scholarly journals Micro and Nano Plastics Distribution in Fish as Model Organisms: Histopathology, Blood Response and Bioaccumulation in Different Organs

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 5768
Author(s):  
Maria Cristina Guerrera ◽  
Marialuisa Aragona ◽  
Caterina Porcino ◽  
Francesco Fazio ◽  
Rosaria Laurà ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Plastic Particle ◽  
Time Shape ◽  
Acute And Chronic Exposure

Micro- and nano-plastic (MP/NP) pollution represents a threat not only to marine organisms and ecosystems, but also a danger for humans. The effects of these small particles resulting from the fragmentation of waste of various types have been well documented in mammals, although the consequences of acute and chronic exposure are not fully known yet. In this review, we summarize the recent results related to effects of MPs/NPs in different species of fish, both saltwater and freshwater, including zebrafish, used as model organisms for the evaluation of human health risk posed by MNPs. The expectation is that discoveries made in the model will provide insight regarding the risks of plastic particle toxicity to human health, with a focus on the effect of long-term exposure at different levels of biological complexity in various tissues and organs, including the brain. The current scientific evidence shows that plastic particle toxicity depends not only on factors such as particle size, concentration, exposure time, shape, and polymer type, but also on co-factors, which make the issue extremely complex. We describe and discuss the possible entry pathways of these particles into the fish body, as well as their uptake mechanisms and bioaccumulation in different organs and the role of blood response (hematochemical and hematological parameters) as biomarkers of micro- and nano-plastic water pollution.

Role of model organisms and nanocompounds in human health risk assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 193 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
André Moreni Lopes ◽  
Hans-Uwe Dahms ◽  
Attilio Converti ◽  
Gian Luigi Mariottini
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Human Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Model Organisms

scholarly journals The Use of 'No Evidence' Statements in Public Health

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Cummings
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Communication ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Public Health Communication ◽  
The Public

Public health communication makes extensive use of a linguistic formulation that will be called the “no evidence” statement. This is a written or spoken statement of the form “There is no evidence that P” where P stands for a proposition that typically describes a human health risk. Danger lurks in these expressions for the hearer or reader who is not logically perspicacious, as arguments that use them are only warranted under certain conditions. The extent to which members of the public are able to determine what those conditions are will be considered by examining data obtained from 879 subjects. The role of “no evidence” statements as cognitive heuristics in public health reasoning is considered.

Current Approaches to Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick C. Jarman
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Stimulant Medication ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Behaviour Modification ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
School Based ◽  
Long Term Prognosis

AbstractThe last five years in Australia have been marked by an explosion in the diagnosis and treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The use of stimulant medication for ADHD has increased exponentially across all states, raising questions about the appropriate role of drug treatment and its relationship to other therapies in these children. Despite widespread consensus that multimodal therapy is the preferred option for intervention, many treatments advocated for ADHD lack scientific evidence to support their use. Because no two children with ADHD or their families are the same, an individualised approach to management is advocated that targets both the primary symptoms of the disorder, its cornorbid pathology, and the secondary problems that have developed. Evidence indicates that stimulant medication used in conjunction with parent training, family support, and school based behaviour modification offers the best prospects for improving the disturbing long-term prognosis in these children.

scholarly journals Plant secondary metabolites: antiparasitic effects and their role in ruminant production systems

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spiridoula Athanasiadou ◽  
Ilias Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Antiparasitic Activity ◽  
Excessive Consumption ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Nutritional Effects

The purported antiparasitic properties of plant secondary metabolites (PSM) have been the cause of controversy amongst the scientific community. Despite long-standing knowledge of the prophylactic and therapeutic properties of PSM-rich extracts, which comes mainly from ethnoveterinary sources, the scientific evidence of the antiparasitic effects of PSM is inconsistent. In the first part of the present paper the causes of this controversy are addressed, and the evidence available on the antiparasitic effects of PSM is critically examined. The focus is on examples of the antiparasitic activity of PSM against helminth nematodes. The conclusion is that PSM can have antiparasitic properties, which depend on their structure, level of ingestion and availability within the gastrointestinal tract of the animal. The second part is an appraisal of the potential role of PSM for parasite control in ruminant production systems. Despite their antiparasitic properties, PSM consumption does not necessarily have positive consequences in parasitised herbivores, as excessive consumption of PSM can adversely affect herbivore fitness and survival, through their anti-nutritional properties. For this reason it is suggested that the antiparasitic properties of PSM should be assessed at the same time as their anti-nutritional effects. The same measure, e.g. the performance of parasitised hosts, should be used when assessing these properties. The assessment of the costs and benefits suggests that parasitised herbivores can benefit from the long-term consumption of PSM only if the antiparasitic benefits outweigh the anti-nutritional costs of PSM. In addition, it is proposed that parasitised animals might be able to benefit from PSM consumption even if their performance is impaired, as long as the latter is a short-term compromise that leads to long-term benefits.

scholarly journals Dietary Bioactive Compounds and Human Health and Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia González
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Nutritional Compounds ◽  
Dietary Bioactive Compounds

In the last century, solid scientific evidence has demonstrated the role of nutritional compounds in the maintenance of health [...]

scholarly journals Role of Tyramine Synthesis by Food-BorneEnterococcus duransin Adaptation to the Gastrointestinal Tract Environment

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 699-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Fernández de Palencia ◽  
Maria Fernández ◽  
Maria Luz Mohedano ◽  
Victor Ladero ◽  
Cristina Quevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Biogenic Amines ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Enterococcus Durans

ABSTRACTBiogenic amines in food constitute a human health risk. Here we report that tyramine-producingEnterococcus duransstrain IPLA655 (from cheese) was able to produce tyramine under conditions simulating transit through the gastrointestinal tract. Activation of the tyramine biosynthetic pathway contributed to binding and immunomodulation of enterocytes.

Recent Evidence on the Role of Dietary PUFAs in Cancer Development and Prevention

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (16) ◽  
pp. 1818-1836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo D`Archivio ◽  
Beatrice Scazzocchio ◽  
Rosaria Vari ◽  
Carmela Santangelo ◽  
Claudio Giovannini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Tumor Subtypes ◽  
Human Cancers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Background: Scientific evidence has been accumulated about the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on human health. The hypothesis that n-3 PUFAs might improve the efficiency of anticancer drugs has recently been considered. The role of n-6 PUFAs, in contrast, needs to be better assessed. However, the effective mechanisms of action of PUFAs have not been fully clarified yet. This review aims to report the most updated evidence on the role of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs in the development and treatment of human cancers, focusing on the potential mechanisms by which PUFAs exert their effects. Methods: We undertook a structured search in PubMed on February 17th 2017 for peer-reviewed research articles published from 2013. The search syntax used was: PUFA or PUFAs and cancer. Results: Contradictory results were found, most likely due to the genetic background, the different dietary sources used, the interaction among different nutrients, and the tumor subtypes. However, the more recent findings strongly support the use of n-3 PUFAs in cancer prevention and treatment. On the other hand, n-6 PUFAs are often associated with an increased risk of cancer, even if recently their beneficial effects have also been highlighted. Conclusion: N-3 PUFAs may represent a potential therapeutic agent contributing to treat at least some type of human cancers. However, studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up times are still needed. To increase the knowledge about how food and nutrition can improve human health it is advisable to deliver an open access nutritional database.

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