scholarly journals Toward Understanding the Variation of Air Quality Based on a Comprehensive Analysis in Hebei Province under the Influence of COVID-19 Lockdown

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuyi Jiang ◽  
Chuanfeng Zhao ◽  
Hao Fan
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Local Time ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Hebei Province ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Aerodynamic Diameter ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Pollution Events

Associated with the outbreak of new coronavirus in 2019 (COVID-19), lockdown measures were taken in spring 2020 in China, providing an ideal experiment to investigate the effects of emission controls on air quality. Using the observation data at 56 stations in Hebei province from the China National Environmental Monitoring Center from January 2019 to May 2020, along with the reanalysis meteorology data from ERA5, this study investigates the spatial and temporal variations of six air pollutants, and the clean and pollution events in COVID-19 period. Compared with the same periods in day and month in 2019 (SP19), the concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and carbon monoxide (CO) decreased by 39.2%, 38.2%, 42.1%, 39.8%, and 24.8% for lockdown period, respectively; and decreased by 13.7%, 8.9%, 16.8%, 13.4%, and 10.6% for post-lockdown period, respectively. In contrast, ozone (O3) increased by 8.0% and 5.5% for lockdown and post-lockdown periods, respectively. The diurnal variation analysis shows that the air pollutants other than O3 decrease more in the morning time (6:00–10:00 local time) than in the afternoon time (14:00–18:00 local time) during both lockdown and post-lockdown periods compared to SP19, implying the potential contribution from pollution-meteorology interaction. After lockdown period, SO2 and NO2 resumed quickly in most cities other than in Zhangjiakou, which is a city with few industries making it more sensitive to meteorology. The significant improvement of air quality during the lockdown period suggests that the whole air quality is highly dependent on the pollutant emissions, while the relatively weak reduction of pollution events imply that the pollution events are more dependent on adverse weather conditions.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Environmental Air Quality and Its Relationship with Seasonal Climatic Conditions in Eastern China during 2015–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4524
Author(s):  
Zhiyuan Wang ◽  
Xiaoyi Shi ◽  
Chunhua Pan ◽  
Sisi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Asian Summer Monsoon ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Uniform Structure ◽  
Concentration Limit ◽  
Environmental Air

Exploring the relationship between environmental air quality (EAQ) and climatic conditions on a large scale can help better understand the main distribution characteristics and the mechanisms of EAQ in China, which is significant for the implementation of policies of joint prevention and control of regional air pollution. In this study, we used the concentrations of six conventional air pollutants, i.e., carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), coarse particulate matter (PM10), and ozone (O3), derived from about 1300 monitoring sites in eastern China (EC) from January 2015 to December 2018. Exploiting the grading concentration limit (GB3095-2012) of various pollutants in China, we also calculated the monthly average air quality index (AQI) in EC. The results show that, generally, the EAQ has improved in all seasons in EC from 2015 to 2018. In particular, the concentrations of conventional air pollutants, such as CO, SO2, and NO2, have been decreasing year by year. However, the concentrations of particulate matter, such as PM2.5 and PM10, have changed little, and the O3 concentration increased from 2015 to 2018. Empirical mode decomposition (EOF) was used to analyze the major patterns of AQI in EC. The first mode (EOF1) was characterized by a uniform structure in AQI over EC. These phenomena are due to the precipitation variability associated with the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), referred to as the “summer–winter” pattern. The second EOF mode (EOF2) showed that the AQI over EC is a north–south dipole pattern, which is bound by the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River (about 35° N). The EOF2 is mainly caused by seasonal variations of the mixed concentration of PM2.5 and O3. Associated with EOF2, the Mongolia–Siberian High influences the AQI variation over northern EC by dominating the low-level winds (10 m and 850 hPa) in autumn and winter, and precipitation affects the AQI variation over southern EC in spring and summer.

scholarly journals Bottom-Up Emission Inventory and Its Spatio-Temporal Distribution from Paved Road Dust Based on Field Investigation: A Case Study of Harbin, Northeast China

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 449
Author(s):  
Lili Li ◽  
Kun Wang ◽  
Zhijian Sun ◽  
Weiye Wang ◽  
Qingliang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Road Dust ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
County Level ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Spatial Allocation ◽  
Paved Road

Road dust is one of the primary sources of particulate matter which has implications for air quality, climate and health. With the aim of characterizing the emissions, in this study, a bottom-up approach of county level emission inventory from paved road dust based on field investigation was developed. An inventory of high-resolution paved road dust (PRD) emissions by monthly and spatial allocation at 1 km × 1 km resolution in Harbin in 2016 was compiled using accessible county level, seasonal data and local parameters based on field investigation to increase temporal-spatial resolution. The results demonstrated the total PRD emissions of TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 in Harbin were 270,207 t, 54,597 t, 14,059 t, respectively. The temporal variation trends of pollutant emissions from PRD was consistent with the characteristics of precipitation, with lower emissions in winter and summer, and higher emissions in spring and autumn. The spatial allocation of emissions has a strong association with Harbin’s road network, mainly concentrating in the central urban area compared to the surrounding counties. Through scenario analysis, positive control measures were essential and effective for PRD pollution. The inventory developed in this study reflected the level of fugitive dust on paved road in Harbin, and it could reduce particulate matter pollution with the development of mitigation strategies and could comply with air quality modelling requirements, especially in the frigid region of northeastern China.

scholarly journals Organic aerosol source apportionment by offline-AMS over a full year in Marseille

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Bozzetti ◽  
Imad El Haddad ◽  
Dalia Salameh ◽  
Kaspar Rudolf Daellenbach ◽  
Paola Fermo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Aerodynamic Diameter ◽  
Aerosol Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Aerosol Source

Abstract. We investigated the seasonal trends of OA sources affecting the air quality of Marseille (France) which is the largest harbor of the Mediterranean Sea. This was achieved by measurements of nebulized filter extracts using an aerosol mass spectrometer (offline-AMS). PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter

scholarly journals Estimating criteria pollutant emissions using the California Regional Multisector Air Quality Emissions (CA-REMARQUE) model v1.0

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1293-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina B. Zapata ◽  
Chris Yang ◽  
Sonia Yeh ◽  
Joan Ogden ◽  
Michael J. Kleeman
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Emissions Reductions ◽  
Criteria Pollutants ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Emissions Inventories ◽  
Criteria Pollutant Emissions

Abstract. The California Regional Multisector Air Quality Emissions (CA-REMARQUE) model is developed to predict changes to criteria pollutant emissions inventories in California in response to sophisticated emissions control programs implemented to achieve deep greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions. Two scenarios for the year 2050 act as the starting point for calculations: a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and an 80 % GHG reduction (GHG-Step) scenario. Each of these scenarios was developed with an energy economic model to optimize costs across the entire California economy and so they include changes in activity, fuels, and technology across economic sectors. Separate algorithms are developed to estimate emissions of criteria pollutants (or their precursors) that are consistent with the future GHG scenarios for the following economic sectors: (i) on-road, (ii) rail and off-road, (iii) marine and aviation, (iv) residential and commercial, (v) electricity generation, and (vi) biorefineries. Properly accounting for new technologies involving electrification, biofuels, and hydrogen plays a central role in these calculations. Critically, criteria pollutant emissions do not decrease uniformly across all sectors of the economy. Emissions of certain criteria pollutants (or their precursors) increase in some sectors as part of the overall optimization within each of the scenarios. This produces nonuniform changes to criteria pollutant emissions in close proximity to heavily populated regions when viewed at 4 km spatial resolution with implications for exposure to air pollution for those populations. As a further complication, changing fuels and technology also modify the composition of reactive organic gas emissions and the size and composition of particulate matter emissions. This is most notably apparent through a comparison of emissions reductions for different size fractions of primary particulate matter. Primary PM2.5 emissions decrease by 4 % in the GHG-Step scenario vs. the BAU scenario while corresponding primary PM0.1 emissions decrease by 36 %. Ultrafine particles (PM0.1) are an emerging pollutant of concern expected to impact public health in future scenarios. The complexity of this situation illustrates the need for realistic treatment of criteria pollutant emissions inventories linked to GHG emissions policies designed for fully developed countries and states with strict existing environmental regulations.

scholarly journals Estimating Criteria Pollutant Emissions Using the California Regional Multisector Air Quality Emissions (CA-REMARQUE) Model v1.0

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina B. Zapata ◽  
Chris Yang ◽  
Sonia Yeh ◽  
Joan Ogden ◽  
Michael J. Kleeman
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Emissions Reductions ◽  
Criteria Pollutants ◽  
Emerging Pollutant ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Emissions Inventories ◽  
Criteria Pollutant Emissions

Abstract. The California REgional Multisector AiR QUality Emissions (CA-REMARQUE) model is developed to predict changes to criteria pollutant emissions inventories in California in response to sophisticated programs implemented to achieve deep Green House Gas (GHG) emissions reductions. Two scenarios for the year 2050 act as the starting point for calculations: a Business as Usual (BAU) scenario and an aggressive GHG reduction (GHG-Step) scenario. Each of these scenarios was developed with an energy economic model to optimize costs across the entire California economy and so they necessarily include changes in activity, fuels, and technology. Separate algorithms are developed to estimate emissions of criteria pollutants (or their precursors) that are consistent with the future GHG scenarios for the following economic sectors: (i) on-road, (ii) rail and off-road, (iii) marine and aviation, (iv) residential and commercial, (v) electricity generation, and (vi) biorefineries. Properly accounting for new technologies involving electrification, bio-fuels, and hydrogen play a central role in these calculations. Critically, criteria pollutant emissions do not decrease uniformly across all sectors of the economy. Emissions of certain criteria pollutants (or their precursors) increase in some sectors as part of the overall optimization within each of the scenarios. This produces non-uniform changes to criteria pollutant emissions in close proximity to heavily populated regions when viewed at 4 km spatial resolution, with obvious implications for exposure to air pollution for those populations. As a further complication, changing fuels and technology also modify the composition of reactive organic gas emissions and the size and composition of particulate matter emissions. This manifests most notably through a comparison of emissions reductions for different size fractions of primary particulate matter. Primary PM2.5 emissions decrease by 4 % in the GHG-Step scenario vs. the BAU scenario while corresponding primary PM0.1 emissions decrease by a factor of 36 %. Ultrafine particles (PM0.1) are an emerging pollutant of concern expected to impact public health in future scenarios. The complexity of this situation illustrates the need for realistic treatment of criteria pollutant emissions inventories linked to GHG emissions policies designed for fully developed countries and states with strict existing environmental regulations.

Air Quality in Riga and Its Improvement Options

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (-1) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Janis Kleperis ◽  
Gunars Bajars ◽  
Ingrida Bremere ◽  
Martins Menniks ◽  
Arturs Viksna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Particle Pollution ◽  
The City

Air Quality in Riga and Its Improvement Options Air quality in the city of Riga is evaluated from direct monitoring results and from accounting registered air pollutants in the city. It is concluded that from all air polluting substances listed in the European Commission directives, only nitrogen dioxide NO2 and particulate matter PM10 exceed the limits. In assessing the projected measures to improve air quality in Riga, it can be concluded that the implementation of cleaner fuels and improvements in energy efficiency of household and industrial sectors will decrease particle pollution, but measures in the transport sector will also contribute to reducing air pollution from nitrogen oxides.

scholarly journals Inventory of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere from gas turbine installations of gas pumping units

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-70
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Zaporozhets ◽  
Sergii Karpenko ◽  
Sergii Puzik ◽  
Bogdan Sagaidak
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Adverse Weather

Development of a single method for inventory of pollutant emissions from installations based on the elaboration of existing methods for calculation of air pollution is an important scientific and practical task in the field of environmental safety. The main purpose of the study is to test and compare models of stationary emission sources and to assess air quality based on them. In the inventory of pollutant emissions, the following materials are used: direct measurements, which are based on direct instrumental measurements, and calculated measurements or combinations thereof. According to the direct measurements of NOx and CO emissions from the operation of gas turbines at the Valley compressor station with a nominal capacity of 1 to 50 MW, we found that: the actual emissions of NO and CO increase with the average load on the installation and the time of introduction into operation and date of issue and the actual values of the maximum allowable concentration of NOx (from 100.13 to 467 mg / m) and CO (from 16.08 to 444.88 mg / m) do not exceed the permissible levels of NO-500 mg / m and CO-250 mg / m according to the instructional documents. Comparison of these calculation methods showed the same results, which confirms the need for their systematization with the subsequent development of a single methodology. The distance of 106 m, where the maximum concentration of pollution in adverse weather conditions is expected, was obtained by the calculation method of determining the surface concentration of NOx and CO emissions from the installation. To assess the effectiveness of the methods for inventory of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere from gas turbines, we have developed a scheme of relationship between the object being assessed for efficiency and the object being serviced. Particularly noteworthy are the results and analysis of direct measurements of NOx and CO emissions, as well as the developed scheme for linking the inventory process for pollutant emissions into the atmosphere from installations. The actual concentration of pollutants can be estimated by measuring the background, although in this case it is impossible to exclude the influence of other neighboring and remote emission sources on the results of the air pollution assessment. Depending on the specific task, the results of computer simulation for given parameters of the external environment can also be used to assess the actual, retrospective or prospective conditions. Future conditions can be modeled only with the help of computer simulation. The method of air pollutant concentration calculation for emissions of enterprises does not consider all possible features of emission sources and, in terms of passive stationary sources and cold emissions, the algorithm needs to be clarified and the justifications in the paper indicate ways to make these improvements. Inventory is the first stage in the strategy of air quality regulation, as it provides information for the development, justification and decision-making in regulating the activities of gas turbines to reduce adverse effects on the environment and public health.

scholarly journals A Review of Air Quality and Concentrations of Air Pollutants in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-379
Author(s):  
I.B. Abaje ◽  
Y. Bello ◽  
S.A. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Waste Dumps

This study generally classifies air pollutants on the basis of: primary or secondary, natural or anthropogenic, chemical composition, physical state, and the space scales of their effects. Air pollutants that affect air quality in Nigeria were discussed based on natural and anthropogenic sources. The natural sources include: sand dust, sea spray, volcanic activities, smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires among others, while the anthropogenic sources include: vehicular emissions, mining activities, industries such as cement companies and quarry factories, agricultural practices and solid waste dumps among others. Some of the atmospheric pollutants that posed greatest threat to human health were equally examined. They include: Sulphur dioxide (SO2) which can react with water vapor (H2O) in the atmosphere to form sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and thus acid rain; particulate matter (PM) with less than 10 μm, particularly fine particles (PM2.5 ) and particles in the fine fraction that are smaller than 0.1 μm (ultrafine particles), can carry toxic chemicals which are linked to cancer; carbon monoxide (CO), even in very small concentrations, can prevent oxygen from being delivered through the body major organs; ozone which is a highly reactive gas causes oxidation of a number of macromolecules within a biological system and produces free radicals that can damage DNA molecules and cause carcinogenesis. Based on the aforementioned, this study recommends that priority should be given to the establishment of air monitoring stations in all urban centers of the country in order to provide accurate and continuous information on air quality. Keywords: anthropogenic pollutants, atmosphere, particulate matter, pollution

scholarly journals Efficiency of an Air Cleaner Device in Reducing Aerosol Particulate Matter (PM) in Indoor Environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Fermo ◽  
Valeria Comite ◽  
Luigi Falciola ◽  
Vittoria Guglielmi ◽  
Alessandro Miani
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Aerodynamic Diameter ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Household Environment ◽  
Commercial Device

Indoor air quality (IAQ) in household environments is mandatory since people spend most of their time in indoor environments. In order to guarantee a healthy environment, air purification devices are often employed. In the present work, a commercial household vacuum cleaner has been tested in order to verify its efficiency in reducing the mass concentration and particle number of aerosol particulate matter (PM). The efficiency has been tested measuring, while the instrument was working, PM10 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm), PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm), PM1 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 1 μm), and 7 size-fractions in the range between 0.3 and >10 μm. Measurements have been carried out by means of a portable optical particle counter instrument and simulating the working conditions typical of a household environment. It has been found that the tested commercial device significantly reduces both PM concentrations and particle number, especially in the finest fraction, i.e., particles in the range 0.3–0.5 μm, allowing an improvement of indoor air quality.

Satellite-based observations of ground-level fine particulate matter and comparison to a regional air quality model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Handschuh ◽  
Frank Baier ◽  
Thilo Erbertseder ◽  
Martijn Schaap
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Optical Parameters ◽  
Fine Particulate

<p>Particulate matter and other air pollutants have become an increasing burden on the environment and human health. Especially in metropolitan and high-traffic areas, air quality is often remarkably reduced. For a better understanding of the air quality in specific areas, which is of great environment-political interest, data with high resolution in space and time is required. The combination of satellite observations and chemistry-transport-modelling has proven to give a good database for assessments and analyses of air pollution. In contrast to sample in-situ measurements, satellite observations provide area-wide coverage ​​of measurements and thus the possibility for an almost gapless mapping of actual air pollutants. For a high temporal resolution, chemistry-transport-models are needed, which calculate concentrations of specific pollutants in continuous time steps. Satellite observations can thus be used to improve model performances.</p><p>There are no direct satellite-measurements of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) but ground-level concentrations of PM2.5 can be derived from optical parameters such as aerosol optical depth (AOD). A wide range of methods for the determination of PM2.5 concentrations from AOD measurements has been developed so far, but it is still a big challenge. In this study a semi-empirical approach based on the physical relationships between meteorological and optical parameters was applied to determine a first-guess of ground-level PM2.5 concentrations for the year 2018 and the larger Germany region. Therefor AOD observations of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) aboard the NASA Aqua satellite were used in a spatial resolution of 3km. First results showed an overestimation of ground-level aerosols and quiet low correlations with in-situ station measurements from the European Environmental Agency (EEA). To improve the results, correction factors were calculated using the coefficients of linear regression between satellite-based and in-situ measured particulate matter concentrations. Spatial and seasonal dependencies were taken into account with it. Correlations between satellite and in-situ measurements could be improved applying this method.</p><p>The MODIS 3km AOD product was found to be a good base for area-wide calculations of ground-level PM2.5 concentrations. First comparisons to the calculated PM2.5 concentrations from chemistry-transport-model POLYPHEMUS/DLR showed significant differences though. Satellite observations will now be used to improve the general model performance, first by helping to find and understand regional and temporal dependencies in the differences. As part of the German project S-VELD funded by the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure BMVI, it will help for example to adjust the derivation of particle emissions within the model.</p>

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