scholarly journals The Effects of External Loads and Muscle Forces on the Knee Joint Ligaments during Walking: A Musculoskeletal Model Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2356
Author(s):  
Carlo Albino Frigo ◽  
Lucia Donno
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Musculoskeletal Model ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Muscle Forces ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Lateral Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles ◽  
External Loads

A musculoskeletal model was developed to analyze the tensions of the knee joint ligaments during walking and to understand how they change with changes in the muscle forces. The model included the femur, tibia, patella and all components of cruciate and collateral ligaments, quadriceps, hamstrings and gastrocnemius muscles. Inputs to the model were the muscle forces, estimated by a static optimization approach, the external loads (ground reaction forces and moments) and the knee flexion/extension movement corresponding to natural walking. The remaining rotational and translational movements were obtained as a result of the dynamic equilibrium of forces. The validation of the model was done by comparing our results with literature data. Several simulations were carried out by sequentially removing the forces of the different muscle groups. Deactivation of the quadriceps produced a decrease of tension in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and an increase in the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). By removing the hamstrings, the tension of ACL increased at the late swing phase, while the PCL force dropped to zero. Specific effects were observed also at the medial and lateral collateral ligaments. The removal of gastrocnemius muscles produced an increase of tension only on PCL and lateral collateral ligaments. These results demonstrate how musculoskeletal models can contribute to knowledge about complex biomechanical systems as the knee joint.

scholarly journals Recruitment of Knee Joint Ligaments

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Blankevoort ◽  
R. Huiskes ◽  
A. de Lange
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Posterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Fiber Bundles ◽  
Cruciate Ligaments ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Lateral Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Length Changes ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

On the basis of earlier reported data on the in vitro kinematics of passive knee-joint motions of four knee specimens, the length changes of ligament fiber bundles were determined by using the points of insertion on the tibia and femur. The kinematic data and the insertions of the ligaments were obtained by using Roentgenstereophotogrammetry. Different fiber bundles of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments and the medial and lateral collateral ligaments were identified. On the basis of an assumption for the maximal strain of each ligament fiber bundle during the experiments, the minimal recruitment length and the probability of recruitment were defined and determined. The motions covered the range from extension to 95 degrees flexion and the loading conditions included internal or external moments of 3 Nm and anterior or posterior forces of 30N. The ligament length and recruitment patterns were found to be consistent for some ligament bundles and less consistent for other ligament bundles. The most posterior bundle of each ligament was recruited in extension and the lower flexion angles, whereas the anterior bundle was recruited for the higher flexion angles. External rotation generally recruited the collateral ligaments, while internal rotation recruited the cruciate ligaments. However, the anterior bundle of the posterior cruciate ligament was recruited with external rotation at the higher flexion angles. At the lower flexion angles, the anterior cruciate and the lateral collateral ligaments were recruited with an anterior force. The recruitment of the posterior cruciate ligament with a posterior force showed that neither its most anterior nor its most posterior bundle was recruited at the lower flexion angles. Hence, the posterior restraint must have been provided by the intermediate fiber bundles, which were not considered in the experiment. At the higher flexion angles, the anterior bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament and the posterior cruciate ligament were found to be recruited with anterior and posterior forces, respectively. The minimal recruitment length and the recruitment probability of ligament fiber bundles are useful parameters for the evaluation of ligament length changes in those experiments where no other method can be used to determine the zero strain lengths, ligament strains and tensions.

Validation of a novel biomechanical test bench for the knee joint with six degrees of freedom

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian H. Heinrichs ◽  
Dominik Knierzinger ◽  
Hannes Stofferin ◽  
Werner Schmoelz
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
Lateral Collateral Ligament ◽  
Muscle Forces ◽  
Biomechanical Test ◽  
Six Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Flexion Extension

AbstractA novel biomechanical test bench has been developed for in-vitro evaluation of the knee joint. The test bench allows the kinematics of the knee joint to be studied in all six degrees of freedom. Flexion-extension knee movements are induced by quadriceps and hamstring muscle forces simulated by five pneumatic cylinders. The kinematics of the knee and the actively applied muscle forces are measured simultaneously. The aim of this study was to validate the sensitivity and reproducibility of this novel test bench. Four fresh frozen human knees were tested three times, each with seven flexion-extension cycles between 5° and 60°. After the native knees had been tested, the posterior cruciate ligament and then the lateral collateral ligament were dissected. The injured knees were tested in identical conditions [3×(7×5°–60°)] in order to evaluate whether the test bench is capable of detecting differences in knee kinematics between a native state and an injured one. With regard to reproducibility, the novel test bench showed almost perfect agreement for each specimen and for all states and flexion angles. In comparison with the native knees, the injured knees showed significant differences in knee kinematics. This validated novel test bench will make it possible to investigate various knee pathologies, as well as current and newly developed treatment options.

A New Load Application System for In Vitro Study of Ligamentous Injuries to the Human Knee Joint

1995 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bach ◽  
M. L. Hull
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Load Application ◽  
Accuracy Evaluation ◽  
Application System ◽  
Human Knee ◽  
Human Knee Joint ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
External Loads

This paper describes the design and accuracy evaluation of a new six degree of freedom load application system for in vitro testing of the human knee joint. External loads of both polarity in all six degrees of freedom can be applied either individually or in any combination while the knee is permitted to move unconstrained in response to applied loads. The flexion/extension degree of freedom permits the full physiological range of motion. In addition to external loads, forces of the three major muscle groups (quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius) crossing the joint can be developed. Full automation and rapid convergence of loads to programmed values are achieved through a computer which feeds command signals to servo controller/electro-pneumatic servo valves. The servo valves regulate pressure to pneumatic actuators which develop the various loads. Experiments undertaken to quantify the accuracy of both load and displacement measurements reveal that errors particularly in load measurement are effectively controlled through the apparatus design.

A Two-Dimensional Dynamic Anatomical Model of the Human Knee Joint

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (4A) ◽  
pp. 357-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eihab Abdel-Rahman ◽  
Mohamed Samir Hefzy
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Posterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Geometric Constraints ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Algebraic Equations ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Nonlinear Algebraic Equations

The objective of this study is to develop a two-dimensional dynamic model of the knee joint to simulate its response under sudden impact. The knee joint is modeled as two rigid bodies, representing a fixed femur and a moving tibia, connected by 10 nonlinear springs representing the different fibers of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, and the posterior part of the capsule. In the analysis, the joint profiles were represented by polynomials. Model equations include three nonlinear differential equations of motion and three nonlinear algebraic equations representing the geometric constraints. A single point contact was assumed to exist at all times. Numerical solutions were obtained by applying Newmark constant-average-acceleration scheme of differential approximation to transform the motion equations into a set of nonlinear simultaneous algebraic equations. The equations reduced thus to six nonlinear algebraic equations in six unknowns. The Newton-Raphson iteration technique was then used to obtain the solution. Knee response was determined under sudden rectangular pulsing posterior forces applied to the tibia and having different amplitudes and durations. The results indicate that increasing pulse amplitude and/or duration produced a decrease in the magnitude of the tibio-femoral contact force, indicating thus a reduction in the joint stiffness. It was found that the anterior fibers of the posterior cruciate and the medial collateral ligaments are the primary restraints for a posterior forcing pulse in the range of 20 to 90 degrees of knee flexion; this explains why most isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries and combined injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament and the medial collateral results from a posterior impact on a flexed knee.

The Influence of Muscle Forces and External Loads on Cruciate Ligament Strain

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutz Dürselen ◽  
Lutz Claes ◽  
Hartmuth Kiefer
Keyword(s):  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Muscle Forces ◽  
Ligament Strain ◽  
External Loads

Musculoskeletal Model of the Human Knee With Representation of Menisci During the Stance Phase of a Walk Cycle

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Kia ◽  
Trent M. Guess ◽  
Antonis Stylianou
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Musculoskeletal Model ◽  
Musculoskeletal Modeling ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Forward Dynamics ◽  
Muscle Forces ◽  
Human Knee ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Movement Simulation

Movement simulation and musculoskeletal modeling can predict muscle forces, but current methods are hindered by simplified representations of joint structures. Simulations that incorporate muscle forces, an anatomical representation of the natural knee, and contact mechanics would be a powerful tool in orthopedics. This study combined a validated anatomical model of a knee joint with menisci and a musculoskeletal model of the human lower extremity. A forward-dynamics muscle driven simulation of the stance phase of a walk cycle was simulated in LifeMOD (Lifemodeler, Inc) and muscle forces and ground reaction forces were estimated. The predicted forces were evaluated using test data provided by Vaughan CL. et al. (1999).

scholarly journals Validation of a Device to Measure Knee Joint Angles for a Dynamic Movement

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirel Ajdaroski ◽  
Ruchika Tadakala ◽  
Lorraine Nichols ◽  
Amanda Esquivel
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Motion Capture ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wearable Device ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Dynamic Movement ◽  
Flexion Extension

Participation in sports has risen in the United States over the last few years, increasing the risk of injuries such as tears to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee. Previous studies have shown a correlation between knee kinematics when landing from a jump and this injury. The purpose of this study was to validate the ability of a commercially available inertial measurement units (IMUs) to accurately measure knee joint angles during a dynamic movement. Eight healthy subjects participated in the study. Validation was performed by comparing the angles measured by the wearable device to those obtained through the gold standard motion capture system when landing from a jump. Root mean square, linear regression analysis, and Bland–Altman plots were performed/constructed. The mean difference between the wearable device and the motion capture data was 8.4° (flexion/extension), 4.9° (ab/adduction), and 3.9° (rotation). In addition, the device was more accurate at smaller knee angles. In our study, a commercially available wearable IMU was able to perform fairly well under certain conditions and was less accurate in other conditions.

Isometry of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 663-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald J. Ortiz ◽  
Hans Schmotzer ◽  
Johanness Bernbeck ◽  
Scott Graham ◽  
James E. Tibone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Surgical Reconstruction ◽  
Muscle Forces ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Injured Knee ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles ◽  
Isometric Point

The effects of functional load and muscle force application on isometry of the posterior cruciate ligament were determined. Eight fresh-frozen cadaver knees were mounted in a custom-designed rig. A full range of motion and muscle forces were applied through the quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius tendons during a simulated static squat maneuver. The low-load isometric posterior cruciate ligament point was located 5.63 mm proximal and 0.18 mm anterior to the anatomic center of the posterior cruciate ligament origin on the femur. The high-load state, with no gastrocnemius and hamstring muscle forces applied, shifted the isometric point 6.32 mm proximal and 6.72 mm anterior (P 0.05). Loading the hamstring and gastrocnemius muscles also shifted the isometric point (P 0.05). This study indicated that the most isometric region of the posterior cruciate ligament femoral attachment changed significantly when functional loads and muscle forces were applied to the knee. This finding may have implications for both surgical reconstruction and rehabilitation of the posterior cruciate ligament-injured knee.

An improved multi-joint EMG-assisted optimization approach to estimate joint and muscle forces in a musculoskeletal model of the lumbar spine

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1521-1529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Gagnon ◽  
Navid Arjmand ◽  
André Plamondon ◽  
Aboulfazl Shirazi-Adl ◽  
Christian Larivière
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Musculoskeletal Model ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Muscle Forces

scholarly journals Defect free optimization of a polycentric prosthetic knee design using imperialist competition-inspired optimization method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nejlaoui M ◽  
◽  
Alateyah A. I. ◽  
El-Garaihy W. H. ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Knee Prosthesis ◽  
Tracking Error ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Center Of Rotation ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Instantaneous Center

The disability of lower limbs is one of the major problems facing human lives. In order to restore the missing functionality and aesthetic feature of the amputee's locomotion, finding the optimal design of the human lower limb knee prosthesis is crucial. This paper focuses the design optimization of a four bar knee mechanism capable to reproduce the complex flexion/extension knee joint motion in the sagittal plane with variable instantaneous center of rotation positions. Thus an optimization approach with appropriate constraints is formulated in order to consider the degree of compatibility between the instantaneous center of rotation trajectories of the human reference knee joint and the four bar knee mechanism. To solve this high nonlinear optimization problem, an algorithm based on multi-objective modified imperialist competitive method is proposed where all the constraints are managed with the penalty method. The results obtained by the multi-objective modified imperialist competitive method showed the capability to reach a small tracking error. The obtained results prove the effectiveness of the proposed optimization approach for the optimal synthesis of the four bar knee mechanism, compared with other literature techniques.

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