scholarly journals Energy Requirements of Beef Cattle: Current Energy Systems and Factors Influencing Energy Requirements for Maintenance

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1642
Author(s):  
Edward H. Cabezas-Garcia ◽  
Denise Lowe ◽  
Francis Lively
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Food Research ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Uk

The present review compared features of the UK system for predicting energy requirements in beef cattle with a number of feeding systems developed from research institutes consortiums around the world. In addition, energy requirements for maintenance calculated from studies conducted at the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) in Northern Ireland since the 1990s were compared with compiled data from recent peer-review papers published over the last decade (2009–2020). The mean metabolisable energy requirement for the maintenance (MEm) of growing cattle was 0.672 MJ/kg0.75 according to values obtained from calorimetry studies conducted at AFBI. This value is respectively 8.2 and 19.5% greater than the MEm values obtained by the Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC), and the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) equations, but it is in close agreement with the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) approach, when assuming a Bos taurus bull (300 kg LW) and an efficiency for converting energy for maintenance (km) of 0.65. Most of the literature data on energy requirements for the maintenance for this animal category were obtained from studies conducted with Bos indicus animals and their crossbreds in Brazilian conditions with this confirming lower requirements of these animals when compared to pure Bos taurus cattle. A simulation of the total ME requirements calculated for an Angus × Friesian steer (LW = 416 kg) offered good quality grass silage, indicated that both AFRC and NASEM systems overestimate (38.5 and 20.5%, respectively) the observed efficiency of converting ME for growth (kg). When the total ME requirements (maintenance + growth) were assessed, both systems underpredicted total ME requirement in 15.8 and 22.1 MJ/d. The mean MEm requirements for suckler cows obtained from the literature (0.596 MJ/kg0.75) is on average 19.1% greater than predictions given by both AFRC and INRA (lactation) equations when considering a 550 kg cow and a km value of 0.72. Although no differences in net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) were detected between dry and lactating suckler cows, as expected the later displayed greater variation as a result of differences in milk production. On this regard, the INRA model recognise increased NEm requirements for lactating animals compared to dry cows. The re-evaluation of the concept of diet metabolisability and the analysis of existing data on compensatory growth responses are recommended for future updates of the British system (AFRC) having in to account the particularities of grass-based systems in the UK.

scholarly journals California net energy system for Bos taurus indicus

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 991-998
Author(s):  
Mario Luiz Chizzotti ◽  
Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho ◽  
Pedro Del Bianco Benedeti ◽  
Flávia Adriane de Sales Silva
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Bos Taurus Indicus

Abstract The California net energy system (CNES) was the reference for the development of most energy requirement systems worldwide, such as Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle (NASEM, Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, 8th Revised ed, 2016) and Brazilian Nutrient Requirements of Zebu and Crossbred Cattle (Valadares Filho, S. C., L. F. C. Silva, M. P. Gionbelli, P. P. Rotta, M. I. Marcondes, M. L. Chizzotti, and L. F. Prados, BR-CORTE: nutrient requirements of zebu and crossbred cattle, 3rd ed, 2016). This review aimed to compare methods used by NASEM and BR-CORTE to estimate the energy requirements for beef cattle. The net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) of BR-CORTE is based on empty body weight (EBW), whereas NASEM uses shrunk body weight (SBW), but the Bos taurus indicus presents 10% to 8% lower NEm than Bos taurus taurus. We have compared animals with different EBW and SBW but with same equivalent empty body weight/standard reference weight ratio (0.75), as both systems have suggested different mature weights. Both systems predicted similar net energy requirements for gain (NEg) for animals with 1.8 kg of daily gain. However, estimated empty body gain was lower for NASEM estimations when the same metabolizable energy for gain is available. For pregnancy and lactation of beef cows, the NEm and net energy requirements for pregnancy (NEp) of a Zebu cow estimated by BR-CORTE were lower than the values estimated by NASEM. Furthermore, the magnitude of differences between these systems regarding NEp increased as pregnancy days increase. The NASEM and BR-CORTE systems have presented similar values for energy requirement for lactation (0.72 and 0.75 Mcal/kg milk, respectively).

Net energy requirement for maintenance of crossbred beef heifers (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) as measured with the washed-rumen technique and indirect calorimetry

2021 ◽  
pp. 104612
Author(s):  
Andrés Cadenas-Soberanis ◽  
Rafael Jiménez-Ocampo ◽  
Jeyder I. Arceo-Castillo ◽  
Cinthya P. López-Zapata ◽  
Carlos F. Aguilar-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Beef Heifers

scholarly journals Effect of hormonal growth promotants on palatability and carcass traits of various muscles from steer and heifer carcasses from a Bos indicus - Bos taurus composite cross

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Watson ◽  
R. Polkinghorne ◽  
A. Gee ◽  
M. Porter ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Cooking Methods ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Psoas Major

The effect of several different hormonal growth promotant (HGP) implant strategies on the palatability and carcass traits of different muscles in beef carcasses was investigated using samples from heifer and steer carcasses from a Bos indicus composite breed. In experiment 1, there were seven different implant strategies evaluated in heifers that were given different combinations of up to three implants (implanted at weaning, during backgrounding and at feedlot entry). A total of 112 heifers were slaughtered and 11 muscles or portions were collected from both sides [Mm. adductor femoris, gracilus, semimembranosus, longissimus dorsi lumborum, triceps brachii caput longum, semispinalis capitis, serratus ventralis cervicis, spinalis dorsi, biceps femoris (syn. gluteobiceps), tensor fasciae latae, gluteus medius (both the ‘D’ and the ‘eye’ portions) rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis and vastus medialis]. These muscles were used to prepare a total of 1030 sensory samples which were aged for either 7 or 21 days and frozen. Thawed samples were cooked using different cooking methods (grill, roast and stir frying) before being evaluated by a consumer taste panel that scored samples for tenderness, juiciness, like flavour and overall liking. Experiment 2 used the steer portion from the same calving, which were treated to a similar array of HGP strategies, except that they were given up to four implants between weaning and slaughter at ~3 years of age. In experiment 2, there was a total of 12 different HGP implant strategies tested. At boning, three muscles (Mm. psoas major, longisimuss dorsi thoracis and lumborum portions) were collected from each of 79 carcasses with a total of 237 steak samples that consumers tested as grilled steaks. For both experiments, the mean of the HGP implant strategies resulted in increased ossification scores (P < 0.05) and decreased marbling scores (P < 0.05) compared with the controls, with the effect on ossification being much larger in the older steer groups. In both experiments, the different HGP strategies decreased (P < 0.05) all sensory scores compared with the controls, for all cooking method and muscle combinations. In experiment 1, there was no interaction between the mean HGP effect and muscle (P > 0.05), and aging rates differed among the muscles (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, there was a significant (P < 0.05) muscle × HGP treatment interaction, with a decrease in tenderness score due to HGP implant strategies in the M. longisimuss thoracis and lumborum portions, compared with no significant effect in the M. psoas major. For both experiments, there were no significant differences among the different implantation strategies on sensory scores (P > 0.05).

The thickness of cattle skin

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 776 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Critical Characteristics ◽  
Thick Skin ◽  
Active Sweat Glands

The mean total skin thicknesses (mm) for the breeds sampled were: Devon 8.15, Hereford 6.7, Zebu cross 6.43, Australian Illawarra Shorthorn 6.23, Friesian 6.0, Zebu 5.77, Aberdeen Angus 5.75, Shorthorn 5.69, and Jersey 5.46. The early maturing Shorthorn (Bos taurus L.) and the Zebu (Bos indicus L.) differed significantly in the depth of the papillary and reticular layers, and in the relative thickness of these skin layers. The mean thickness for the papillary layer; was 0.98 mm in the Zebu, 1.40 mm in the Zebu cross, and 1.70 mm in the Shorthorn. Thus the larger, more active sweat glands of the Zebu are more superficial. The corresponding reticular layer averaged 4.45 mm in the Zebu, 4.5 mm in the Zebu cross, and 4.08 mm in the Shorthorn. The thickness of the papillary layer relative to the total skin thickness was 18.3, 23.7, and 29.3 per cent., for the Zebu, Zebu cross, and Shorthorn respectively. The Zebu and the Jersey have relatively thin skins. Therefore a thick skin is not essential for adaptability to a hot environment. Inherent differences in the function of the follicles and the glands of the papillary layer may be critical characteristics for heat tolerance.

Evaluation of Bos indicus and Bos taurus straightbreds and crosses. II. Post-weaning growth, puberty, and pelvic size of heifers

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 795 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Hearnshaw ◽  
PF Arthur ◽  
R Barlow ◽  
PJ Kohun ◽  
RE Darnell
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
The Other ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pelvic Size

Post-weaning growth and body condition, puberty and pelvic size of 197 heifers comprising straightbred Hereford (HxH) and Brahman (BxB), first-cross (BxH) and back-cross (HxBH and BxBH) heifers were evaluated. The heifers were born over a 3 year period, and grazed improved and semi-improved pastures following weaning at Grafton, New South Wales. Prior to weaning, heifers had been reared by dams on three pasture systems (high, medium and low quality pastures). Heifers from low quality pre-weaning pasture had higher (P < 0.05) post-weaning liveweight gain than those from high and medium quality pastures. BxH heifers gained 71 g/day more (P < 0.05) than the mean gain of their contemporaries of the other genotypes, whose gains were similar, from weaning to either 26 or to 30 months of age. Liveweight at all ages was influenced by genotype x pre-weaning pasture system interaction. At 30 months of age, BxH heifers from high and medium pre-weaning pastures were the heaviest. At the same age, but from low quality pre-weaning pasture, heifers with crossbred dams (HxBH and BxBH) were the heaviest. Wither height depended significantly (P < 0.05) on the proportion of Bos indicus genes, increasing from 113.8 cm in the HxH heifers to 124.4 cm in the BxB heifers at 30 months of age. BxH heifers had a higher (P < 0.05) body condition score than their contemporaries of the other genotypes, which were in similar condition, at 26 and 30 months of age. On average (across pre-weaning pasture system), 9% of BxB heifers had reached puberty by 22 months of age compared to 62, 95, 82 and 64% (s.e.= 9) for HxH, HxBH, BxH and BxBH heifers respectively. No significant genotype differences were obtained in the height, width and size of the pelvic opening of the heifers, measured just prior to the beginning of the mating season at 26 months of age.

Comparative drought resistance of Bos indicus and Bos taurus crossbred herds in central Queensland. 2. Relative mortality rates, calf birth weights, and weights and weight changes of breeding cows

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (61) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Frisch
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Method Of Least Squares ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mature Weight

The mortality rates, weight changes and associated effects of a. draught in 1969 were observed in a herd of Shorthorn x Hereford (SH), Brahman x SH (BX) and Africander x SH (AX) crossbred cows and small herds of purebred Brahman and Africander cows at 'Belmont', Queensland. About half of the cows calved over a two month period from mid-October 1969. All the cows were weighed in February 1968, February and October 1969 and in January 1970 and the data from the crossbreds analysed by the method of least squares. The weights and weight changes of both the calving and non-calving groups followed a similar pattern though the weight changes of the non-calving group were of greater magnitude. The weights showed that the three crossbreds reached the same mature weight but at different rates. The SH cows reached mature weight least rapidly, had the highest mean weight loss during the drought and had the lowest mean gains after the season broke. Weight changes both during and after the drought were however dependent on lactational status in February 1969. The mean weight loss of cows that weaned a calf in 1969 (wet) was similar for all breeds. However, the mean loss of the dry SH cows was significantly greater than that of the dry BX and AX cows. Previously wet cows exhibited compensatory gains after calving but the gain of the wet SH cows was the lowest of the crossbred means. The mean birth weight of the SH calves was reduced below the long term mean by about 4 kg but birthweights of BX and AX calves were similar to those in other years. During the drought the purebred Brahmans lost the least and the purebred Africanders lost the most weight of all breeds. However, the nature of the data precludes any strict comparisons from being drawn. Mortality rates of breeding cows were recorded from 1960 to 1969. Rates were generally highest for the SH, particularly in the drought years of 1965 and 1969. Some reasons are advanced which may explain the differences in performance of the breed types.

179 COMPARISON OF OOCYTE AND EMBRYO PRODUCTION AMONG BOS TAURUS, BOS INDICUS, AND INDICUS-TAURUS DONOR COWS

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 248 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. F. Pontes ◽  
K. C. F. Silva ◽  
A. C. Basso ◽  
C. R. Ferreira ◽  
G. M. G. Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Donor Cows

In recent years, Brazil has become the leading country in the world for the number of embryos produced in vitro (Thibier M 2009 IETS Embryo Transfer Newsletter 22, 12-19). This is partly due to the large numbers of Bos indicus animals in Brazil, making up about 80% of the total cattle. The mean oocyte production per ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration from Bos indicus is higher than those for European breeds (Pontes JHF et al. 2009 Theriogenology 71, 690-697). In the present study, we analyzed 5407 ovum pick ups (OPU) and compared the average production of total (n = 90,086) and viable (n = 64,826) oocytes and the number of embryos produced in vitro from Gir (Bos taurus indicus), Holstein (Bos taurus taurus), 1/4 Holstein × 3/4 Gir, and 1/2 Holstein-Gir crossbreed cows. To obtain oocytes, OPU was repeated from 4 to 7 times (mean = 5.7 ± 2.4) in each donor cow aged from 3 to 7 years (mean = 5.0 ± 2.3) during a 12-mo period. COCs (n = 90,086) obtained were classified according to the presence of cumulus cells and the oocyte cytoplasm aspect (homogeneous or heterogeneous/fragmented). The viable oocytes (n = 64,826) were in vitro matured for 24 h at 38.8°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. Since this was a commercial programm, frozen sexed semen (2 × 106 mL-1) from Gir (n = 8) or Holstein (n = 7) sires previously tested for high efficiency was used for IVF. Fertilization was carried out (18-20 h) and the presumed embryos were cultured for 7 days in the same conditions as were used for IVM. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. On average, 16.7 ± 6.2 oocytes were obtained per OPU/IVF procedure and 71.96% were considered viable. The mean numbers of total oocytes per OPU/IVF procedure were 17.1 ± 4.4 for Gir cows (n = 617), 11.4 ± 3.9 for Holstein cows (n = 180), 20.4 ± 5.8 for 1/4 Holstein × 3/4 Gir (n = 44), and 31.4 ± 5.6 for 1/2 Holstein-Gir crossbreed females (n = 37, P < 0.01). The mean numbers of viable oocytes per OPU/IVF procedure were 12.1 ± 3.8 for Gir cows, 8.0 ± 2.6 for Holstein cows, 16.8, ± 5.0 for 1/4 Holstein × 3/4 Gir, and 24.3 ± 4.7 for 1/2 Holstein-Gir crossbreed females (P < 0.01). The average number of embryos produced by OPU/IVF were 3.2 (n = 12,243/3378) for Gir cows, 2.2 (n = 2426/1138) for Holstein cows, 3.9 (n = 1033/267) for 1/4 Holstein × 3/4 Gir, and 5.5 (n = 1222/224) for 1/2 Holstein-Gir. The average number of embryos produced per IVF session from 1/2 taurus × indicus donor cows was greater (P < 0.01) than from Bos indicus cows. The number of recoverable and viable oocytes and the number of embryos produced in vitro from Bos indicus donors were higher than from Bos taurus females. Therefore, the highest oocyte yield and the greatest embryo production were obtained from 1/2 taurus × indicus females. This work was supported by In Vitro Brasil.

scholarly journals Utilization of low-quality roughage byBos taurusandBos indicuscattle

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Hunter ◽  
B. D. Siebert
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Digitaria Decumbens ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

1. In a number of experiments voluntary food intake of three low-quality roughages, either alone or supplemented with rumen-degradable nitrogen and sulphur and minerals, was measured in Brahman (Bos indicus) and Hereford (Bos taurus) steers. The chaffed hays were Spear grass (Heteropogon conform) (6.2 g N/kg organic matter (OM)), Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) (7.9 g N/kg OM), and Pangola grass (12.0 g N/kg OM). Rumen characteristics relating to rate of fluid outflow from the rumen were also determined.2. There was no significant difference between breeds in the dry-matter intakes of the unsupplemented diets which ranged from 11.3 to 17.8 g/kg body-weight (BW) by Herefords and from 11.8 to 16.1 g/kg BW by Brahmans.3. Supplementation of Spear grass with N and S significantly (P < 0.05) increased intake by Herefords (24%) but not by Brahmans. When the lower-N Pangola grass was supplemented there was a significant increase in intake by both breeds with the magnitude of the response in Herefords (42%) (P < 0.001) being greater than that in Brahmans (15%) (P < 0.05). The intakes of both the supplemented Spear grass and the lower-N Pangola diets were significantly (P < 0.05) greater by Herefords than Brahmans. There was no breed difference in intake when the higher-N Pangola grass was supplemented. Both breeds recorded an 8% intake response to supplementation, although the increase was only significant (P < 0.05) in Herefords.4. The mean retention time of fluid in the rumen on the unsupplemented Pangola grass diet of lower N content was 12.7 h in Brahmans compared with 17.5 h in Herefords (P < 0.01). When the higher-N Pangola was fed, both alone and supplemented, the mean retention times were similar on both diets (10.5 and 9.9 h for Herefords; 9.5 and 8.1 h for Brahmans for unsupplemented and supplemented diets respectively).5. Plasma urea concentrations were higher in Brahmans than in Herefords on all diets. Rumen ammonia concentrations were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in Brahmans than Herefords when the lower-N Pangola grass diet was unsupplemented.6. The intakes and the variable intake responses to supplementation between breeds and diets are discussed in relation to a number of animal and dietary factors.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document