scholarly journals Comparison between Capacitive and Microstructured Optical Fiber Soil Moisture Sensors

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aitor Lopez Aldaba ◽  
Diego Lopez-Torres ◽  
Miguel Campo-Bescós ◽  
José López ◽  
David Yerro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensors ◽  
Microstructured Optical Fiber ◽  
Fabry Perot ◽  
Local Measurements ◽  
First Time

Soil moisture content has always been an important parameter to control because it is a deterministic factor for site-specific irrigation, seeding, transplanting, and compaction detection. In this work, a discrete sensor that is based on a SnO2–FP (Fabry-Pérot) cavity is presented and characterized in real soil conditions. As far as authors know, it is the first time that a microstructured optical fiber is used for real soil moisture measurements. Its performance is compared with a commercial capacitive soil moisture sensor in two different soil scenarios for two weeks. The optical sensor shows a great agreement with capacitive sensor’s response and gravimetric measurements, as well as a fast and reversible response; moreover, the interrogation technique allows for several sensors to be potentially multiplexed, which offers the possibility of local measurements instead of volumetric: it constitutes a great tool for real soil moisture monitoring.

scholarly journals Soil Moisture Sensor-based Systems are Suitable for Monitoring and Controlling Irrigation of Greenhouse Crops

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 552-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Henderson ◽  
David Gholami ◽  
Youbin Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensors ◽  
Microclimate Variation

Sensor-based feedback control irrigation systems have been increasingly explored for greenhouse applications. However, the relationships between microclimate variation, plant water usage, and growth are not well understood. A series of trials were conducted to investigate the microclimate variations in different greenhouses and whether a soil moisture sensor-based system can be used in monitoring and controlling irrigation in greenhouse crop productions. Ocimum basilicum ‘Genovese Gigante’ basil and Campanula portenschlagiana ‘Get Mee’ bellflowers were monitored using soil moisture sensors for an entire crop cycle at two commercial greenhouses. Significant variations in greenhouse microclimates were observed within the two commercial greenhouses and within an older research greenhouse. Evaporation rates were measured and used as an integrated indicator of greenhouse microclimate conditions. Evaporation rates varied within all three greenhouses and were almost double the lowest rates within one of the greenhouses, suggesting microclimates within a range of greenhouses. Although these microclimate variations caused large variations in the growing substrate water contents of containers within the greenhouses, the growth and quality of the plants were unaffected. For example, no significant correlations were observed between the growth of bellflower plants and the average volumetric water content (VWC), minimum VWC, or maximum VWC of the growing substrate. The change in VWC at each irrigation (ΔVWC), however, was positively correlated with the fresh weight, dry weight, and growth index (GI) of the bellflowers. For basil, no significant correlations were observed between plant growth and ΔVWC. This suggests that sensor-based feedback irrigation systems can be used for greenhouse crop production when considerations are given to factors such as the magnitude of microclimate variation, crop species and its sensitivity to water stress, and growing substrate.

Smart Irrigation System for Crop Farmers in Namibia

2021 ◽  
pp. 120-131
Author(s):  
Anton Limbo ◽  
Nalina Suresh ◽  
Set-Sakeus Ndakolute ◽  
Valerianus Hashiyana ◽  
Titus Haiduwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensors ◽  
Remote Server ◽  
Arduino Microcontroller ◽  
Water Pumps ◽  
Large Farms

Farmers in Namibia currently operate their irrigation systems manually, and this seems to increase labor and regular attention, especially for large farms. With technological advancements, the use of automated irrigation could allow farmers to manage irrigation based on a certain crops' water requirements. This chapter looks at the design and development of a smart irrigation system using IoT. The conceptual design of the system contains monitoring stations placed across the field, equipped with soil moisture sensors and water pumps to maintain the adequate moisture level in the soil for the particular crop being farmed. The design is implemented using an Arduino microcontroller connected to a soil moisture sensor, a relay to control the water pump, as well as a GSM module to send data to a remote server. The remote server is used to represent data on the level of moisture in the soil to the farmers, based on the readings from the monitoring station.

scholarly journals Evaluating the suitability of the consumer low-cost Parrot Flower Power soil moisture sensor for scientific environmental applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelika Xaver ◽  
Luca Zappa ◽  
Gerhard Rab ◽  
Isabella Pfeil ◽  
Mariette Vreugdenhil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Mean Square Difference

Abstract. Citizen science, scientific work and data collection conducted by or with non-experts, is rapidly growing. Although the potential of citizen science activities to generate enormous amounts of data otherwise not feasible is widely recognized, the obtained data are often treated with caution and scepticism. Their quality and reliability is not fully trusted since they are obtained by non-experts using low-cost instruments or scientifically non-verified methods. In this study, we evaluate the performance of Parrot's Flower Power soil moisture sensor used within the European citizen science project the GROW Observatory (GROW; https://growobservatory.org, last access: 30 March 2020). The aim of GROW is to enable scientists to validate satellite-based soil moisture products at an unprecedented high spatial resolution through crowdsourced data. To this end, it has mobilized thousands of citizens across Europe in science and climate actions, including hundreds who have been empowered to monitor soil moisture and other environmental variables within 24 high-density clusters around Europe covering different climate and soil conditions. Clearly, to serve as reference dataset, the quality of ground observations is crucial, especially if obtained from low-cost sensors. To investigate the accuracy of such measurements, the Flower Power sensors were evaluated in the lab and field. For the field trials, they were installed alongside professional soil moisture probes in the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory (HOAL) in Petzenkirchen, Austria. We assessed the skill of the low-cost sensors against the professional probes using various methods. Apart from common statistical metrics like correlation, bias, and root-mean-square difference, we investigated and compared the temporal stability, soil moisture memory, and the flagging statistics based on the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) quality indicators. We found a low intersensor variation in the lab and a high temporal agreement with the professional sensors in the field. The results of soil moisture memory and the ISMN quality flags analysis are in a comparable range for the low-cost and professional probes; only the temporal stability analysis shows a contrasting outcome. We demonstrate that low-cost sensors can be used to generate a dataset valuable for environmental monitoring and satellite validation and thus provide the basis for citizen-based soil moisture science.

scholarly journals Data-Driven Calibration of Soil Moisture Sensor Considering Impacts of Temperature: A Case Study on FDR Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (20) ◽  
pp. 4381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen ◽  
Zhangzhong ◽  
Zheng ◽  
Yu ◽  
Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Gaussian Process Regression ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Sensor Reading ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensors ◽  
Adaptive Regression

Commercial soil moisture sensors have been widely applied into the measurement of soil moisture content. However, the accuracy of such sensors varies due to the employed techniques and working conditions. In this study, the temperature impact on the soil moisture sensor reading was firstly analyzed. Next, a pioneer study on the data-driven calibration of soil moisture sensor was investigated considering the impacts of temperature. Different data-driven models including the multivariate adaptive regression splines and the Gaussian process regression were applied into the development of the calibration method. To verify the efficacy of the proposed methods, tests on four commercial soil moisture sensors were conducted; these sensors belong to the frequency domain reflection (FDR) type. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed methods can greatly improve the measurement accuracy for the investigated sensors.

scholarly journals Design of Automatic Chili and Tomato Sprinklers Based on Arduino Mega 2560

2021 ◽  
Vol 328 ◽  
pp. 02001
Author(s):  
Adik Putra Andika ◽  
Christin Pattipari ◽  
Acep Ponadi ◽  
Muriani Muriani ◽  
Johan Karim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Water Pump ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensors ◽  
In Series ◽  
Sensor Probe ◽  
Resistance Value

Farmers generally do not know the amount of water needed by plants. Sometimes they also do not have enough time to water the plants regularly. Merauke Regency has a very strict climate between the rainy season and the dry season. During a prolonged summer can cause plants to experience drought due to lack of water. So, it is necessary to design an automatic plant sprinkler based on soil moisture around the plant. This study designed an automatic chili and tomato sprinkler based on Arduino Mega 2560 in Wasur II Village. The microcontroller used is Arduino mega 2560, soil moisture sensor YL-69, relay, water pump and sensor probe. 3 pairs of 20 cm soil moisture sensors will be connected in series, then plugged into the ground 15 cm deep. As a result, the tool performs watering (relay on) when the soil moisture in chili plants is below 75% and on tomato plants is below 70%. Furthermore, when the soil moisture in chili plants reaches 75.86%, the soil resistance value obtained is 34.58 ohms. Then when the soil moisture in tomato plants reaches 70.19%, the soil resistance value obtained is 42.70 ohms.

Potensi Sprayer Otomatis sebagai Solusi Masalah Penyiraman Tanaman untuk Petani Cabe

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Nurida Finahari ◽  
Khanif Prasetyo Budi ◽  
Toni Dwi Putra
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Control System ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Service Work ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensors

Chili (capsium annum L) is an important horticulture commodity. The availability of water is one of the supporting factors for the chili crop production system. Meeting the water needs of chili greatly affects its growth. One obstacle for farmers is managing time when processing land. Farmers spend a lot of time watering and fertilizing plants. This has an impact on the time efficiency of farmers to cultivate other land and clear weeds. The design development of a plant irrigation system using soil moisture sensors can be an alternative solution. This system is capable of automatically watering and detecting the availability of water for watering. The control system used is Arduino Uno as the main controller. From the automated design mindset, it can be said that it is possible to carry out an automation process on the work of watering chili plants. The problem of adequate water in the dry season can be overcome based on controlling the amount of water spray, which is adjusted to the soil moisture sensor readings. As for other problems that need to be studied, related to the system of controlling soil moisture during the rainy season. This problem can be assessed by reference to a soil moisture based watering control system that might also be combined with a soil dryer / dryer system. This can be developed into the next appropriate technology as a community service work.

scholarly journals Evaluating the suitability of the consumer low-cost Parrot Flower Power soil moisture sensor for scientific environmental applications

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelika Xaver ◽  
Luca Zappa ◽  
Gerhard Rab ◽  
Isabella Pfeil ◽  
Mariette Vreugdenhil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Mean Square Difference

Abstract. Citizen science, scientific work and data collection conducted by or with non-experts, is rapidly growing. Although the potential of citizen science activities to generate enormous amounts of data otherwise not feasible is widely recognized, the obtained data are often treated with caution and skepticism. Their quality and reliability is not fully trusted since they are obtained by non-experts using low-cost instruments or scientifically non-verified methods. In this study, we evaluate the performance of Parrot's Flower Power soil moisture sensor used within the European citizen science project, the GROW Observatory (GROW; https://growobservatory.org). The aim of GROW is to enable scientists to validate satellite-based soil moisture products at an unprecedented high spatial resolution through crowdsourced data. To this end, it has mobilized thousands of citizens across Europe in science and climate actions, including hundreds who have been empowered to monitor soil moisture and other environmental variables within twenty four high-density clusters around Europe covering different climate and soil conditions. Clearly, to serve as reference dataset, the quality of ground observations is crucial, especially if obtained from low-cost sensors. To investigate the accuracy of such measurements, the Flower Power sensors were evaluated in the lab and field. For the field trials, they were installed alongside professional soil moisture probes in the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory (HOAL) in Petzenkirchen, Austria. We assessed the skill of the low cost sensors against the professional probes using various methods. Apart from common statistical metrics like correlation, bias and root-mean-square difference, we investigated and compared the temporal stability, soil moisture memory, and the flagging statistics based on the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) quality indicators. We found a low inter-sensor variation in the lab and a high temporal agreement with the professional sensors in the field. The results of soil moisture memory and the ISMN quality flags analysis are in a comparable range for the low-cost and professional probes, only the temporal stability analysis shows a contrasting outcome. We demonstrate that low-cost sensors can be used to generate a dataset valuable for environmental monitoring and satellite validation and thus provide the basis for citizen-based soil moisture science.

The Design of the Istallation Device for Soil Moisture Sensor

2014 ◽  
Vol 1049-1050 ◽  
pp. 1193-1195
Author(s):  
Jing Qiang An ◽  
Lin Rong Shi ◽  
Feng Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Moisture Profile ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensors ◽  
Soil Moisture Distribution ◽  
Soil Moisture Profile

For soil excavated a section is needed to dig in the direction of gravity artificial when soil moisture sensor is mounted against the general, and the size of cross section is proportional to the depth of buried sensors, making it time-consuming, and the original soil moisture distribution structure is destroyed, resulting in error between the original soil moisture and measured soil moisture profile is larger. A installation device for soil moisture sensor was designed in this paper, which can efficiently, rapidly, conveniently installation soil moisture sensors in the layered soil profile, and greatly improves the efficiency of soil sensor installation.

scholarly journals Design and Development of Soil Moisture Sensor

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
U B Mahadevaswamy ◽  
Meghana N
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Corrosion Resistant ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensors ◽  
Plant Yields ◽  
Temperature Levels

Water is a very valuable and stimulating force for irrigation. The Optimum usage of water is an hourly requirement. Efficient irrigation helps to conserve water, increase plant yields, reduce fertilizer reliance, and improve the quality of crops. Various techniques are available to measure soil moisture content, both laboratory and field, including remote sensing, but the fastest and better one is with the use of soil moisture sensor electronic devices. The range of soil moisture sensors has its own benefits and drawbacks.The goal of this work is to design and develop a module for the measurement of soil moisture and temperature levels, as well as ambient temperature and humidity by using frequency concepts. The sensor is made of a corrosion resistant element and it is rugged, battery operated, low power and long range sensor using IoT. A “GND BLE Mobile Application (gSense100)” has been developed, which includes everything related to the BLE technology and soil moisture sensor, where the app uses BLE technology to transmit all sensor values to the consumer.

scholarly journals Degradability of Biodegradable Soil Moisture Sensor Components and Their Effect on Maize (Zea mays L.) Growth

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 6154
Author(s):  
Subash Dahal ◽  
Wubengeda Yilma ◽  
Yongkun Sui ◽  
Madhur Atreya ◽  
Samantha Bryan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Balsa Wood ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Maize Growth ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensors ◽  
Sensor Materials

Inexpensive and no-maintenance biodegradable soil moisture sensors could improve existing knowledge on spatial and temporal variability of available soil water at field-scale. Such sensors can unlock the full potential of variable-rate irrigation (VRI) systems to optimize water applications in irrigated cropping systems. The objectives of this study were to assess (i) the degradation of soil moisture sensor component materials and (ii) the effects of material degradation on maize (Zea Mays L.) growth and development. This study was conducted in a greenhouse at Colorado State University, Colorado, USA, by planting maize seeds in pots filled with three growing media (field soil, silica sand, and Promix commercial potting media). The degradation rate of five candidate sensor materials (three blends of beeswax and soy wax, balsa wood, and PHBV (poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate))) was assessed by harvesting sensor materials at four maize growth stages (30, 60, 90, and 120 days after transplanting). All materials under consideration showed stability in terms of mass and dimension except PHBV. PHBV was degraded entirely within 30 days in soil and Promix, and within 60 days in sand. Balsa wood did now show any significant reduction in mass and dimensions in all growth media. Similarly, there was no significant mass loss across wax blends (p = 0.05) at any growth stage, with a few exceptions. Among the wax blends, 3:1 (beeswax:soy wax) was the most stable blend in terms of mass and dimension with no surface cracks, making it a suitable encapsulant for soil sensor. All materials under consideration did not have any significant effect on maize growth (dry biomass, green biomass, and height) as compared to control plants. These results indicated that 3:1 beeswax:soy wax blend, PHBV, and balsa wood could be suitable candidates for various components of biodegradable soil moisture sensors.

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