadares Filho ◽  
M.I Leão ◽  
K.G Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Microbial Efficiency

A trial involving a 2x2 factorial design was conducted to evaluate the effect of corn silage hybrids and concentrate levels (25 and 50%) on intake and digestibility of nutrients, ruminal characteristics and microbial efficiency in steers. Four ruminal and abomasal cannulated steers (512±25kg of birth weight), were used in a 4×4 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of 75% silage A + 25% concentrate; 50% silage A + 50% concentrate; 75% silage B + 25% concentrate; and 50% silage B + 50% concentrate on dry matter (DM) basis. There were no differences in the intakes of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein, and ether extract. The intake of non fiber carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients were positively affected by concentrate levels. The digestibility of DM and OM were also positively affected by concentrate levels. There were no effects of treatments on ruminal pH values, ruminal ammonia-N, and microbial efficiency.

scholarly journals Different Sources Of Fat In Supplements For Beef Cattle At Pasture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucien Bissi da Freiria ◽  
Joanis Tilemahos Zervoudakis ◽  
Nelcino Francisco de Paula ◽  
Mozart Alves Fonseca ◽  
Pedro Ivo José Lopes da Rosa e Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Serum Urea ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of the fat supplementation source (free oil and rumen-protected fat) on the nutrient intake and digestion of beef cattle at pasture. Five rumen-cannulated Nelore bulls, with an average 467.8±32.8 kg of body weight (BW) and age of 26 months, were distributed in a Latin square design (5 x 5). The treatments were as follows: WF: without fat, PS: rumen-protected fat soybean oil, PA: rumen-protected fat palm oil, SO: soybean free oil, and CO: corn free oil. Nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal pH and ammonia (NH3-N), serum urea, and nitrogen balance were analyzed. The supplements with different fat sources did not alter (P>0.05) the intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM), forage, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral digestibility fiber (NDF), neutral digestibility corrected ash and protein (NDFap), nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) or total digestible nutrients (TDN), except ether extract (EE). An increase (P<0.05) in the intake and digestibility was observed with the inclusion of a fat supply, independent of the fat source. Differences were observed between the WF and other supplements with regard to ruminal parameters (pH and NH3-N) (P>0.05) and serum urea (P>0.05). The nitrogen balance was not affected by the fat source (P>0.05). Supplementation of grazing beef cattle with 2 g/kg BW low-level free oil (130 g/kg DM supplement) or rumen protection (160 g/kg DM supplement) did not interfere with the characteristic nutrient intake and digestibility.

scholarly journals Effects of essential oils of Cashew and Castor on intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and purine derivatives in beef cattle fed high grain diets

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 2057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Marcantonio Coneglian ◽  
Roman David Castañeda Serrano ◽  
Olga Teresa Barreto Cruz ◽  
Antonio Ferriani Branco
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Ruminal Ph

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of essential oils of Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) and Ricinus communis (Castor) on intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and excretion of purine derivatives in beef cattle fed high grain diets. Five Nellore steers fitted with ruminal cannula were used in a 5x5 Latin square design (21 days period). The treatments were control MON (0.2 g monensin animal day-1¬) and 1, 2, 4 and 8 g EO animal day-1 (Essential oils - Oligobasics®). All the animals had a basal diet, corn silage-based total mixed ration (TMR) of 80:20 concentrate:forage ratio. Intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and excretion of purine derivatives were determined over five consecutive days in each period. Intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and crude protein (CP) were not influenced by treatments (P > 0.05). However, increasing levels of EO showed a quadratic effect (P < 0.014) above 2 g animal day-1 on the ruminal pH. The excretion of allantoin and uric acid were not influenced by the treatments (P > 0.05), but levels above 2 g day decreased the synthesis of microbial proteins (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the EO of A. occidentale and R. comunnis effectively controlled ruminal fermentation as well as sodium monensin at the studied levels. EOs have the potential to be used in place of monensin in the studied levels.

scholarly journals Citrus pulp in lamb diets: intake, digestibility, and ruminal parameters

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 3421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Lucas Terra Peixoto ◽  
Mirton José Frota Morenz ◽  
Carlos Elysio Moreira da Fonseca ◽  
Elizabeth Dos Santos Moura ◽  
Karla Rodrigues de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

<p>This study aimed to evaluate the viability of replacing corn meal with citrus pulp (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 % dry matter of corn meal) by evaluating several nutritional parameters such as intake and digestibility of nutrients, and ruminal fermentation parameters. The diets were formulated to be isoproteic with a roughage:concentrate ratio of 60:40. Five crossbred lambs with an initial average weight of 26.1 ± 1.8 kg were used and distributed in a 5 x 5 Latin Square design. For digestibility of nutrients was carried out to feed, orts, and feces collection. The evaluated nutrients were dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, ash, neutral detergent fiber, fiber acid detergent and lignin. Were determined nitrogen and carbohydrate fractions, and ruminal fermentation parameters (N-NH 3 and ruminal pH). The results were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis (t-test; ? = 0.05). Citrus pulp inclusion in the diets did not affect intake and digestibility of nutrients, or the pH and the NH3-N content of the rumen fluid. Citrus pulp can be used as a total substitute for corn in concentrate or up to 26.5% in the total ration for lambs (dry basis). </p>

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