Effect of lipid supply on in vivo digestion in cows: Comparison of hay and corn silage diets

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ben Salem ◽  
R. Krzeminski ◽  
A. Ferlay ◽  
M. Doreau
Keyword(s):  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Friesian Cows

Four Holstein × Friesian cows with rumen and duodenal cannulae were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design consisting of four experimental diets differing in the nature of forage and the presence or absence of rapeseed oil supplement. Dietary treatments were composed of 60% grassland hay and 40% production concentrate (diet H), and of 65% corn silage, 28% production concentrate and 7% soybean meal (diet S). Each diet was also supplied with 7% rapeseed oil. These supplemented diets are designated respectively HO and SO. Digestibility of organic matter was 69.0, 67.5, 73.6 and 70.0% for diets H, HO, S and SO, respectively. The differences were mainly due to variations in NDF digestibility: 55.0, 50.4, 56.9 and 46.9% for diets H, HO, S and SO, respectively. These results are consistent with variations in VFA concentration and composition. However, differences among diets in in situ cellulose degradation were lower than expected. Starch and nitrogen degradation measured in situ, and ruminal outflow rate of liquid and solids were not modified by lipid supply. Hydrogenation of linoleic and linolenic acids was high (mean 88.9 and 89.5%, respectively) and did not depend on the diet. Key words: Cow, digestion, rumen, lipid supply

scholarly journals Ancient grains as novel dietary carbohydrate sources in canine diets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary T Traughber ◽  
Fei He ◽  
Jolene M Hoke ◽  
Gary M Davenport ◽  
Maria R C de Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Food Market ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Ancient grains are becoming an increasingly abundant carbohydrate source in the pet food market as a result of their popularity and novelty in the human market. Thus, it is imperative to evaluate the characteristics of these ingredients in vivo. Ten adult intact female beagles were used in a replicated 5x5 Latin square design. Five dietary treatments were evaluated containing either: rice (CON), amaranth (AM), white proso millet (WPM), quinoa (QU), or oat groats (OG). All diets were formulated to include 40% of the test grain and to be isonitrogenous, isocaloric, and nutritionally complete and balanced for adult dogs at maintenance. The objectives were (1) to evaluate the effects of the novel carbohydrate sources on total apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), fecal microbiota, and fermentative end-product concentrations and (2) to evaluate the effects of novel carbohydrate sources on the post-prandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in healthy adult dogs. All diets were well-accepted by the dogs and fecal scores remained within ideal range for all treatments. In terms of ATTD, all diets were well-digested by the dogs; WPM had the highest digestibility of dry and organic matter in contrast with dogs fed the other treatments (P < 0.05). Additionally, ATTD of total dietary fiber was highest for WPM (72.6%) in contrast with QU (63.5%) and CON (50.8%) but did not differ from AM (65.7%) and OG (66.6%). Dogs fed AM or OG had greater (P < 0.05) fecal concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids, as well as propionate and butyrate concentrations, than CON. Ancient grain inclusion appears to beneficially shift fecal microbial populations, with increases in relative abundances of butyrogenic bacteria (i.e., members of the Lachnospiraceae family) observed for OG and reductions in Fusobacteriaceae for both AM and OG when compared with CON. Post-prandial glycemic and insulinemic responses did not differ among treatments. Together, these data suggest that ancient grains can be included up to 40% of the diet while eliciting beneficial effects on overall host health without detrimentally affecting nutrient digestibility.

In situ and in vitro techniques for estimating degradation parameters and digestibility of diets based on maize or sorghum

2020 ◽  
Vol 158 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 150-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Silva ◽  
M. V. C. Pacheco ◽  
L. A. Godoi ◽  
F. A. S. Silva ◽  
D. Zanetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Sorghum Grains ◽  
Sorghum Silage ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Grains

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to evaluate: (1) the effects of ensiling maize or sorghum grains after reconstitution on readily soluble fraction (a), potentially degradable fraction in the rumen (b) and rate constant for degradation of b (c) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and starch (STA); and (2) an appropriate incubation time for in situ or in vitro procedures to estimate in vivo digestibility. Four rumen-cannulated Nellore bulls (body weight = 262 ± 19.6 kg) distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square were used. Diets were based on dry ground maize (DGM); or dry ground sorghum (DGS); or reconstituted ground maize silage; or reconstituted ground sorghum silage. In vitro and in situ incubations of the individual grains and diets were simultaneously performed with in vivo digestibility. In general, reconstituted grains and diets based on reconstituted grains presented greater (P < 0.05) fraction a and lower (P < 0.05) fraction b of DM, OM and STA compared to dry grains and diets based on dry grain. However, the magnitude of response of the reconstitution and ensiling process on DM and OM degradability parameter was greater for maize than that for sorghum. Moreover, no differences (P > 0.05) were observed between DGM- and DGS-based diets for c estimates. The results suggest that the reconstitution process promotes grains protein matrix breakdown increasing STA availability. The incubation times required for in vivo digestibility estimations of DM, OM and STA are 24 h for in situ and 36 h for in vitro procedures.

Intake and Production Responses by Holstein-Friesian Cows to the Level and Pattern of Crude Protein Supplied in a Fixed Concentrate Diet given with Grass Silage ad Libitum

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 129-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Aston ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
A.B. McAllan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Solids ◽  
Friesian Cows

Recent trials with cows fed grass silage have shown significant increases in intake and in yields of milk and milk solids when the crude protein (CP) concentration in a supplementary concentrate was raised. Giving additional CP in the concentrate was a more effective strategy for improving yields of milk and milk protein than giving extra energy (Aston et al 1992). The objective of this trial was to examine the influence of changes to the amount and pattern of distribution of CP supplied in a fixed concentrate ration given with grass silage ad libitum.Fifty-five Holstein-Friesian cows in their second and subsequent lactations were given a standard diet for two weeks from calving and then were used in a continuous feeding trial from weeks 4 to 21. The cows received 5 kg of fresh concentrate daily containing 156 (LP), 245 (MP) or 338 (HP) g CP per kg dry matter (DM), MP comprised equal amounts of LP and HP. Concentrate carbohydrate sources were cereals and digestible fibre and CP was increased by a mixture of 3:1 soya:fish meals. Grass silage contained 253 g toluene DM/kg, 162 g CP/kg DM, D value in vivo 0.723, pH 3.7, fermentation acids 135 g/kg DM of which 0.85 was lactic acid and NH3-N 91 g/kg total N.

scholarly journals Gene expression of the heat stress response in bovine peripheral white blood cells and milk somatic cells in vivo

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Garner ◽  
A. J. Chamberlain ◽  
C. Vander Jagt ◽  
T. T. T. Nguyen ◽  
B. A. Mason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Milk Somatic Cells ◽  
Peripheral White Blood Cells ◽  
Friesian Cows

Abstract Heat stress in dairy cattle leads to reduction in feed intake and milk production as well as the induction of many physiological stress responses. The genes implicated in the response to heat stress in vivo are not well characterised. With the aim of identifying such genes, an experiment was conducted to perform differential gene expression in peripheral white blood cells and milk somatic cells in vivo in 6 Holstein Friesian cows in thermoneutral conditions and in 6 Holstein Friesian cows exposed to a short-term moderate heat challenge. RNA sequences from peripheral white blood cells and milk somatic cells were used to quantify full transcriptome gene expression. Genes commonly differentially expressed (DE) in both the peripheral white blood cells and in milk somatic cells were associated with the cellular stress response, apoptosis, oxidative stress and glucose metabolism. Genes DE in peripheral white blood cells of cows exposed to the heat challenge compared to the thermoneutral control were related to inflammation, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and the cardiovascular system. Genes DE in milk somatic cells compared to the thermoneutral control were involved in the response to stress, thermoregulation and vasodilation. These findings provide new insights into the cellular adaptations induced during the response to short term moderate heat stress in dairy cattle and identify potential candidate genes (BDKRB1 and SNORA19) for future research.

The Effects of Dietary Fat on the Yield and Relative Proportions of Different Milk Protein Fractions From Dairy Cows

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 37-37
Author(s):  
J.M. Moorby ◽  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
S. Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Cheap Method ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Friesian Cows

The inclusion of supplementary fat in the dairy cow diet is an effective and cheap method of increasing its metabolisable energy (ME) density. However, an increase in the fat content of the diet frequently causes a decrease in the protein concentration of milk, which, when the market requires an increase in the protein:fat ratio of milk, is not a desireable effect. This experiment was designed to compare die effect of dietary fat on die yield and concentrations of milk proteins in comparison to a carbohydrate ME source.Twelve multiparous mid-lactation Holstein-Friesian cows were used in a 3x3 Latin square changeover experiment with 3 four-week periods. Cows were allocated to squares on the basis of their mean milk yield over the 7 days prior to the experiment. Within squares, treatments were randomly allocated to each cow. The first 21 days of each experimental period were used for adjustment, and the last 7 for sample collection.

scholarly journals Diurnal Concentration of Urinary Nitrogen and Rumen Ammonia Are Modified by Timing and Mass of Herbage Allocation

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 961
Author(s):  
Ignacio E. Beltran ◽  
Pablo Gregorini ◽  
José Daza ◽  
Oscar A. Balocchi ◽  
Alvaro Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Diurnal Pattern ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen ◽  
Friesian Cows

The objective of this work was to evaluate whether changes in time of herbage allocation and herbage mass (HM) (low (L) or medium (M)) modify the diurnal pattern of urinary nitrogen (N) concentration and ruminal ammonia (NH3) of lactating dairy cows. Four Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with rumen cannula were randomly allocated to one of four treatments: 1) low herbage mass in the morning (L-AM) (Access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with a herbage mass (HM) of 2000 kg DM/ha); 2) low herbage mass in the afternoon (L-PM) (Access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with a HM of 2000 kg DM/ha); 3) medium herbage mass in the morning (M-AM) (Access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with a HM of 3000 kg DM/ha); and 4) medium herbage mass in the afternoon (M-PM) (Access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with a HM of 3000 kg DM/ha). A four by four Latin Square design with four treatments, four cows, and four experimental periods was used to evaluate treatment effects. Rumen NH3 concentration was greater for L-AM compared to L-PM and M-PM at 13:00 and 16:00 h. Urine urea and N concentrations were lower for M-AM compared to L-AM. Urine N concentration was greater for L-AM than other treatments at 10:00 hours and greater for M-PM compared to M-AM at 16:00 hours. Results suggest that maintaining the cows in the holding pen at the milking parlor for two hours after morning grass silage supplementation for L-AM and for two hours after afternoon grass silage supplementation for M-PM, could allow collection of urine from cows at the holding pen and storage of urine in the slurry pit during the time of peak N concentration, returning cows to the pasture at a time of day when urinary N concentration is decreased.

scholarly journals Enteric methane production, rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating Holstein-Friesian cows fed grass silage- or corn silage-based diets

2015 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 1915-1927 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. van Gastelen ◽  
E.C. Antunes-Fernandes ◽  
K.A. Hettinga ◽  
G. Klop ◽  
S.J.J. Alferink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Enteric Methane ◽  
Friesian Cows

Urea-treated straw as an ingredient in dairy cow diets

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 100-100
Author(s):  
N. Iqbal ◽  
J.D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
High Cellulose ◽  
Friesian Cows

Cereal straw is the most abundant of crop residues and is an important feed resource especially in tropical countries. The limitations to its use arise from its high cellulose and lignin and low nitrogen content. The objectives of this research were to investigate the use of urea for the treatment of wheat straw and incorporation of the forage into dairy cow diets.In Experiment 1, 8 lactating Holstein Friesian cows were used in two 4 x 4 Latin Squares with three week periods. The treatments were; A - red clover silage (CS) ad libitum. B - 5kg DM/day CS + urea treated straw (TST) ad libitum. C - as for B but using untreated straw (UST), D - as for C but the straw was wetted at feeding to produce the same DM as TST (WST 600 g DM/kg). TST was treated with 5% urea (DM basis) and stored for 4-13 weeks. All cows were fed 6.4 kg DM/day of molassed sugarbeet pulp (MSBP) and o.6 kg DM/day of cottonseed meal (CSM).In Experiment 2, 10 Holstein Friesian cows were used in an incomplete Latin Square design of four 3 week periods. The treatments were; E - CS, F - 25% UST + 75% CS, G - 50% UST + 50% CS, H - 25% TST + 75% CS, I - 50% TST + 50% CS. All forages were offered ad libitum, arid in F to I pairs of forages were mixed. The urea was applied to TST at a rate of 7.5% (DM basis). The concentrate was 4.7 kg DM/day of MSBP and 2.3 kg DM/day of soya meal.

253 Impact of Corn Hybrid Selection for Fiber and Starch Traits on in Vivo Nutrient Digestion in Beef Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 126-127
Author(s):  
Jiehua Xiong ◽  
Mitch Norman ◽  
Hannah Wilson ◽  
Caleb Crabtree ◽  
Galen E Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Fiber Digestion ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Corn Hybrid

Abstract Evaluation of corn silage digestibility is normally done using laboratory techniques to predict the performance if fed to cattle, which may or may not predict actual performance when fed to cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate two Masters Choice corn silage hybrids previously selected for improved fiber and starch digestion on nutrient intake and digestion in cattle. In a 126-day digestion study, six ruminally fistulated beef steers were utilized in a 3×6 Latin rectangle design with three dietary treatments and six periods (21 days in length with 14 days of adaptation and 7 days of collection). Diets consisted of 80% corn silage (dry matter basis) of Masters Choice hybrid MCT6365 RIB (MC1; selected for greater fiber and starch digestion) and MCT6733 GT3000 (MC2; older hybrid selected for greater fiber digestion) and were compared to a conventional corn hybrid (CON; commonly grown in Eastern Nebraska). The remainder of the diet included 15% modified distillers grains plus solubles and 5% supplement. Corn silage hybrid did not impact dry matter or organic matter (OM) intake (P ≥ 0.68), but hybrid treatment impacted OM, starch, and energy digestibility (P &lt; 0.02). Steers fed MC1 corn silage had greater (P &lt; 0.01) total tract OM and energy digestibility, as well as digestible energy (DE, P = 0.02) content of the diet when compared to MC2, with steers fed CON being intermediate (P ≥ 0.09). Feeding MC1 also resulted in greater (P = 0.03) total tract starch digestibility than MC2, with no difference (P = 0.12) when compared to CON. Results indicated that feeding MC1 corn silage improved digestion and energy availability to the steers, which allowed for greater average daily gain and improved feed efficiency observed in the corresponding growing trial, while the opposite was true for MC2.

Adding bentonite to sorghum grain-based supplements has no effect on cow milk production

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Ehrlich ◽  
T. M. Davison
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Friesian Cows

Summary. Twenty-four Holstein–Friesian cows were used in an experiment comparing milk production from cows offered rolled sorghum grain either alone at 8 or 10 kg/head. day of air-dried grain or with 4% sodium bentonite. The design was a 4 × 4 latin square with a 1 week adjustment period and a 3 week treatment period. This design was used to highlight the effects of high levels of grain feeding and changing that level of grain or grain–bentonite every 4 weeks. Cows grazed either ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum cv. Tetila) or oats (Avena sativa cv. Cluan) during the day and a mixed ration based on maize silage, lucerne hay, and meat and bone meal at night. There was no significant effect of treatments on milk yield or composition. Cows fed bentonite had a higher (P<0.05) rumen pH, tended to eat less grain sorghum and have lower concentrations of rumen ammonia and faecal starch. Faecal crude protein tended to increase with the use of bentonite indicating cows may have substituted pasture or mixed ration for grain and maintained a more stable rumen fermentation.

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