scholarly journals Subdividing Stress Groups into Eustress and Distress Groups Using Laterality Index Calculated from Brain Hemodynamic Response

Biosensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
SuJin Bak ◽  
Jaeyoung Shin ◽  
Jichai Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Stress Group ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Laterality Index ◽  
Target Effect ◽  
The Right

A stress group should be subdivided into eustress (low-stress) and distress (high-stress) groups to better evaluate personal cognitive abilities and mental/physical health. However, it is challenging because of the inconsistent pattern in brain activation. We aimed to ascertain the necessity of subdividing the stress groups. The stress group was screened by salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) and then, the brain’s hemodynamic reactions were measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) based on the near-infrared biosensor. We compared the two stress subgroups categorized by sAA using a newly designed emotional stimulus-response paradigm with an international affective picture system (IAPS) to enhance hemodynamic signals induced by the target effect. We calculated the laterality index for stress (LIS) from the measured signals to identify the dominantly activated cortex in both the subgroups. Both the stress groups exhibited brain activity in the right frontal cortex. Specifically, the eustress group exhibited the largest brain activity, whereas the distress group exhibited recessive brain activity, regardless of positive or negative stimuli. LIS values were larger in the order of the eustress, control, and distress groups; this indicates that the stress group can be divided into eustress and distress groups. We built a foundation for subdividing stress groups into eustress and distress groups using fNIRS.

scholarly journals Optical Mapping of Brain Activity Underlying Directionality and Its Modulation by Expertise in Mandarin/English Interpreting

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan He ◽  
Yinying Hu ◽  
Yaxi Yang ◽  
Defeng Li ◽  
Yi Hu
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Broca’S Area ◽  
Broca's Area ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
The Right

Recent neuroimaging research has suggested that unequal cognitive efforts exist between interpreting from language 1 (L1) to language 2 (L2) compared with interpreting from L2 to L1. However, the neural substrates that underlie this directionality effect are not yet well understood. Whether directionality is modulated by interpreting expertise also remains unknown. In this study, we recruited two groups of Mandarin (L1)/English (L2) bilingual speakers with varying levels of interpreting expertise and asked them to perform interpreting and reading tasks. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to collect cortical brain data for participants during each task, using 68 channels that covered the prefrontal cortex and the bilateral perisylvian regions. The interpreting-related neuroimaging data was normalized by using both L1 and L2 reading tasks, to control the function of reading and vocalization respectively. Our findings revealed the directionality effect in both groups, with forward interpreting (from L1 to L2) produced more pronounced brain activity, when normalized for reading. We also found that directionality was modulated by interpreting expertise in both normalizations. For the group with relatively high expertise, the activated brain regions included the right Broca’s area and the left premotor and supplementary motor cortex; whereas for the group with relatively low expertise, the activated brain areas covered the superior temporal gyrus, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the Broca’s area, and visual area 3 in the right hemisphere. These findings indicated that interpreting expertise modulated brain activation, possibly because of more developed cognitive skills associated with executive functions in experienced interpreters.

scholarly journals Affiliative bonding between teachers and students through interpersonal synchronisation in brain activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lifen Zheng ◽  
Wenda Liu ◽  
Yuhang Long ◽  
Yu Zhai ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Teacher Student ◽  
Before And After ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The Right

Abstract Human beings organise socially. Theories have posited that interpersonal neural synchronisation might underlie the creation of affiliative bonds. Previous studies tested this hypothesis mainly during a social interaction, making it difficult to determine whether the identified synchronisation is associated with affiliative bonding or with social interaction. This study addressed this issue by focusing on the teacher–student relationship in the resting state both before and after a teaching period. Brain activity was simultaneously measured in both individuals using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. The results showed a significant increase in brain synchronisation at the right sensorimotor cortex between the teacher and student in the resting state after, but not before, the teaching period. Moreover, the synchronisation increased only after a turn-taking mode of teaching but not after a lecturing or video mode of teaching. A chain mediation analysis showed that brain synchronisation during teaching partially mediated the relationship between the brain synchronisation increase in the resting state and strength of the affiliative bond. Finally, both role assignment and social interaction were found to be required for affiliative bonding. Together, these results support the hypothesis that interpersonal synchronisation in brain activity underlies affiliative bonding and that social interaction mechanically mediates the bonding process.

scholarly journals Interpersonal brain synchronization under bluffing in strategic games

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 1326-1335
Author(s):  
Zhihao Wang ◽  
Yiwen Wang ◽  
Xiaolin Zhou ◽  
Rongjun Yu
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Strategic Games ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
High Penalty ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Abstract People commonly use bluffing as a strategy to manipulate other people’s beliefs about them for gain. Although bluffing is an important part of successful strategic thinking, the inter-brain mechanisms underlying bluffing remain unclear. Here, we employed a functional near-infrared spectroscopy hyperscanning technique to simultaneously record the brain activity in the right temporal-parietal junction in 32 pairs of participants when they played a bluffing game against each other or with computer opponents separately. We also manipulated the penalty for bluffing (high vs low). Under the condition of high relative to low penalty, results showed a higher bluffing rate and a higher calling rate in human-to-human as compared to human-to-computer pairing. At the neural level, high relative to low penalty condition increased the interpersonal brain synchronization (IBS) in the right angular gyrus (rAG) during human-to-human as compared to human-to-computer interaction. Importantly, bluffing relative to non-bluffing, under the high penalty and human-to-human condition, resulted in an increase in response time and enhanced IBS in the rAG. Participants who bluffed more frequently also elicited stronger IBS. Our findings support the view that regions associated with mentalizing become synchronized during bluffing games, especially under the high penalty and human-to-human condition.

scholarly journals Prefrontal Hemodynamic Changes Associated with Subjective Sense of Occlusal Discomfort

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumie Ono ◽  
Goh Kobayashi ◽  
Rika Hayama ◽  
Ryuhei Ikuta ◽  
Minoru Onozouka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Hemodynamic Responses ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Cerebral Activation ◽  
Somatosensory Input ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
The Right ◽  
Prefrontal Cortices

We used functional near-infrared spectroscopy to measure prefrontal brain activity accompanying the physical sensation of oral discomfort that arose when healthy young-adult volunteers performed a grinding motion with mild occlusal elevation (96 μm). We simultaneously evaluated various forms of occlusal discomfort using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and hemodynamic responses to identify the specific prefrontal activity that occurs with increased occlusal discomfort. The Oxy-Hb responses of selected channels in the bilateral frontopolar and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices increased in participants who reported increased severity of occlusal discomfort, while they decreased in those who reported no change or decreased occlusal discomfort during grinding. Moreover, the cumulative values of Oxy-Hb response in some of these channels were statistically significant predictive factors for the VAS scores. A generalized linear model analysis of Oxy-Hb signals in a group of participants who reported increased discomfort further indicated significant cerebral activation in the right frontopolar and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices that overlapped with the results of correlation analyses. Our results suggest that the increased hemodynamic responses in the prefrontal area reflect the top-down control of attention and/or self-regulation against the uncomfortable somatosensory input, which could be a possible marker to detect the subjective sense of occlusal discomfort.

scholarly journals Novel Technique for Noninvasive Detection of Localized Dynamic Brain Signals by Using Transcranial Static Magnetic Fields

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Hiwaki
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Noninvasive Detection ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Static Magnetic Fields ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
Brain Signals ◽  
The Right

Conventional techniques for noninvasive measurement of brain function such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) have critical limitations of spatial or temporal resolution. Here, we developed a novel technique which enables the precise measurement of dynamic brain signals and localized identification of active brain regions. In this technique, termed as magnetically biased field (MBF), human brain signal is measured as the fluctuation of a transcranial static magnetic field emitted by a coil placed on the scalp. The validity of MBF was confirmed by the measurement of somatosensory evoked signals. Fast somatosensory evoked signals were successfully observed. Localized maximum positive and negative deflections appeared at the region which represents the right primary somatosensory area contralateral to the stimulated hand. The ability of MBF to detect dynamic brain activity precisely can have numerous applications such as diagnosing brain diseases and brain-machine interfaces.

scholarly journals Novel Technique for Noninvasive Detection of Localized Dynamic Brain Signals by Using Transcranial Static Magnetic Fields

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Hiwaki
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Noninvasive Detection ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Static Magnetic Fields ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
Brain Signals ◽  
The Right

Conventional techniques for noninvasive measurement of brain function such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) have critical limitations of spatial or temporal resolution. Here, we developed a novel technique which enables the precise measurement of dynamic brain signals and localized identification of active brain regions. In this technique, termed as magnetically biased field (MBF), human brain signal is measured as the fluctuation of a transcranial static magnetic field emitted by a coil placed on the scalp. The validity of MBF was confirmed by the measurement of somatosensory evoked signals. Fast somatosensory evoked signals were successfully observed. Localized maximum positive and negative deflections appeared at the region which represents the right primary somatosensory area contralateral to the stimulated hand. The ability of MBF to detect dynamic brain activity precisely can have numerous applications such as diagnosing brain diseases and brain-machine interfaces.

scholarly journals Interbrain Synchrony of Team Collaborative Decision-Making: An fNIRS Hyperscanning Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingming Zhang ◽  
Huibin Jia ◽  
Guanghai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Collaborative Decision Making ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
The Right ◽  
Collaborative Decision

In many situations, decision-making behaviors are mostly composed of team patterns (i.e., more than two persons). However, brain-based models that inform how team interactions contribute and impact team collaborative decision-making (TCDM) behavior, is lacking. To examine the neural substrates activated during TCDM in realistic, interpersonal interaction contexts, dyads were asked to model TCDM toward their opponent, in a multi-person prisoner’s dilemma game, while neural activity was measured using functional near infrared spectroscopy. These experiments resulted in two main findings. First, there are different neural substrates between TCDM and ISDM, which were modulated by social environmental cues. i.e., the low incentive reward yielded higher activation within the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), in individual separately decision-making (ISDM) stage while the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the middle frontopolar area was activated in TCDM stage. The high incentive reward evoked a higher interbrain synchrony (IBS) value in the right IFG in TCDM stage. Second, males showed higher activation in the DLPFC and the middle frontopolar area during ISDM, while females evoked higher IBS in the right IFG during TCDM. These sex effects suggest that in individual social dilemma situations, males and females may separately depend on non-social and social cognitive ability to make decisions, while in the social interaction situations of TCDM, females may depend on both social and non-social cognitive abilities. This study provide a compelling basis and interesting perspective for future neuroscience work of TCDM behaviors.

scholarly journals Novel Technique for Noninvasive Detection of Localized Dynamic Brain Signals by Using Transcranial Static Magnetic Fields

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Hiwaki
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Noninvasive Detection ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Static Magnetic Fields ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
Brain Signals ◽  
The Right

Conventional techniques for noninvasive measurement of brain function such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) have critical limitations of spatial or temporal resolution. Here, we developed a novel technique which enables the precise measurement of dynamic brain signals and localized identification of active brain regions. In this technique, termed as magnetically biased field (MBF), human brain signal is measured as the fluctuation of a transcranial static magnetic field emitted by a coil placed on the scalp. The validity of MBF was confirmed by the measurement of somatosensory evoked signals. Fast somatosensory evoked signals were successfully observed. Localized maximum positive and negative deflections appeared at the region which represents the right primary somatosensory area contralateral to the stimulated hand. The ability of MBF to detect dynamic brain activity precisely can have numerous applications such as diagnosing brain diseases and brain-machine interfaces.

Effects of Workstation Type on Mental Stress: fNIRS Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872082091317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emad Alyan ◽  
Naufal M. Saad ◽  
Nidal Kamel
Keyword(s):  
Mental Stress ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Human Capabilities ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Workstation Design ◽  
The Right

Objective The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the workstation type on the severity of mental stress by means of measuring prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Background Workstation type is known to influence worker’s health and performance. Despite the practical implications of ergonomic workstations, limited information is available regarding their impact on brain activity and executive functions. Method Ten healthy participants performed a Montreal imaging stress task (MIST) in ergonomic and nonergonomic workstations to investigate their effects on the severity of the induced mental stress. Results Cortical hemodynamic changes in the PFC were observed during the MIST in both the ergonomic and nonergonomic workstations. However, the ergonomic workstation exhibited improved MIST performance, which was positively correlated with the cortical activation on the right ventrolateral and the left dorsolateral PFC, as well as a marked decrease in salivary alpha‐amylase activity compared with that of the nonergonomic workstation. Further analysis using the NASA Task Load Index revealed a higher weighted workload score in the nonergonomic workstation than that in the ergonomic workstation. Conclusion The findings suggest that ergonomic workstations could significantly improve cognitive functioning and human capabilities at work compared to a nonergonomic workstation. Application Such a study could provide critical information on workstation design and development of mental stress that can be overlooked during traditional workstation design and mental stress assessments.

scholarly journals Mind the food: behavioural characteristics and imaging signatures of the specific handling of food objects

2021 ◽  
Vol 226 (4) ◽  
pp. 1169-1183
Author(s):  
Sebastian M. Max ◽  
Philipp A. Schroeder ◽  
Jens Blechert ◽  
Katrin E. Giel ◽  
Ann-Christine Ehlis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Control Activity ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Regional Brain Activity ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Calorie

AbstractIn our world with nearly omnipresent availability of attractive and palatable high-calorie food, the struggle against overweight and obesity is a major individual and public health challenge. Preference for unhealthy food and eating-related habits have a strong influence on health, suggesting that high-calorie food triggers fast and near-automatic reaching and grasping movements. Therefore, it is important to better understand the specific neural mechanisms that control the handling of food involving a coordinated interplay between sensoric, motoric, and cognitive subsystems. To this end, 30 healthy participants (Ø BMI: 22.86 kg/m2; BMI range: 19–30 kg/m2; 23 females) were instructed to collect one of two concurrently presented objects (food vs. office tools) by manual movement in virtual reality (VR) and on a touchscreen. Parallel to the task in VR, regional brain activity was measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). In the VR and on the touchscreen, stimulus recognition and selection were faster for food than for office tools. Yet, food was collected more slowly than office tools when measured in VR. On the background of increased brain activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during food trials, this suggests more behavioural control activity during handling foods. In sum, this study emphasizes the role of the right dlPFC in faster recognition and selection of food as part of a food-valuation network, more controlled handling of food in the VR which highlights the relevance of medium for modelling food-specific embodied cognitions.

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