scholarly journals Parameter Identification for Thermo-Mechanical Constitutive Modeling to Describe Process-Induced Residual Stresses and Phase Transformations in Low-Carbon Steels

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 550
Author(s):  
Muhammed Zubair Shahul Hameed ◽  
Christoph Hubertus Wölfle ◽  
Tobias Robl ◽  
Thomas Obermayer ◽  
Stefan Rappl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Phase Transformations ◽  
Constitutive Modeling ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Surface Region ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Stress Distributions ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagram

Reinforcing steel bars (rebars) are widely manufactured using the Tempcore™ process. Several studies have been conducted analyzing the effect of the heat treatment route on the strength and corrosion resistance of rebars, but knowledge of its effects on the residual stresses of the finished product are largely lacking. This paper presents experimental investigations to identify the material parameters necessary to simulate the Tempcore™ process using thermo-elasto-plastic constitutive modeling in order to study the generation of residual stresses during the manufacturing process. Mechanical parameters such as yield strength at elevated temperatures and elastic constants were determined experimentally. A continuous cooling transformation diagram needed to model the phase transformations was also identified and is presented here. Residual stress distributions in the surface region of the rebar were characterized using X-ray diffraction. Further characterizations of microstructure, chemical composition, and hardness were carried out. The constitutive modeling approach for the numerical simulation is briefly described for which the experimentally determined parameters are required as input.

Experimental and Computational Residual Stress Evaluation of a Weld Clad Plate and Machined Test Specimens

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Rybicki ◽  
J. R. Shadley ◽  
A. S. Sandhu ◽  
R. B. Stonesifer
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Stress Analysis ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Stress Distributions ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Residual Stress Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Set Up

Residual stresses in a heat treated weld clad plate and test specimens obtained from the plate are determined using a combination of experimental residual stress analysis and a finite element computational model. The plate is 102 mm thick and made of A 533-B Class 2 steel with 308 stainless steel cladding. The plate is heated to 538 C and allowed to cool uniformly. Upon cooling, residual stresses are set up in the clad plate because of the difference between the coefficients of thermal expansion of the plate and the cladding. Residual stress in the clad plate is determined using both a previously verified experimental residual stress analysis technique and a computational model. Removing test specimens from the clad plate can relax the stresses in the cladding. Thus, residual stress distributions were also determined for two types of clad test specimens that were removed from the plate. These test specimens were designed to examine the effect of cladding thickness on residual stresses. Good agreement was found between the experimentally obtained residual stress values and the residual stresses calculated from the computational model. Because of the interest in tests conducted at elevated temperatures and the inherent difficulty in doing experimental residual stress analysis at elevated temperatures, the computational model was applied to examine the effect of elevated temperature on the residual stresses in the test specimens. Peak stresses in the heat treated clad plate were found to approach the yield stress of the cladding material. It was also found that removing a 32 mm clad specimen with cladding on one side reduced the residual stresses in the cladding. However, the residual stresses in the cladding were found to increase when one-half of the cladding thickness was machined away to form the second test specimen geometry. Residual stresses parallel and perpendicular to the weld direction were very similar in magnitude for all cases considered. The effect that heating the test specimens to 204 C has on residual stress distributions was to reduce the residual stress in the cladding and the plate.

Simulating Distortion and Residual Stresses in Carburized Thin Strips

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. C. Prantil ◽  
M. L. Callabresi ◽  
J. F. Lathrop ◽  
G. S. Ramaswamy ◽  
M. T. Lusk
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Gear Steels ◽  
The Individual

This paper illustrates the application of a new multiphase material model for simulating distortion and residual stresses in carburized and quenched gear steels. Simulation is focused on thin, metallic strips that are heat treated to introduce a through-thickness carbon gradient. Because the material properties are strongly dependent on the carbon content, quenching causes significant transverse out-of-plane distortion. The material model accounts for a multiphase alloy structure where inelasticity in the individual phases is temperature and rate dependent. The model is fit to an extensive matrix of experimental data for low carbon steels (0.2–0.8 percent) whose transformation kinetics and mechanical response are similar to 4023 and 4620 alloys used in experiments. While residual stress data are limited, reasonable agreement with X-ray diffraction measurements was obtained. Comparisons of transverse deflections predicted numerically showed excellent agreement with those measured experimentally for all five thicknesses reported. Accurate transformation and lattice carburization strains are critical to correctly predict the sense and magnitude of these transverse distortions and in-plane residual stresses.

Phase transformations in low-carbon steels ; modelling the kinetics in terms of the interface mobility

1999 ◽  
Vol 09 (PR9) ◽  
pp. Pr9-401-Pr9-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. van Leeuwen ◽  
T. A. Kop ◽  
J. Sietsma ◽  
S. van der Zwaag
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformations ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Interface Mobility

In Situ Stress Measurements during Welding Process

2017 ◽  
Vol 905 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Tatsumi Hirano ◽  
Daiko Takamatsu ◽  
Kosuke Kuwabara ◽  
Shuo Yuan Zhang ◽  
Takahisa Shobu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Phase Transformations ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Tig Welding ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Large Area ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Compressive Stresses

Welding technologies are indispensable for fabricating various industrial structures and must be highly reliable. Since tensile residual stresses at surface after welding cause crack progress, it is important to understand how stresses built up during the welding process in order to optimize final residual stresses as reduced tensile or introduced compressive stresses. Therefore, we conducted in-situ measurements of phase transformations, stresses and temperatures during tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding to understand how stresses built up. X-ray diffraction rings were detected per 0.1 sec during TIG welding by using a large-area two-dimensional detector and the accuracy of the stress analysis was estimated to be 8 MPa using the sin2ψ technique. In this paper, we described the phase transformations of ferrite low-carbon rolled steel and the changes in stresses during TIG welding.

Numerical Analysis of Residual Stresses in V-Butt Welded Joint of Two Dissimilar Pipes

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurinder Singh Brar ◽  
Gurdeep Singh
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Filler Metal ◽  
Welded Joint ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Stress Distributions ◽  
Low Carbon

In this paper a three-dimensional welding simulation was carried out by commercially available finite element software to predict temperature and the residual stress distributions in V-butt welded joint of two dissimilar pipes. Low carbon steel and stainless steel pipe welding is widely used in a variety of engineering applications such as oil and gas industries, nuclear and thermal power plants and chemical plants. Inelastic deformations during heat treatment are the major cause of residual stress. Heat during welding causes localized expansion as some areas cool and contract more than others. The stress variation in the weldment can be very complex and can vary between compressive and tensile stresses. The mismatching (in the weld in general) occurs due to joint geometry and plate thickness. Welding procedures and degree of restraints also influences the residual stress distributions. To understand the behavior of residual stress, two dissimilar pipes one of stainless steel and another of low carbon steel with outer diameter of 356 mm and internal diameter 240 mm were butt welded. The welding was completed in three passes. The first pass was performed by Manual TIG Welding using ER 309L as a filler metal. The remaining weld passes were welded by Manual Metal Arc Welding (MMAW) and ER 309L-16 was used as a filler metal. During each pass, attained peak temperature and variation of residual stresses and magnitude of axial stress and hoop stress in pipes has been calculated. The results obtained by finite element method agree well with those from Ultrasonic technique (UT) and Hole Drilling Strain-Gauge (HDSG) as published by Akhshik and Moharrami (2009) for the improvement in accuracy of the measurements of residual stresses.

scholarly journals A Kinetic Model for Phase Transformations of Low Carbon Steels during Continuous Cooling

1987 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 1026-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayoshi SUEHIRO ◽  
Takehide SENUMA ◽  
Hiroshi YADA ◽  
Yoshikazu MATSUMURA ◽  
Toshihiko ARIYOSHI
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Phase Transformations ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Continuous Cooling

Effect of Minimum Quantity Cooling Lubrication (MQCL) on Chip Morphology and Surface Roughness in Turning Low Carbon Steels

2014 ◽  
Vol 657 ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Radoslaw Maruda ◽  
Stanislaw Legutko ◽  
Grzegorz M. Krolczyk
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Chip Morphology ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Dry Cutting ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Minimum Quantity ◽  
On Chip

The paper presents the results of research on the effect produced by modern cooling methods on the chip shapes and surface roughness when finish turning of ASTM A53 and AISI 1010 low carbon steels. Dry cutting, cooling by compressed air and the Minimum–Quantity–Cooling–Lubrication (MQCL) method were compared. The MQCL method is more effective for machining low carbon steel and ensures a usable chip shape and lesser surface roughness. Depending on the cutting conditions, the efficiency of the MQCL method is 10 to 30 % higher compared to dry machining. Examples of experimental investigations about reducing the use of cooling lubricant substances in turning process can be found in the open literature [1, 2].

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