scholarly journals Synergetic CT, XRF and Geoelectric Imaging for Non-Destructive Soil and Sediment Stratigraphic Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 9575
Author(s):  
Pavlos Avramidis ◽  
Alexandros Emmanouilidis ◽  
Paraskevas Paraskevopoulos ◽  
Zafeiria Roumelioti ◽  
Pantelis Barouchas
Keyword(s):  
Clay Content ◽  
Geophysical Research ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Sediment Properties ◽  
Soil Sediment ◽  
Xrf Scanning ◽  
Ground Truthing ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Sediment Stratification ◽  
Soil And Sediment

This paper presents the application of three non-destructive techniques in the study of an agricultural area on the west coast of Peloponnese, Greece. The applied methods include (a) electromagnetic geophysical research using a handheld EM profiler (EMP-400 GSSI), (b) computed tomography (CT) with coring data, and (c) X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) scanning. As electrical conductivity is mainly influenced by the bulk soil, including water content, clay content and mineralogy, organic matter, and bulk density, a comparison of the three applied techniques indicates the same soil stratification and same soil properties with depth. Moreover, the ground-truthing by the undisturbed soil and sediments core retrieved in the centre of the site as well as the laboratory analyses of soil and sediment properties confirm the reliability of the geophysical research and the revealed soil/sediment stratification.

Testing the improved Integral Suspension Pressure method ISP+ with the PARIO™ device

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Durner ◽  
Alina Miller ◽  
Madita Gisecke ◽  
Sascha C. Iden
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problem ◽  
Error Propagation ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Geophysical Research ◽  
Soil Suspension ◽  
Independent Measurement ◽  
Pressure Method

<p>The integral suspension pressure method (ISP) uses pressure measurements in a soil suspension to derive the particle size distribution (PSD) in the silt range in high resolution. The sedimentation process is mathematically simulated and the simulated suspension pressure at a fixed depth in the sedimentation cylinder is fitted to an observed time series. The PSD is determined by numerically solving the inverse problem. The methodology is implemented in a commercial apparatus named PARIO that is produced by METER AG, Munich.</p><p>Practical experiments with PARIO indicated that the accuracy of the method to determine the clay fraction was not as high as expected from theory, which may partly be caused by the error propagation from the independently determined sand fractions. Durner and Iden (2019) thus proposed an extension of the experimental protocol called ISP<sup>+</sup>, which makes the inverse problem better-posed and allows shorter experimental time. After a sedimentation time of few hours, a part of the suspension is drained laterally from the sedimentation cylinder through an outlet, collected and oven-dried. The resulting dry mass of the soil particles is integrated into the objective function of the inverse problem. This markedly reduces the uncertainty of the identified PSD towards the finest particles. We present experimental results from PARIO measurements evaluated by the ISP<sup>+</sup> method and illustrate the new experimental design and the improvement of accuracy for the clay fraction.</p><p>Reference: Durner, W., & Iden, S. C. (2019, January). ISP+: improving the Integral Suspension Pressure method by an independent measurement of clay content. In Geophysical Research Abstracts (Vol. 21).</p>

scholarly journals Above-ground vegetation indices and yield attributes of rice crop using unmanned aerial vehicle combined with ground truth measurements

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 2385-2398
Author(s):  
Piyanan PIPATSITEE ◽  
Apisit EIUMNOH ◽  
Rujira TISARUM ◽  
Kanyarat TAOTA ◽  
Sumaid KONGPUGDEE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Yield Traits ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Ground Truthing ◽  
Non Destructive

Rice is an important economic and staple crop in several developing countries. Indica rice cultivars, ‘KDML105’ and ‘RD6’ are clear favourites, popular throughout world for their cooking quality, aroma, flavour, long grain, and soft texture, thus consequently dominate major plantation area in Northeastern region of Thailand. The objective of present study was to validate UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle)-derived information of rice crop traits with ground truthing non-destructive measurements in these rice varieties throughout whole life span under field environment. Plant height of cv. ‘KDML105’ was more than cv. ‘RD6’ for each respective stage. Whereas, number of tillers per clump in ‘KDML105’ exhibited stability at each developmental stage, which was in contrast to ‘RD6’ (increased continuously). Moreover, 1,000 grain weight, total grain weight and aboveground biomass were higher in ‘KDML105’ than in ‘RD6’ by 1.20, 1.82 and 3.82 folds. Four vegetative indices, ExG, EVI2, NDVI and NDRE derived from UAV platform proved out to be excellent parameters to compare KDML105 and RD6, especially in the late vegetative and reproductive developmental stages. Positive relationships between NDVI and NDRE, NDRE and total yield traits, as well as NDVI and aboveground biomass were demonstrated. In contrast, total chlorophyll pigment in cv. ‘RD6’ was higher than in cv. ‘KDML105’ leading to negative correlation with NDVI. ‘KDML105’ reflected rapid adaptation to Northeastern environments, leading to maintenance of plant height and yield components. Vegetation indices derived from UAV platform and ground truth non-destructive data exhibited high correlation. ‘KDML105’ was rapidly adapted to NE environments when compared with ‘RD6’, leading to maintenance of physiological parameters (detecting by UAV), the overall growth performances and yield traits (measuring by ground truth method). This study advocates harnessing and adopting the approach of UAV platform along with ground truthing non-destructive measurements of assessing a species/cultivars performance at broad land-use scale.

XRF Imaging (MA-XRF) as a Valuable Method in the Analysis of Nonhomogeneous Structures of Grisaille Paint Layers

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 3193-3207
Author(s):  
Edyta Bernady ◽  
Maria Goryl ◽  
Małgorzata Walczak
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Light Elements ◽  
Stained Glass ◽  
Valuable Data ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Xrf Scanning ◽  
Valuable Method ◽  
Glass Panels ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Non Destructive

Stained glass paint layers made with vitreous paints can be a challenging subject for analyses. Their heterogenic structure requires proper experimental methodology in order to obtain valuable data. The main goal of this paper is to present the advantages of macro-XRF scanning (MA-XRF) in the non-destructive investigation of historical grisaille paint layers on the basis of research conducted on seven stained glass panels from the Dominican Monastery in Kraków, the Diocesan Museum in Kielce and the National Museum in Poznań (Poland). The obtained results showed the capabilities of MA-XRF scanning in technology recognition, the legibility of damaged fragments of painted depictions, as well as with distinguishing the elemental composition between vitreous paints in different colours. Additionally, SEM-EDS measurements are presented so as to acquire quantitative results and additional information concerning light elements.

scholarly journals Can XRF scanning of speleothems be used as a non-destructive method to identify paleoflood events in caves?

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Finné ◽  
Malin Kylander ◽  
Meighan Boyd ◽  
Hanna Sundqvist ◽  
Ludvig Löwemark
Keyword(s):  
Xrf Scanning ◽  
Non Destructive

scholarly journals Some mechanical properties of aggregates of top soils from the IJsselmeer polders. 1. Undisturbed soil aggregates.

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-214
Author(s):  
A.R. Dexter ◽  
B. Kroesbergen ◽  
H. Kuipers
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Water Stability ◽  
Undisturbed Soil

Aggregates were collected from the arable layer at eight sites in the IJsselmeer polders. The compositions of the soils were determined, and measurements were made of porosities, tensile strengths and water stabilities of undisturbed aggregates. Porosity was negatively correlated with the age of the soils since reclamation. Tensile strength of dry aggregates and water stability were both positively correlated with the clay content. The soils had extremely high values of friability. Tensile strength was negatively correlated with porosity. Porosity had no clear influence on water stability. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

A technique for the non-destructive measurement of nitrate in small soil volumes

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 571 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Strong ◽  
P. W. G. Sale ◽  
K. R. Helyar
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Interstitial Water ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Small Water ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Main Disadvantage ◽  
Destructive Measurement ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Gravimetric Water Content

Two simple techniques designed to measure nitrate (NO3-N) non-destructively in small undisturbed soil samples are described. A small water-filled ‘receptor’ is placed in contact with a small soil volume (~1·7 cm3) enabling the concentration of NO3-N in the interstitial water of the receptor to approach the concentration of NO3-N in the interstitial water of the soil sample by the process of diffusion. The NO3-N concentration in the receptor water is then measured, and from this, the NO3-N concentration in the soil is estimated. The receptor used in the first technique was a disc of agar (diameter 8 mm and thickness 3 mm). This was placed on the soil volumes and allowed to equilibrate for 22 h before NO3-N in the soil and in the agar were determined. The regression of actual soil NO3-N against estimated soil NO3-N using this receptor yielded an r2 value of 0·99 and a slope coefficient of 1·01. The main disadvantage of this technique was that it was necessary to bring the soil to a water potential close to saturation before the agar discs were applied. If the soil had even a slight negative water potential (–10 kPa), water would drain out of the agar rendering it useless and would also alter the soil water potential in the process. For this reason, this technique is only recommended for use with soils which are close to saturation. The second technique used ceramic discs as the receptors to overcome the deficiencies of the agar discs. The ceramic discs had dimensions similar to the agar discs and had a gravimetric water content of 0·25 g/g at a water potential of –30 kPa. They were equilibrated with the soil for a period of 10 days. The regressions of actual soil NO3-N against estimated soil NO3-N had r2 values >0·99, and the slope coefficients ranged between 1·08 and 1·11. It was concluded that this technique is a useful tool for the non-destructive measurement of NO3-N in small undisturbed volumes of soil.

Adsorption of Imazaquin and Imazethapyr on Soils, Sediments, and Selected Adsorbents

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 712-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark M. Loux ◽  
Rex A. Liebl ◽  
Fred W. Slife
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Ion Exchange Resins ◽  
Adsorption Model ◽  
Sediment Properties ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Physical Forces ◽  
Exchange Resins

Adsorption of imazaquin and imazethapyr on soils, sediments, clays, and ion exchange resins was studied. Multivariate regression analysis of Freundlich K values and soil and sediment properties yielded a model for imazaquin adsorption which included soil pH, organic carbon, and clay as significant independent variables. Clay content and pH were significant independent variables for the imazethapyr adsorption model. Adsorption of imazaquin and imazethapyr was greater at pH below 6 than at a higher pH. Adsorption of both herbicides on Ca- and H/Al-kaolinite and Ca-montmorillonite was low, but increased on H/Al-montmorillonite. The results of adsorption studies with ion exchange resins indicated that binding of protonated herbicide at low pH could be due to physical forces, hydrogen bonding, or cationic binding. At soil pH levels above the pKa's of imazaquin and imazethapyr, ionic bonding of herbicide anions with positively charged soil components could also occur.

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