scholarly journals Double-Diffracted Spatially Separated Heterodyne Grating Interferometer and Analysis on its Alignment Tolerance

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Chang ◽  
Xu Xing ◽  
Pengcheng Hu ◽  
Jianing Wang ◽  
Jiubin Tan
Keyword(s):  
Structural Parameters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optical Components ◽  
Grating Interferometer ◽  
Optical Configuration ◽  
Robust Measurements ◽  
Intensity Loss ◽  
Pitch Movement ◽  
Offset Error

An optical configuration of double-diffracted spatially separated heterodyne grating interferometer with a mechanical fixture was designed. To further investigate its features and provide robust measurements, the alignment tolerance in double-diffracted spatially separated heterodyne grating interferometer was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Except for the offset error causing no influence on the interfering signal, the effect of the other four errors, roll, yaw, pitch angles, and stand-off error were geometrically analyzed and mathematically modeled. The simulation result quantified the position mismatches of output beams in a double-diffracted configuration and found the crucial structural parameters related to the intensity of interfering signals. Experiments based on the grating interferometer with a mechanical fixture and the same optical configuration built by independent optical components were implemented, whose results agreed with the simulation. Besides, the results showed that the proposed grating interferometer structure could tolerate the ±1100 arcsec roll movement, ±440 arcsec yaw movement, ±280 arcsec pitch movement, and ±0.6 mm stand-off error when -10 dB intensity loss is afforded.

Dynamic Pitch Perception for Complex Tones of Periodic Spectral Patterns

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka Nakajima ◽  
Hiroyuki Minami ◽  
Takashi Tsumura ◽  
Hiroshi Kunisaki ◽  
Shigeki Ohnishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Pitch Perception ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Tones ◽  
Logarithmic Frequency ◽  
Human Ear ◽  
Spectral Patterns ◽  
Pitch Movement

Pitch circularity as found in Shepard tones was examined by using complex tones that had various degrees of exactness in their spectral periodicities on the logarithmic frequency dimension. This dimension was divided into periods of 1400 cents by tone components, and each period was subdivided into two parts of a fixed ratio of 700:700, 600:800, 550:850, 500:900, 450:950, 400:1000, or 0:1400. Subjects made paired comparison judgments for pitch. When the subdividing ratio was 0: 1400 or 400:1000, the subjects responded to the spectral periodicity of 1400 cents, and, when the ratio was 700:700 or 600:800, they responded to the periodicity of 700 cents. Some seemingly intermediate cases between these two extremes or some qualitatively different cases were obtained in the other conditions. As we have asserted before, the human ear appears to detect a global pitch movement when some tone components move in the same direction by similar degrees on the logarithmic frequency dimension.

scholarly journals The intonation of the Icelandic other-initiated repair expressions Ha ‘Huh’ and Hvað segirðu/Hvað sagðirðu ‘What do/did you say’

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Dehé
Keyword(s):  
Pitch Accent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pitch Movement

It has been shown in the literature that cross-linguistically, the other-initiated repair element ‘huh’ is typically realised with rising intonation. Icelandic has exceptional status in this respect in that it has falling intonation with Ha [haː] ‘huh’. The literature claims that it is language-specific interrogative prosody that accounts for this exceptional status of Icelandic. More specifically, it argues that falling intonation is the default for questions in Icelandic and that the other-initiated repair interjection shares its intonational features with interrogatives. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, using map-task data, it confirms previous results for the intonation of Icelandic Ha, and in addition shows that its more complex relative Hvað segirðu/Hvað sagðirðu ‘What do/did you say?’ is realised with falling intonation as well. Both expressions are realised with an H* pitch accent followed by downward pitch movement to L%. Secondly, the paper argues, for a number of reasons, against the assumption that question prosody is enough to account for the Icelandic pattern, and it suggests instead that Ha and Hvað segirðu/Hvað sagðirðu are in fact not specifically marked in intonation, but are realised with a combination of pitch accent and boundary tone found across utterance types in Icelandic.

scholarly journals Induction of the Galactose Enzymes in Escherichia coli Is Independent of the C-1-Hydroxyl Optical Configuration of the Inducer d-Galactose

2008 ◽  
Vol 190 (24) ◽  
pp. 7932-7938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Jun Lee ◽  
Dale E. A. Lewis ◽  
Sankar Adhya
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
In Vitro Experiments ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Optical Configuration

ABSTRACT The two optical forms of aldohexose galactose differing at the C-1 position, α-d-galactose and β-d-galactose, are widespread in nature. The two anomers also occur in di- and polysaccharides, as well as in glycoconjugates. The anomeric form of d-galactose, when present in complex carbohydrates, e.g., cell wall, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, is specific. Their interconversion occurs as monomers and is effected by the enzyme mutarotase (aldose-1-epimerase). Mutarotase and other d-galactose-metabolizing enzymes are coded by genes that constitute an operon in Escherichia coli. The operon is repressed by the repressor GalR and induced by d-galactose. Since, depending on the carbon source during growth, the cell can make only one of the two anomers of d-galactose, the cell must also convert one anomer to the other for use in specific biosynthetic pathways. Thus, it is imperative that induction of the gal operon, specifically the mutarotase, be achievable by either anomer of d-galactose. Here we report in vivo and in vitro experiments showing that both α-d-galactose and β-d-galactose are capable of inducing transcription of the gal operon with equal efficiency and kinetics. Whereas all substitutions at the C-1 position in the α configuration inactivate the induction capacity of the sugar, the effect of substitutions in the β configuration varies depending upon the nature of the substitution; methyl and phenyl derivatives induce weakly, but the glucosyl derivative does not.

scholarly journals The Number of Spanning Trees in the Composition Graphs

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Feng Li
Keyword(s):  
Linear Algebra ◽  
Spanning Trees ◽  
Matrix Theory ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arbitrary Graph ◽  
Large Graphs ◽  
Laplacian Eigenvalues ◽  
Number Of Spanning Trees

Using the composition of some existing smaller graphs to construct some large graphs, the number of spanning trees and the Laplacian eigenvalues of such large graphs are also closely related to those of the corresponding smaller ones. By using tools from linear algebra and matrix theory, we establish closed formulae for the number of spanning trees of the composition of two graphs with one of them being an arbitrary complete 3-partite graph and the other being an arbitrary graph. Our results extend some of the previous work, which depend on the structural parameters such as the number of vertices and eigenvalues of the small graphs only.

scholarly journals Polynomial Time Instances for the IKHO Problem

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Romeo Rizzi ◽  
Luca Nardin
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Polynomial Time ◽  
Broad Class ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Polynomial Time Algorithm ◽  
Time Algorithm ◽  
The Other ◽  
Heuristic Optimization ◽  
Negative Fact

The Interactive Knapsacks Heuristic Optimization (IKHO) problem is a particular knapsacks model in which, given an array of knapsacks, every insertion in a knapsack affects also the other knapsacks, in terms of weight and profit. The IKHO model was introduced by Isto Aho to model instances of the load clipping problem. The IKHO problem is known to be APX-hard and, motivated by this negative fact, Aho exhibited a few classes of polynomial instances for the IKHO problem. These instances were obtained by limiting the ranges of two structural parameters, c and u, which describe the extent to which an insertion in a knapsack in uences the nearby knapsacks. We identify a new and broad class of instances allowing for a polynomial time algorithm. More precisely, we show that the restriction of IKHO to instances where is bounded by a constant can be solved in polynomial time, using dynamic programming.

scholarly journals Computer simulation of multi-storey structures subjected to ground motion

1965 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-500
Author(s):  
H. S. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Viscous Damping ◽  
Frequency Content ◽  
Base Shear ◽  
Shear Forces ◽  
Modes Of Vibration ◽  
Hybrid Computer ◽  
Fixed End

Abstract A hybrid computer system has been used to simulate some five-storey structures excited by ground motion. Five types of buildings were investigated to find the effect of some structural parameters on the dynamic response of the buildings. The factors that have been considered are the distribution of stiffness and mass in the structure, the type of foundation condition, and the action of viscous damping. The results indicate that it may be reasonable to calculate the base shear forces, created by ground motion, as a function of the fundamental period of the building. In the case of lightly damped structures, however, the distribution of forces through the height of the structure is also shown to be dependent on the other dynamic characteristics of the building, as well as the frequency content of the ground motion. Viscous damping considerably reduces the forces acting on a structure, and also tends to eliminate modes of vibration other than the fundamental. A pinned-end foundation condition is also shown to reduce the forces acting on the lower storeys of a building compared with the fixed-end condition.

Design of Optical Notch Filters Based on Equivalent Relations

2013 ◽  
Vol 679 ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Zhang Juan ◽  
Guo Sen ◽  
Li Xue
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Notch Filter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Zehnder Interferometer ◽  
Notch Filters ◽  
Fiber Ring ◽  
Transform Method ◽  
Mach Zehnder Interferometer

The transfer functions of optical notch filters based on all fiber unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer with fiber ring coupled structure and Michelson Gires–Tournois interferometer structure are presented based on z-transform method respectively. On this basis, the structural parameters between the two kinds of notch filters are revealed to have some certain equivalent relations. With this equivalent relationship, the structural parameters for designing one of the two kinds of notch filter can be conveniently obtained by that of the other of the two kinds of notch filters. A design example of a two notch point notch filter using the method is given in detail in the paper.

Cyclopentadienyl-ruthenium and -osmium chemistry. XXII. Synthesis, X-ray structure and some reactions of RuCl(PPh3,)(η1-dppm)(η-C5H5),containing a monodentate CH2(PPh2)2 ligand

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 2065 ◽  
Author(s):  
MI Bruce ◽  
MG Humphrey ◽  
JM Patrick ◽  
AH White
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal ◽  
Metal Complexes ◽  
Transition Metal Complexes ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chloro Complex ◽  
Triclinic Space Group ◽  
Space Group ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Halogen Exchange

.Stoichiometric amounts of RuCl(PPh3)2(η-C5H5) and dppm react in refluxing C6H6 to give RuCl- (PPh3)(η1-dppm)(η-C5H5) which has been fully characterized by an X-ray study (triclinic, space group P1, a 22.377(6), b 9.913(2), c 9.826(3)Ǻ, α 70.46(2), β 78.72(2), γ 80.40(2)°, Z 2) in which 3299 data [I > 3σ(I)] were refined to R 0.046, R' 0.052. Structural parameters are similar to those of other RuX(PR3)2(η-C5H5) complexes. The chloro complex was converted into [Ru(PPh3)(η2- dppm)(η-C5H5)]+ salts; the other PPh3 ligand can be replaced by a second dppm ligand to give [Ru(dppm)2(q-C5H3)+ which contains both mono- and bidentate dppm ligands. Alkylation of the uncoordinated phosphorus with MeI is accompanied by halogen exchange to give [RuI(PPh3)- (PPh2CH2PMePh2)(η-C5H5)I], while reactions with a variety of transition metal complexes result in abstraction of PPh3 and formation of RuCl(dppm)(η-C5H5).

Theoretical investigation of dielectric properties of rare earth stillwellite compounds

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (21) ◽  
pp. 1550154
Author(s):  
R. Shaltaf ◽  
J. Khalifeh
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Structure ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Dielectric Permittivity ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Static Dielectric Permittivity ◽  
Dielectric Tensors

Ab initio density functional calculations are performed to investigate the dielectric properties of LnBSiO 5 (Ln = Ce, Pr, Nd) with the stillwellite structure. The calculated structural parameters are found to agree well with existing experimental results. The three compounds possess insulating electronic structure with nearly isotropic high frequency dielectric permittivity tensors. On the other hand, the static dielectric permittivity tensors are found to be less isotropic. The anisotropy of static dielectric tensors are found to increase as the atomic number of the lanthanide increases.

scholarly journals Deciphering voids in Dasycladales, the case of Dragastanella transylvanica, a new Lower Cretaceous triploporellacean genus and species from Romania

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Filippo Barattolo ◽  
Ioan I. Bucur ◽  
Alexandru V. Marian
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Primary Lateral

Abstract Dragastanella transylvanica n. gen. n. sp. is described. Its calcified skeleton contains numerous voids, partly related to the molds of soft parts of the alga, but also related to lack of calcification. Interpretation of these voids, especially their attribution to original structures (e.g., primary lateral versus reproductive organ), has important implications for the taxonomic position of the alga, even at the family level. Examination of key sections that include the boundary between sterile and fertile parts of the alga excludes the occurrence of external reproductive organs. Unusual, paired pores in the outer part of the mineralized skeleton reflect an asymmetry within the whorl, excluding the presence of secondary laterals. The alga is characterized by a cylindrical to club-shaped thallus bearing only phloiophorous primary laterals arranged in whorls and flaring outwards, forming a cortex. Mineralized lenticular reproductive organs containing cysts set in the equatorial plane (Russoella-type gametophores) occur inside primary laterals (cladosporous arrangement of the reproductive organs). These characters support establishment of the new genus Dragastanella. Dragastanella transylvanica n. gen. n. sp. resembles species previously referred to Zittelina (Zittelina hispanica and Zittelina massei) and Triploporella (Triploporella matesina and Triploporella carpatica). Except for Triploporella carpatica, whose mineralized skeleton does not permit confident attribution to either Triploporella or Dragastanella n. gen., the other species must be ascribed to Dragastanella n. gen. Therefore, the following new combinations are proposed: Dragastanella hispanica n. comb., Dragastanella massei n. comb., and Dragastanella matesina n. comb. Despite widely overlapping biometrical measurements, these species can be differentiated by the size and location of their reproductive organs, the pattern of calcification around the primary laterals, and relationships among structural parameters such as the size of laterals, number of laterals per whorl, and distance between whorls.

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