scholarly journals Diurnal Concentration of Urinary Nitrogen and Rumen Ammonia Are Modified by Timing and Mass of Herbage Allocation

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 961
Author(s):  
Ignacio E. Beltran ◽  
Pablo Gregorini ◽  
José Daza ◽  
Oscar A. Balocchi ◽  
Alvaro Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Diurnal Pattern ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen ◽  
Friesian Cows

The objective of this work was to evaluate whether changes in time of herbage allocation and herbage mass (HM) (low (L) or medium (M)) modify the diurnal pattern of urinary nitrogen (N) concentration and ruminal ammonia (NH3) of lactating dairy cows. Four Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with rumen cannula were randomly allocated to one of four treatments: 1) low herbage mass in the morning (L-AM) (Access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with a herbage mass (HM) of 2000 kg DM/ha); 2) low herbage mass in the afternoon (L-PM) (Access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with a HM of 2000 kg DM/ha); 3) medium herbage mass in the morning (M-AM) (Access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with a HM of 3000 kg DM/ha); and 4) medium herbage mass in the afternoon (M-PM) (Access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with a HM of 3000 kg DM/ha). A four by four Latin Square design with four treatments, four cows, and four experimental periods was used to evaluate treatment effects. Rumen NH3 concentration was greater for L-AM compared to L-PM and M-PM at 13:00 and 16:00 h. Urine urea and N concentrations were lower for M-AM compared to L-AM. Urine N concentration was greater for L-AM than other treatments at 10:00 hours and greater for M-PM compared to M-AM at 16:00 hours. Results suggest that maintaining the cows in the holding pen at the milking parlor for two hours after morning grass silage supplementation for L-AM and for two hours after afternoon grass silage supplementation for M-PM, could allow collection of urine from cows at the holding pen and storage of urine in the slurry pit during the time of peak N concentration, returning cows to the pasture at a time of day when urinary N concentration is decreased.

scholarly journals THE VALUE OF POTATOES FOR FEEDING DAIRY COWS

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
R. J. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

Twenty Ayrshire and twenty Holstein-Friesian cows were used at the Experimental Farms, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, and Fredericton, New Brunswick, respectively, in an evaluation of the use of raw potatoes for feeding lactating dairy cows. The experiments were of the changeover design and were conducted in the period 1956–59. It was concluded that potatoes were equal to grass silage on a T.D.N. basis, provided that the protein content of the grain mixture fed with the potatoes was also increased. Better T.D.N. consumption was obtained when both silage and potatoes were fed than when silage was fed alone. Increasing the protein content of the grain mixture fed with potatoes resulted in increased production of F.C.M. and S.N.F., but not of butterfat.

Energy balance of lactating cows given diets of grass silage and whole crop wheat

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 45-45
Author(s):  
S.B.Cammell ◽  
J.D.Sutton ◽  
D.J.Humphries ◽  
R.H.Phipps ◽  
D.E.Beever
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

A previous experiment (Sutton, Abdalla, Phipps, Cammell and Humphries, 1995) showed that low digestibility is a major cause of the poor utilisation of urea-treated whole crop wheat (WCW) by lactating cows. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine energy balance in more detail by means of indirect calorimetry.Four multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were offered diets based on spring wheat (cv Axona), harvested on 11 August at 603 g dry matter (DM)/kg and preserved with 20 or 40 g urea/kgDM (WCW-20, WCW-40), and first-cut perennial ryegrass silage (GS). For GS, WCW-20 and WCW-40 respectively, DM was 213, 801 and 712 g/kg; crude protein (CP) 124, 163 and 171 g/kg DM; ammonia-N 3.1, 4.6 and 7.6 g/kg DM; pH 3.9, 6.7 and 7.2. The cows were offered four diets in a 4 X 4 latin square with 4-week periods starting 10 weeks after calving. In week 4 of each period urine and faeces were collected for 6 days and gas exchange was measured for 3 days in respiration chambers.

Energy balance of lactating cows given diets of grass silage and whole crop wheat

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 45-45
Author(s):  
S.B.Cammell ◽  
J.D.Sutton ◽  
D.J.Humphries ◽  
R.H.Phipps ◽  
D.E.Beever
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

A previous experiment (Sutton, Abdalla, Phipps, Cammell and Humphries, 1995) showed that low digestibility is a major cause of the poor utilisation of urea-treated whole crop wheat (WCW) by lactating cows. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine energy balance in more detail by means of indirect calorimetry.Four multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were offered diets based on spring wheat (cv Axona), harvested on 11 August at 603 g dry matter (DM)/kg and preserved with 20 or 40 g urea/kgDM (WCW-20, WCW-40), and first-cut perennial ryegrass silage (GS). For GS, WCW-20 and WCW-40 respectively, DM was 213, 801 and 712 g/kg; crude protein (CP) 124, 163 and 171 g/kg DM; ammonia-N 3.1, 4.6 and 7.6 g/kg DM; pH 3.9, 6.7 and 7.2. The cows were offered four diets in a 4 X 4 latin square with 4-week periods starting 10 weeks after calving. In week 4 of each period urine and faeces were collected for 6 days and gas exchange was measured for 3 days in respiration chambers.

Acidogenicity of feeds for dairy cows. 2. Production responses

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 206-206
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
D. Wadhwa ◽  
L.P. Borgida ◽  
D.W.R. Davies ◽  
W.J. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

Falling prices for cereals and beneficial effects on milk protein concentrations may promote greater inclusions of rapidly fermented ingredients in dairy rations. There is, however, a limit to the inclusion of these feeds into dairy rations beyond which performance declines due to sub-acidosis and related disorders. The feed compounder will need to be able to set limits on levels of feeding concentrates according to these risks. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of feeds of different acidogenicity (Wadhwa et al., 1998) on lactation performance of dairy cows offered diets based on grass- or maize-silage.Twelve multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows in the third month of lactation were used for this experiment. The experimental design involved adaptation and covariance recording on a standard diet (grass silage and 10 kg concentrates per day), followed by three 21-day experimental periods arranged as four 3x3 Latin Squares. The Latin Squares were constrained to a single forage to avoid difficulties in changeovers between grass silage and maize silage.

The use of regression techniques on calorimetric data to estimate the metabolisable energy requirements of lactating dairy cows

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
F. J. Gordon ◽  
R. E. Agnew ◽  
M. G. Porter ◽  
D. C. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Gaseous Exchange ◽  
Calorimetric Data ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

The metabolisable energy (ME) requirement for maintenance (MEm) can be determined by measuring the fasting metabolism of the non-lactating cow, but this approach cannot encompass any differences in maintenance metabolic rate between lactating and non-lactating animals. The MEm and efficiency of ME use for lactation (k1) can also be estimated by regression of energy outputs against ME intake (MEI). During 1992 to 1995, a total of 221 Holstein/Friesian lactating dairy cows, which were offered grass silage-based diets, were subjected to gaseous exchange measurements in indirect open-circuit respiration calorimeters. The objective of the present study was to use these data to predict the MEm and k1 by a range of regression techniques for lactating dairy cows offered grass silage-based diets.

Effect of monensin on in vitro semi-continuous rumen fermentation in the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec)

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 213-213
Author(s):  
E.D. Mackintosh ◽  
R.H. Phipps ◽  
J.D. Sutton ◽  
J. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Holstein Friesian

Rusitec (Czerkawski and Breckenndge, 1977) lias been widely used to study factors which affect rumen fermentation such as monensin, monensin-propionate, abierixin, calcimycin and Aspergillus oryzae (Bogaert et al., 1990; Newbold et al., 1993). Monensin is a grain-positive ionophore which modifies rumen fermentation. The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of monensin on molar proportions of volatile fatty acid (VFA) produced from diets which varied in foragexoncentrate ratio.Four Rusitec vessels (800 ml) were used in an extended Latin Square design with 2 blocks, 2 treatments and 3 periods, each lasting 14 days. To initiate each period, inocula was recovered from the same lactating Holstein-Friesian cow (∽650 kg). All vessels received 15 g DM/day of a complete diet which contained maize silage, grass silage, NaOH treated wheat grain and a protein supplement in three foragexoncentrate ratios; 25:75 (L), 50:50 (M) and 75:25 (H).

The Effect of Level of Supplement Feeding and Source of Protein on Milk Production and Nutrient Flows of Dairy Cows

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 142-142
Author(s):  
F.P. O'Mara ◽  
J.J. Murphy ◽  
M. Rath
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Flows ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bacterial Marker ◽  
Friesian Cows

Milk protein synthesis may be limited by amino acid (AA) flow to the duodenum. This can be increased by increasing the flow of microbial AA's or undegraded feed AA's. This experiment was carried out to determine the effect on milk production and nutrient flows at the duodenum of including fishmeal (120g/kg) in the supplement to grass silage at two levels of supplement feeding.The treatments, arranged in a 2x2 factorial, were 1.) 3.5 kg/day of 0% fishmeal supplement (L-UDP), 2.) 7 kg/day of L-UDP, 3.) 3.5 kg/day of 12% fishmeal supplement (H-UDP), and 4.) 7 kg/day of H-UDP. Supplements were fed to 3 6 Friesian cows in a 4x4 multiple Latin-square trial with three week periods to determine production responses, and to four ruminally and duodenally cannulated cows to determine rumen fermentation and nutrient flows. Flows were determined by the dual marker technique of Faichney (1975) using cobalt-EDTA and ytterbium acetate as liquid and solid phase markers respectively. Purines were used as the bacterial marker (Zinn and Owens, 1986). Degradability of the feeds was measured in 3 other cows using the small bag technique described by De Boer et al. (1987).

Effects of legume silages on the quantity and particle size distribution of rumen contents in Holstein-Friesian cows

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Dewhurst ◽  
R. J. Merry ◽  
D. R. Davies ◽  
J. M. Moorby ◽  
N. D. Scollan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Nutrient Yield ◽  
Friesian Cows

Poor animal performance associated with low digestibility silages results partly from the reduced nutrient yield per unit intake, but also from the associated lower intakes which were presumed to be a consequence of rumen fill effects. Legume silages have a lower average digestibility than grass silages, and yet often have higher intake characteristics. The objective of this work was to compare rumen fill and rumen particle size distribution for animals fed grass silage or legume silage-based diets.

Intake and Production Responses by Holstein-Friesian Cows to the Level and Pattern of Crude Protein Supplied in a Fixed Concentrate Diet given with Grass Silage ad Libitum

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 129-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Aston ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
A.B. McAllan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Solids ◽  
Friesian Cows

Recent trials with cows fed grass silage have shown significant increases in intake and in yields of milk and milk solids when the crude protein (CP) concentration in a supplementary concentrate was raised. Giving additional CP in the concentrate was a more effective strategy for improving yields of milk and milk protein than giving extra energy (Aston et al 1992). The objective of this trial was to examine the influence of changes to the amount and pattern of distribution of CP supplied in a fixed concentrate ration given with grass silage ad libitum.Fifty-five Holstein-Friesian cows in their second and subsequent lactations were given a standard diet for two weeks from calving and then were used in a continuous feeding trial from weeks 4 to 21. The cows received 5 kg of fresh concentrate daily containing 156 (LP), 245 (MP) or 338 (HP) g CP per kg dry matter (DM), MP comprised equal amounts of LP and HP. Concentrate carbohydrate sources were cereals and digestible fibre and CP was increased by a mixture of 3:1 soya:fish meals. Grass silage contained 253 g toluene DM/kg, 162 g CP/kg DM, D value in vivo 0.723, pH 3.7, fermentation acids 135 g/kg DM of which 0.85 was lactic acid and NH3-N 91 g/kg total N.

Effect of lipid supply on in vivo digestion in cows: Comparison of hay and corn silage diets

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ben Salem ◽  
R. Krzeminski ◽  
A. Ferlay ◽  
M. Doreau
Keyword(s):  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Friesian Cows

Four Holstein × Friesian cows with rumen and duodenal cannulae were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design consisting of four experimental diets differing in the nature of forage and the presence or absence of rapeseed oil supplement. Dietary treatments were composed of 60% grassland hay and 40% production concentrate (diet H), and of 65% corn silage, 28% production concentrate and 7% soybean meal (diet S). Each diet was also supplied with 7% rapeseed oil. These supplemented diets are designated respectively HO and SO. Digestibility of organic matter was 69.0, 67.5, 73.6 and 70.0% for diets H, HO, S and SO, respectively. The differences were mainly due to variations in NDF digestibility: 55.0, 50.4, 56.9 and 46.9% for diets H, HO, S and SO, respectively. These results are consistent with variations in VFA concentration and composition. However, differences among diets in in situ cellulose degradation were lower than expected. Starch and nitrogen degradation measured in situ, and ruminal outflow rate of liquid and solids were not modified by lipid supply. Hydrogenation of linoleic and linolenic acids was high (mean 88.9 and 89.5%, respectively) and did not depend on the diet. Key words: Cow, digestion, rumen, lipid supply

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