Estimation of Emissions from Sugarcane Field Burning in Thailand Using Bottom-Up Country-Specific Activity Data

Vehicular emissions are a predominant source of pollution in urban environments. However, inherent complexities of vehicular behavior are sources of uncertainties in emission inventories (EIs). We compare bottom-up and top-down approaches for estimating road transport EIs in Manizales, Colombia. The EIs were estimated using a COPERT model, and results from both approaches were also compared with the official top-down EI (estimated from IVE methodology). The transportation model PTV-VISUM was used for obtaining specific activity information (traffic volumes, vehicular speed) in bottom-up estimation. Results from COPERT showed lower emissions from the top-down approach than from the bottom-up approach, mainly for NMVOC (−28%), PM10 (−26%), and CO (−23%). Comparisons showed that COPERT estimated lower emissions than IVE, with higher differences than 40% for species such as PM10, NOX, and CH4. Furthermore, the WRF–Chem model was used to test the sensitivity of CO, O3, PM10, and PM2.5 predictions to the different EIs evaluated. All studied pollutants exhibited a strong sensitivity to the emission factors implemented in EIs. The COPERT/top-down was the EI that produced more significant errors. This work shows the importance of performing bottom-up EI to reduce the uncertainty regarding top-down activity data.

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PCDD and PCDF Emissions from Simulated Sugarcane Field Burning

Environmental Science & Technology ◽

10.1021/es060806k ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 40 (20) ◽

pp. 6228-6234 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Brian K. Gullett ◽

Abderrahmane Touati ◽

Janice Huwe ◽

HEldur Hakk

Keyword(s):

Sugarcane Field ◽

Field Burning

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Evaluation of anthropogenic CH<sub>4</sub> emissions over China using bottom-up inventories

10.5194/essd-2020-210 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaohui Lin ◽

Wen Zhang ◽

Monica Crippa ◽

Shushi Peng ◽

Pengfei Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Waste Treatment ◽

Comprehensive Evaluation ◽

Energy Sector ◽

Atmospheric Methane ◽

Activity Data ◽

Bottom Up ◽

Average Growth ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

Source Contributions ◽

Change Mitigation

Abstract. Atmospheric methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas that is strongly influenced by several human activities. China, as one of the major agricultural and energy production countries, e.g., rice cultivation, ruminant feeding and coal production, contributes considerably to the global anthropogenic CH4 emissions. Understanding the characteristics of China's CH4 emissions is necessary for interpreting source contributions and for further climate change mitigation. However, the scarcity of data from some sources or years and spatially explicit information pose great challenges to completing an analysis of CH4 emissions. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of China's anthropogenic CH4 emissions by synthesizing most of the currently available data (12 inventories). The results show that anthropogenic CH4 emissions differ widely among inventories, with values ranging from 41.9–57.5 Tg CH4 yr−1 in 2010. The discrepancy primarily resulted from the energy sector (27.3–60.0 % of total emissions), followed by the agricultural (26.9–50.8 %), and waste treatment (8.1–21.2 %) sectors. Temporally, emissions among inventories stabilized in the 1990s, but increased significantly thereafter, with annual average growth rates (AAGRs) of 1.8–3.9 % during 2000–2010, but slower AAGRs of 0.5–2.2 % during 2011–2015. Spatially, the growth of CH4 emissions could be attributed mostly to an increase in emissions from the energy sector (mainly from coal mining) in the northern and central inland regions, followed by waste treatment in the southern and eastern regions. The availability of detailed activity data for sectors or subsectors and the use of region-specific emission factors play important roles in understanding source contributions, and reducing the uncertainty of bottom-up inventories.

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Exploring Gaps between Bottom-Up and Top-Down Emission Estimates Based on Uncertainties in Multiple Emission Inventories: A Case Study on CH4 Emissions in China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11072054 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 2054 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Penwadee Cheewaphongphan ◽

Satoru Chatani ◽

Nobuko Saigusa

Keyword(s):

Coal Mining ◽

Rice Cultivation ◽

Emission Inventories ◽

Ch4 Emission ◽

Top Down ◽

Activity Data ◽

Bottom Up ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

Model Studies ◽

Livestock Sector

Bottom-up CH4 emission inventories, which have been developed from statistical analyses of activity data and country specific emission factors (EFs), have high uncertainty in terms of the estimations, according to results from top-down inverse model studies. This study aimed to determine the causes of overestimation in CH4 bottom-up emission inventories across China by applying parameter variability uncertainty analysis to three sets of CH4 emission inventories titled PENG, GAINS, and EDGAR. The top three major sources of CH4 emissions in China during the years 1990–2010, namely, coal mining, livestock, and rice cultivation, were selected for the investigation. The results of this study confirm the concerns raised by inverse modeling results in which we found significantly higher bottom-up emissions for the rice cultivation and coal mining sectors. The largest uncertainties were detected in the rice cultivation estimates and were caused by variations in the proportions of rice cultivation ecosystems and EFs; specifically, higher rates for both parameters were used in EDGAR. The coal mining sector was associated with the second highest level of uncertainty, and this was caused by variations in mining types and EFs, for which rather consistent parameters were used in EDGAR and GAINS, but values were slightly higher than those used in PENG. Insignificant differences were detected among the three sets of inventories for the livestock sector.

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Soil zinc and its uptake by plants. I. Isotopic exchange equilibria and the application of tracer techniques. II. Soil chemistry in relation to prediction of availability

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr9720151 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 151 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

KG Tiller ◽

JL Honeysett ◽

Vries MPC De

Keyword(s):

Isotopic Exchange ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Laboratory Method ◽

Alkaline Soils ◽

Acidic Soils ◽

Activity Data ◽

Podzolic Soils ◽

Tracer Techniques ◽

Soil Groups

Isotopic exchange studies were applied to the laboratory and glasshouse measurement of labile zinc in 25 soils from nine Great Soil Groups. The laboratory equilibration procedures worked well with acidic and most near neutral soils, but may overestimate labile zinc values for the lateritic podzolic soils. The values for some acidic soils were also compromised because of lack of isotopic equilibrium. The laboratory method gave erratic and unrealistic data when applied to alkaline soils due to fixation of the added zinc. The procedures based on the specific activity of zinc absorbed by plants from soils equilibrated with carrier-free 65Zn gave reproducible values of the total amount of plant available zinc for all soils. These values agree well with the corresponding laboratory data for acidic soils. Furthermore, the specific activity data showed that magnesium chloride and EDTA extractions had equilibrated with the same chemical form or forms of zinc as that absorbed by the plants.

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Factor VIII-Fc Fusion Protein Shows Extended Half-Life and Hemostatic Activity in Hemophilia A Dogs.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v114.22.545.545 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 114 (22) ◽

pp. 545-545 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jennifer A Dumont ◽

George D Kamphaus ◽

Cara Fraley ◽

Tamera Ashworth ◽

Helen Franck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusion Protein ◽

Factor Viii ◽

Half Life ◽

Hemophilia A ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Severe Form ◽

Activity Data ◽

Hemostatic Activity ◽

Elisa Data

Abstract Abstract 545 A recombinant B-domain-deleted factor VIII-Fc (rFVIIIFc) fusion protein was created as an approach to extend the half-life of FVIII. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rFVIIIFc were evaluated in the Chapel Hill colony of hemophilia A dogs. These dogs have a severe hemophilic phenotype comparable to the severe form of human disease with F.VIII < 1%. A single intravenous dose (125 IU/kg) was administered to four dogs and immediately corrected the clotting to normal as measured by whole blood clotting time (WBCT) and aPTT. The WBCT remained below 20 min, the time consistent with FVIII:C > 1%, through approximately 96 h. The range of WBCT in our normal dogs is 8 to 12 min. The concentration of rFVIIIFc in the plasma was measured by ELISA and the terminal half-life was 15.7 ± 1.7 hr. Similar results were obtained when rFVIIIFc was measured using a FVIII-specific chromogenic activity assay (half-life was 15.4 ± 0.3 hr). The concentration vs. time curves were similar using both methods. The activity data were converted to ng/mL using the specific activity of the test article that was used to dose the animals, and these data correlated well with the ELISA data, thus demonstrating that the protein that was measured by ELISA was fully active. Two of the dogs also received a single dose of recombinant B-domain deleted FVIII (rBDD-FVIII, ReFacto®), 114 IU/kg for one dog and 120 IU/kg rBDD-FVIII for the other, and then received rFVIIIFc (125 IU/kg) 72 hr later in a cross over design. Clotting was corrected to normal immediately after dosing with both rBDD-FVIII and rFVIIIFc (determined by WBCT and clotting activity measured using an aPTT assay). However, the WBCT normalization after rFVIIIFc lasted for approximately twice as long compared to rBDD-FVIII and the half-lives determined from the ELISA data for FVIIIFc (15.7 ± 1.7 hr) were twice those determined for rBDD-FVIII (7.0 hr and 6.7 hr). No adverse clinical signs were detected with any of the infusions. Therefore construction of an Fc fusion of FVIII produces a molecule with a defined mechanism of action that has an increased half life and the potential to provide prolonged protection from bleeding. Disclosures: Dumont: Biogen Idec (Syntonix Subsidiary): Employment. Kamphaus:Biogen Idec (Syntonix Subsidiary): Employment. Fraley:Biogen Idec/Syntonix Subsidiary: Employment. Ashworth:Biogen Idec (Syntonix Subsidiary): Employment. Bitonti:Biogen Idec/Syntonix Subsidiary: Employment.

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A comparative study of anthropogenic CH<sub>4</sub> emissions over China based on the ensembles of bottom-up inventories

Earth System Science Data ◽

10.5194/essd-13-1073-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1073-1088

Author(s):

Xiaohui Lin ◽

Wen Zhang ◽

Monica Crippa ◽

Shushi Peng ◽

Pengfei Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Waste Treatment ◽

Energy Sector ◽

Coal Production ◽

Atmospheric Methane ◽

Activity Data ◽

Bottom Up ◽

Average Growth ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

Source Contributions ◽

Comprehensive Comparison

Abstract. Atmospheric methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas that is strongly influenced by several human activities. China, as one of the major agricultural and energy production countries, contributes considerably to the global anthropogenic CH4 emissions by rice cultivation, ruminant feeding, and coal production. Understanding the characteristics of China's CH4 emissions is necessary for interpreting source contributions and for further climate change mitigation. However, the scarcity of data from some sources or years and spatially explicit information pose great challenges to completing an analysis of CH4 emissions. This study provides a comprehensive comparison of China's anthropogenic CH4 emissions by synthesizing the most current and publicly available datasets (13 inventories). The results show that anthropogenic CH4 emissions differ widely among inventories, with values ranging from 44.4–57.5 Tg CH4 yr−1 in 2010. The discrepancy primarily resulted from the energy sector (27.3 %–60.0 % of total emissions), followed by the agricultural (26.9 %–50.8 %) and waste treatment (8.1 %–21.2 %) sectors. Temporally, emissions among inventories stabilized in the 1990s but increased significantly thereafter, with annual average growth rates (AAGRs) of 2.6 %–4.0 % during 2000–2010 but slower AAGRs of 0.5 %–2.2 % during 2011–2015, and the emissions became relatively stable, with AAGRs of 0.3 %–0.8 %, during 2015–2019 because of the stable emissions from the energy sector (mainly coal production). Spatially, there are large differences in emissions hotspot identification among inventories, and incomplete information on emission patterns may mislead or bias mitigation efforts for CH4 emission reductions. The availability of detailed activity data for sectors or subsectors and the use of region-specific emission factors play important roles in understanding source contributions and reducing the uncertainty in bottom-up inventories. Data used in this article are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12720989 (Lin et al., 2021).

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METABOLISM OF C14 AMINO ACIDS AND AMIDES IN DETACHED LEAVES

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b56-034 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 423-433 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

C. D. Nelson ◽

G. Krotkov

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Double Bond ◽

Glutamic Acid ◽

Broad Bean ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽

Tricarboxylic Acid ◽

Activity Data ◽

Acid Cycle ◽

Bean Leaves

Detached broad bean leaves were placed with their petioles in 0.01 M ammonium nitrate and allowed to carry on photosynthesis in C14O2 for various periods from 12 to 125 min. The radioactivities of the various amino acids formed from C14O2 were determined. In addition, these amino acids were degraded by decarboxylation with ninhydrin. From the specific activity data it was concluded that the amino acid closest to the site of carbon dioxide fixation in photosynthesis was alanine, followed by aspartic and glutamic acids, with the amides farthest removed. From the intramolecular distribution of label it was concluded that asparagine and glutamine were formed from their corresponding amino acids. The labelling in aspartic and glutamic acids was not consistent with the view that these two amino acids are formed from their corresponding α-keto acids produced by operation of the conventional tricarboxylic acid cycle. A C2 plus C2 condensation is postulated for the formation of aspartic acid. A shift in the double bond in the aconitase reaction of the tricarboxylic acid cycle would account for the observed labelling in glutamic acid. When acetate-1-C14 was fed to detached broad bean leaves in the light or dark, the distribution of label in glutamic acid supported the suggestion that there is such a. shift in the double bond in the aconitase reaction. Sodium arsenite, infiltrated into tobacco leaves, inhibited the biosynthesis of asparagine but not that of glutamine.

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CO2 emission accounts of Russia’s constituent entities 2005–2019

Scientific Data ◽

10.1038/s41597-021-00966-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Huijuan Xiao ◽

Weichen Zhao ◽

Yuli Shan ◽

Dabo Guan

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Climate Change Mitigation ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Emission Inventories ◽

Economic Sectors ◽

Activity Data ◽

Fossil Energy ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Change Mitigation ◽

Country Specific

AbstractConstituent entities which make up Russia have wide-ranging powers and are considered as important policymakers and implementers of climate change mitigation. Formulation of CO2 emission inventories for Russia’s constituent entities is the priority step in achieving emission reduction. Russia is the world’s largest exporter of oil and gas combined and the fourth biggest CO2 emitter, so it’s efforts in mitigating CO2 emissions are globally significant in curbing climate change. However, the existing emission inventories only present national CO2 emissions; the subnational emission details are missing. In addition, the emission factors are not country-specific and energy activity data by fossil energy types and sectors are not sufficiently detailed. In this study, the CO2 emission inventories of Russia and its 82 constituent entities from 2005 to 2019 are constructed. The emission inventories include energy-related emissions with 89 socio-economic sectors and 17 energy types and process-related emissions. The uniformly formatted emission inventories can be a reference for in-depth analysis of emission characteristics and emission-related studies of Russia.

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Older Adults' Use of Retrieval Strategies in Everyday Life

Gerontology ◽

10.1159/000446277 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 62 (6) ◽

pp. 624-635 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David J. Frank ◽

Megan L. Jordano ◽

Kelly Browne ◽

Dayna R. Touron

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Everyday Life ◽

Cognitive Abilities ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Top Down ◽

Younger Adults ◽

Bottom Up ◽

Retrieval Strategies ◽

Algorithmic Strategy ◽

Memory Confidence

Background: Despite declines in cognitive abilities, older adults often perform comparable to younger adults in everyday tasks [J Am Geriatr Soc 1999;47:172-183]. Older adults may compensate for cognitive declines by using more efficient strategies. People often improve their efficiency by switching from an algorithmic strategy where information is computed or looked-up, to a strategy where the information is retrieved directly from memory [J Exp Psychol Gen 1988;117:258-275]. However, older adults are reluctant to shift from algorithmic strategies to retrieval strategies in the laboratory, and this reluctance to use retrieval is driven by both bottom-up (slower learning) and top-down influences (memory confidence, motivation to be quick/accurate) [Psychol Aging 2004;19:452-466; Mem Cognit 2004;32:298-310]. Objective: We investigated whether bottom-up and top-down factors influence younger and older adults' decisions to use retrieval-based or algorithmic strategies in everyday life. Methods: In two studies, participants completed a daily diary for 5 (study 1) or 7 (study 2) days. Participants were asked if and how they completed daily activities within several everyday task domains. They also indicated for how long and how often they completed the specific activity (bottom-up factors), as well as how confident they were in using their memory and how motivated they were to perform the specific activity quickly and accurately (top-down influences). Results: Both studies provided evidence for bottom-up and top-down influences. Additionally, study 2 found that top-down factors (memory confidence and motivation to be quick) were more important for older compared to younger adults. Conclusion: These results indicate that strategy choices influence older adults' cognitive efficiency in everyday as well as laboratory learning.

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