scholarly journals RhoA- and Actin-Dependent Functions of Macrophages from the Rodent Cardiac Transplantation Model Perspective -Timing Is the Essence

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Kloc ◽  
Ahmed Uosef ◽  
Martha Villagran ◽  
Robert Zdanowski ◽  
Jacek Z. Kubiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Chronic Rejection ◽  
Cardiac Transplantation ◽  
Small Gtpase ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Transplantation Model

The small GTPase RhoA, and its down-stream effector ROCK kinase, and the interacting Rac1 and mTORC2 pathways, are the principal regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and actin-related functions in all eukaryotic cells, including the immune cells. As such, they also regulate the phenotypes and functions of macrophages in the immune response and beyond. Here, we review the results of our and other’s studies on the role of the actin and RhoA pathway in shaping the macrophage functions in general and macrophage immune response during the development of chronic (long term) rejection of allografts in the rodent cardiac transplantation model. We focus on the importance of timing of the macrophage functions in chronic rejection and how the circadian rhythm may affect the anti-chronic rejection therapies.

Systemic lupus erythematosus—management

2013 ◽  
pp. 938-947
Author(s):  
Ida Dzifa Dey ◽  
David Isenberg
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
General Management ◽  
Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease ◽  
The Future

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease with varied presentation and a disease course characterized by remission and flares. Over the last 50 years the prognosis of SLE has improved considerably. The introductions of corticosteroids and later of cytotoxic drugs, dialysis, and renal transplantation were the major contributors to this improvement. Nevertheless, the treatment and general management of lupus continues to present a challenge. While lupus may, for some patients, represent a relatively mild set of problems, many others require large doses of immunosuppressive drugs, which carry long-term concerns about side effects. New immunotherapeutic drugs, with actions more closely targeted to the immune cells and molecules involved in the pathogenesis of SLE, are being introduced and the future looks promising. The role of early atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease as a cause of death in patients with SLE is increasingly recognized and will present further challenges in the future.

Role of microchimerism on long-term graft survival after donor-specific transfusion in a rat heart transplantation model

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 3862-3864 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Ito ◽  
K Hamano ◽  
H Gohra ◽  
T Katoh ◽  
Y Fujimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Transplantation ◽  
Graft Survival ◽  
Rat Heart ◽  
Transplantation Model

scholarly journals Macrophages in Organ Transplantation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farideh Ordikhani ◽  
Venu Pothula ◽  
Rodrigo Sanchez-Tarjuelo ◽  
Stefan Jordan ◽  
Jordi Ochando
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Monocytes And Macrophages

Current immunosuppressive therapy has led to excellent short-term survival rates in organ transplantation. However, long-term graft survival rates are suboptimal, and a vast number of allografts are gradually lost in the clinic. An increasing number of animal and clinical studies have demonstrated that monocytes and macrophages play a pivotal role in graft rejection, as these mononuclear phagocytic cells recognize alloantigens and trigger an inflammatory cascade that activate the adaptive immune response. Moreover, recent studies suggest that monocytes acquire a feature of memory recall response that is associated with a potent immune response. This form of memory is called “trained immunity,” and it is retained by mechanisms of epigenetic and metabolic changes in innate immune cells after exposure to particular ligands, which have a direct impact in allograft rejection. In this review article, we highlight the role of monocytes and macrophages in organ transplantation and summarize therapeutic approaches to promote tolerance through manipulation of monocytes and macrophages. These strategies may open new therapeutic opportunities to increase long-term transplant survival rates in the clinic.

scholarly journals Role of Leptin in the Activation of Immune Cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Fernández-Riejos ◽  
Souad Najib ◽  
Jose Santos-Alvarez ◽  
Consuelo Martín-Romero ◽  
Antonio Pérez-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Infection Susceptibility

Adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ that secretes various humoral factors (adipokines), and its shift to production of proinflammatory cytokines in obesity likely contributes to the low-level systemic inflammation that may be present in metabolic syndrome-associated chronic pathologies such as atherosclerosis. Leptin is one of the most important hormones secreted by adipocytes, with a variety of physiological roles related to the control of metabolism and energy homeostasis. One of these functions is the connection between nutritional status and immune competence. The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin has been shown to regulate the immune response, innate and adaptive response, both in normal and pathological conditions. The role of leptin in regulating immune response has been assessed in vitro as well as in clinical studies. It has been shown that conditions of reduced leptin production are associated with increased infection susceptibility. Conversely, immune-mediated disorders such as autoimmune diseases are associated with increased secretion of leptin and production of proinflammatory pathogenic cytokines. Thus, leptin is a mediator of the inflammatory response.

The Role of Graft and Host Accommodation in a Hamster-to-Rat Cardiac Transplantation Model

2008 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Komori ◽  
Yasushi Fuchimoto ◽  
Yasuhide Morikawa ◽  
Hideaki Obara ◽  
Shigeyuki Kawachi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Transplantation ◽  
Rat Cardiac Transplantation ◽  
Transplantation Model

scholarly journals Blockade of IL-6/IL-6R Signaling Attenuates Acute Antibody-Mediated Rejection in a Mouse Cardiac Transplantation Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maolin Ma ◽  
Qipeng Sun ◽  
Xiujie Li ◽  
Gengguo Deng ◽  
Yannan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cardiac Transplantation ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Cardiac Allograft ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Antibody Mediated Rejection ◽  
Specific Antibody Production ◽  
Transplantation Model

Acute antibody-mediated rejection (AAMR) is an important cause of cardiac allograft dysfunction, and more effective strategies need to be explored to improve allograft prognosis. Interleukin (IL)-6/IL-6R signaling plays a key role in the activation of immune cells including B cells, T cells and macrophages, which participate in the progression of AAMR. In this study, we investigated the effect of IL-6/IL-6R signaling blockade on the prevention of AAMR in a mouse model. We established a mouse model of AAMR for cardiac transplantation via presensitization of skin grafts and addition of cyclosporin A, and sequentially analyzed its features. Tocilizumab, anti-IL-6R antibody, and recipient IL-6 knockout were used to block IL-6/IL-6R signaling. We demonstrated that blockade of IL-6/IL-6R signaling significantly attenuated allograft injury and improved survival. Further mechanistic research revealed that signaling blockade decreased B cells in circulation, spleens, and allografts, thus inhibiting donor-specific antibody production and complement activation. Moreover, macrophage, T cell, and pro-inflammatory cytokine infiltration in allografts was also reduced. Collectively, we provided a highly practical mouse model of AAMR and demonstrated that blockade of IL-6/IL-6R signaling markedly alleviated AAMR, which is expected to provide a superior option for the treatment of AAMR in clinic.

scholarly journals Moms, babies, and bugs in immune development

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 2141
Author(s):  
Katie Alexander ◽  
Charles O. Elson
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Immune Development ◽  
The One

Bacteria and mammals have co-evolved with one another over millennia, and it has become impossible to interpret mucosal immunity without taking the microbiota into consideration. In fact, the primary role of the mucosal immune system is regulating homeostasis and the host relationship with the microbiota. Bacteria are no longer seen as simply invading pathogens, but rather a necessary component to one’s own immune response. On the one hand, the microbiota is a vital educator of immune cells and initiator of beneficial responses; but, on the other, dysbiosis of microbiota constituents are associated with inflammation and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we will consider recent advances in the understanding of how the microbiota influences host mucosal immunity, particularly the initial development of the immune response and its implications.

scholarly journals The Role of Regulatory Myeloid Cell Therapy in Renal Allograft Rejection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingming Zhuang ◽  
Jiangang Hou
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Kidney Transplantation ◽  
Allograft Rejection ◽  
Chronic Rejection ◽  
Myeloid Cell ◽  
Immunosuppressive Agent ◽  
Primary Therapy ◽  
Immune Rejection ◽  
Term Survival

Kidney transplantation is a primary therapy for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) all the time. But it does not mean that we have fully unraveling the mystery of kidney transplantation and confer every patient favorable prognosis. Immune rejection has always been a stumbling block when we try to increase the success rate of kidney transplantation and improve long-term outcomes. Even if the immune rejection is effectively controlled in acute phase, there is a high possibility that the immune response mediated by chronically activated antibodies will trigger chronic rejection and ultimately lead to graft failure. At present, immunosuppressive agent prepared chemically is mainly used to prevent acute or chronic rejection, but it failed to increase the long-term survival rate of allografts or reduce the incidence of chronic rejection after acute rejection, and is accompanied by many adverse reactions. Therefore, many studies have begun to use immune cells to regulate the immune response in order to control allograft rejection. This article will focus on the latest study and prospects of more popular regulatory myeloid cells in the direction of renal transplantation immunotherapy and introduce their respective progress from experimental research to clinical research.

Unravelling some mysteries of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) infections: new insights from modelling studies

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 30-30
Author(s):  
A Doeschl-Wilson ◽  
I Kyriazakis ◽  
L Galina-Pantoja
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
Porcine Respiratory ◽  
Insight Into

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an endemic pig disease in most European countries, causing respiratory distress, fever and growth reductions in growing pigs and increased litter mortality in sows. The disease is characterised by exceptionally long-term viral persistence within the host, a weak innate host immune response and delayed adaptive host immune response, and large between animal variation in the immune response (Murtaugh et al., 2004). Although numerous in-vitro and in-vivo studies produced valid insight into the fine details of the virus dynamics and its interaction with the host’s immune response, several fundamental questions concerning the role of diverse immune components and host genetics remain unanswered. In this study mathematical models were developed to investigate the role of diverse processes caused by the virus or the immune response on the infection characteristics.

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