Energy balance of lactating cows given diets of grass silage and whole crop wheat

A previous experiment (Sutton, Abdalla, Phipps, Cammell and Humphries, 1995) showed that low digestibility is a major cause of the poor utilisation of urea-treated whole crop wheat (WCW) by lactating cows. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine energy balance in more detail by means of indirect calorimetry.Four multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were offered diets based on spring wheat (cv Axona), harvested on 11 August at 603 g dry matter (DM)/kg and preserved with 20 or 40 g urea/kgDM (WCW-20, WCW-40), and first-cut perennial ryegrass silage (GS). For GS, WCW-20 and WCW-40 respectively, DM was 213, 801 and 712 g/kg; crude protein (CP) 124, 163 and 171 g/kg DM; ammonia-N 3.1, 4.6 and 7.6 g/kg DM; pH 3.9, 6.7 and 7.2. The cows were offered four diets in a 4 X 4 latin square with 4-week periods starting 10 weeks after calving. In week 4 of each period urine and faeces were collected for 6 days and gas exchange was measured for 3 days in respiration chambers.

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The relative importance of the amounts of energy and crude protein in the concentrate ration on intake and yields of milk constituents by autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian cows given grass silage ad libitum

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600022091 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 1992 ◽

pp. 98-98

Author(s):

K. Aston ◽

J.D. Sutton ◽

R.D. Baker ◽

W.J. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Relative Importance ◽

Constant Energy ◽

Energy Value ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Lactating Cows ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Friesian Cows

The response in yields of milk constituents to increases in the amounts of standard dairy concentrate (SC, 200 g crude protein (CP) per kg DM) given to cows consuming grass silage ad libitum were reported recently (Aston et al 1991; Baker et al 1991). A change of level however adjusts the supply of both energy and CP. Previous work also showed .linear responses in silage intake and milk and milk protein yields when CP was increased in a fixed ration of concentrate of constant energy value. In this trial energy and CP levels were varied Independently. The objective was to separate the effects of energy on the performance of lactating cows from those of CP.

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Effect of maize silage maturity on digestibility and energy balance of lactating cows

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200001873 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 1999 ◽

pp. 32-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J.D. Sutton ◽

S.B. Cammell ◽

D.E. Beever ◽

R.H. Phipps ◽

D.J. Humphries

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Live Weight ◽

Maize Silage ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Lactating Cows ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Production Response ◽

Friesian Cows

Increasing maturity at harvest of maize silage has been shown to affect feed intake and milk production in Holstein-Friesian cows (Phipps et al., 1998). The purpose of the present experiment was to determine whether the milk production response was related to improvements in the efficiency of feed energy utilisation.Four multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows (mean live weight 620 kg) fitted with permanent cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were given diets based on maize silage and grass silage (3:1 DM ratio) offered ad libitum plus 8.7 kg DM/day of a concentrate (254 g crude protein (CP)/kg DM) starting 5-10 weeks post-calving. The maize silage was harvested at four different stages of maturity as defined by DM content and ensiled without additives. The grass silage was a first-cut perennial ryegrass (260 g DM/kg, 519 g neutral detergent fibre (NDF)/kg DM, 146 g CP/kg DM).

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Supplementation of grazing dairy cows with a brewers grains/treated straw mixture

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600018274 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 1990 ◽

pp. 46-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J.D. Leaver ◽

R.C. Campling

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Barley Straw ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Metabolisable Energy ◽

Grazing Dairy Cows ◽

Similar Cost ◽

Friesian Cows

Supplementary feeding of grazing dairy cows is often uneconomic, and whilst supplementation with silage (buffer feeding) can be worthwhile, this often leads to a depletion of winter forage stores. In this study, a mixture of brewers grains and treated straw was used as a supplement. Offered as a 1:1 mixture in the dry matter (DM), it is a purchased substitute for grass silage, having a similar cost, and similar metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) contents. The high seasonality adjustments to milk price in mid-late season make supplementation potentially worthwhile.Experiments were carried out from April to September in 1988 and 1989, which had moderate and very low rainfall respectively. Each year 20 British Friesian cows which calved December to March (1988 experiment) and February-April (1989) were allocated at random to either treatment B or C. In B, the cows were offered a 1:1 mixture (DM basis) of brewers grains and NaOH treated chopped barley straw for 60 minutes after morning milking. In C, the cows received no supplement. Both groups were fed 1.0 kg/day of concentrates in the milking parlour. Due to the severe drought in 1989, concentrate feeding was increased to 5.0 kg/day for all cows during the last 4 weeks of the experiment. Also, urea-treated whole crop wheat was fed at a level of 2.5 kg DM/day during the last 7 days.

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Replacing grass silage with pea-barley intercrop silage in the feeding of the dairy cow

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.2137/145960606779216281 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 235 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. PURSIAINEN ◽

M. TUORI

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Protein Concentration ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Latin Square ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Ad Libitum Intake ◽

Barley Silage

The effect of replacing wilted grass silage (GS) with pea-barley intercrop silage (PBS) on feed intake, diet digestibility and milk production was studied with 8 multiparous Ayrshire-cows in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment. Proportion of PBS was 0 (PBS0), 33 (PBS33), 67 (PBS67) or 100 (PBS100) % of silage dry matter (DM). The DM content was 559 and 255 g kg-1 for GS and PBS. Crude protein content was 131 and 170 g kg-1 DM, respectively. Pea-barley silage was more extensively fermented than GS with total fermentation acid content of 120 vs. 12 g kg-1 DM. Silage was fed for ad libitum intake and supplemented with on the average 13 kg concentrate per day. Silage DM intake was 9.2 (PBS0), 9.7 (PBS33), 9.0 (PBS67) and 7.1 (PBS100) kg per day (Pquadr. < 0.05). The energy corrected milk yield [30.3 (PBS0), 29.8 (PBS33), 30.3 (PBS67), 31.3 (PBS100) kg per day] was not significantly affected by the treatment. Milk protein concentration decreased linearly (P < 0.05) in response to feeding PBS. It is concluded that PBS can replace up to two thirds of wilted, moderate quality GS in the feeding of dairy cows because in this experiment pure pea-barley silage reduced silage intake.

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Intake and Production Responses by Holstein-Friesian Cows to the Level and Pattern of Crude Protein Supplied in a Fixed Concentrate Diet given with Grass Silage ad Libitum

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600026763 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 1994 ◽

pp. 129-129 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Aston ◽

W.J. Fisher ◽

A.B. McAllan

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Standard Diet ◽

Total N ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Extra Energy ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Milk Solids ◽

Friesian Cows

Recent trials with cows fed grass silage have shown significant increases in intake and in yields of milk and milk solids when the crude protein (CP) concentration in a supplementary concentrate was raised. Giving additional CP in the concentrate was a more effective strategy for improving yields of milk and milk protein than giving extra energy (Aston et al 1992). The objective of this trial was to examine the influence of changes to the amount and pattern of distribution of CP supplied in a fixed concentrate ration given with grass silage ad libitum.Fifty-five Holstein-Friesian cows in their second and subsequent lactations were given a standard diet for two weeks from calving and then were used in a continuous feeding trial from weeks 4 to 21. The cows received 5 kg of fresh concentrate daily containing 156 (LP), 245 (MP) or 338 (HP) g CP per kg dry matter (DM), MP comprised equal amounts of LP and HP. Concentrate carbohydrate sources were cereals and digestible fibre and CP was increased by a mixture of 3:1 soya:fish meals. Grass silage contained 253 g toluene DM/kg, 162 g CP/kg DM, D value in vivo 0.723, pH 3.7, fermentation acids 135 g/kg DM of which 0.85 was lactic acid and NH3-N 91 g/kg total N.

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CHROMIC OXIDE IN DIGESTIBILITY STUDIES WITH LACTATING DAIRY COWS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas69-050 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 383-388

Author(s):

A. L. Hoogendoorn ◽

C. M. Grieve

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Conventional Method ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Chromic Oxide ◽

Daily Administration ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Friesian Cows

Chromic oxide (Cr2O3) in paper pellets was used as an indicator for digestibility studies with four Holstein-Friesian cows fed rations composed of different roughage to concentrate ratios. Cows A and B received one pellet, or 3.46 g of Cr2O3, whereas cows C and D received three pellets, or 10.38 g of Cr2O3, daily.Recovery of Cr2O3 in the feces varied from 84 to 103% for animals A and B and from 92 to 95% for animals C and D. The coefficients of apparent digestion of dry matter were lower (P < 0.01) when the Cr2O3 method was used instead of the conventional method. When samples were taken at 0500, 0900, 1300 and 1700 hours, the Cr2O3 method gave average estimates of digestibility for animal pairs A, B and C, D that were 94.2 and 97.5% of those obtained by the conventional method. Standard deviations for both the Cr2O3 and conventional methods were relatively high.Excretion patterns of Cr2O3 were not signicantly correlated with those of crude protein, phosphorus and calcium. The average concentrations of crude protein, phosphorus and calcium in compounded feces samples collected at 0500, 0900, 1300 and 1700 hours were 101.3, 100.6 and 96.7% of those in samples of the total excretions.The daily administration of 10.38 g of Cr2O3 at 0900 hours for eight days, and the collection of fecal grab samples at 0500, 0900, 1300 and 1700 hours daily during the last five days seemed satisfactory for estimating apparent digestibility of dry matter.

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Diurnal Concentration of Urinary Nitrogen and Rumen Ammonia Are Modified by Timing and Mass of Herbage Allocation

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9110961 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 961

Author(s):

Ignacio E. Beltran ◽

Pablo Gregorini ◽

José Daza ◽

Oscar A. Balocchi ◽

Alvaro Morales ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latin Square ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Diurnal Pattern ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

N Concentration ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

And Storage ◽

Urinary Nitrogen ◽

Friesian Cows

The objective of this work was to evaluate whether changes in time of herbage allocation and herbage mass (HM) (low (L) or medium (M)) modify the diurnal pattern of urinary nitrogen (N) concentration and ruminal ammonia (NH3) of lactating dairy cows. Four Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with rumen cannula were randomly allocated to one of four treatments: 1) low herbage mass in the morning (L-AM) (Access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with a herbage mass (HM) of 2000 kg DM/ha); 2) low herbage mass in the afternoon (L-PM) (Access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with a HM of 2000 kg DM/ha); 3) medium herbage mass in the morning (M-AM) (Access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with a HM of 3000 kg DM/ha); and 4) medium herbage mass in the afternoon (M-PM) (Access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with a HM of 3000 kg DM/ha). A four by four Latin Square design with four treatments, four cows, and four experimental periods was used to evaluate treatment effects. Rumen NH3 concentration was greater for L-AM compared to L-PM and M-PM at 13:00 and 16:00 h. Urine urea and N concentrations were lower for M-AM compared to L-AM. Urine N concentration was greater for L-AM than other treatments at 10:00 hours and greater for M-PM compared to M-AM at 16:00 hours. Results suggest that maintaining the cows in the holding pen at the milking parlor for two hours after morning grass silage supplementation for L-AM and for two hours after afternoon grass silage supplementation for M-PM, could allow collection of urine from cows at the holding pen and storage of urine in the slurry pit during the time of peak N concentration, returning cows to the pasture at a time of day when urinary N concentration is decreased.

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Response of silage intake and milk production to replacement of barley by barley fibre derived from integrated starch-ethanol process

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.72339 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 60 (7) ◽

pp. 711-721

Author(s):

Pekka Huhtanen ◽

Hannele Ala-Seppälä ◽

Matti Näsi

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Rapeseed Meal ◽

Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Mineral Mixture ◽

Ad Libitum

A duplicated 4 x 4 Latin Square experiment was conducted to determine the effects of a gradually increased level of barley fibre in the diet on ad libitum grass silage intake and milk production. Barley fibre is a fibrous ethanol-starch by-product (120 g crude protein, 550 g neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and 120 g starch/kg dry matter (DM)). The four supplements, given at the rate of 6.5 kg/d on DM basis, were barley (B) and barley of which 333 g/kg (BF), 667 g/kg (FB) and 1000 g/kg (F) were replaced by barley fibre. In addition the cows were given 1 kg of rapeseed meal and 0.25 kg of mineral mixture. As the proportion of barley fibre in the diet increased there was a linear (P

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Effect of undegradable protein given for six weeks before calving on the performance of dairy cows in the subsequent lactation

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0308229600030555 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 1996 ◽

pp. 85-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R.J. Dewhurst ◽

D.W.R. Davies ◽

W.J. Fisher ◽

K. Aston

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Period ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Unrestricted Access ◽

Metabolisable Energy ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Friesian Cows

Previous studies (Moorby et al, 1994) have shown increased yields of protein and lactose in the subsequent lactation as a consequence of feeding additional undegradable dietary protein (UDP) and restricting energy intake during the dry period. This experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of supplementary UDP in the dry period diet of Holstein-Friesian cows given unrestricted access to grass silage and 1.5 kg of barley per day.Sixty-one cows received diets based on ad libitum access to grass silage with either (a) 1.5 kg barley / day or (b) 1.0 kg barley and 0.5 kg Maize Gluten Meal / day. After calving, cows had ad libitum access to grass silage (Metabolisable Energy (ME)=11.3 MJ/kg DM; crude protein (CP)=181 g/kg DM) and received 5 kg/day of concentrates (ME=13.0 MJ/kg DM; CP=250g/kg DM).

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