scholarly journals Gaze Palsy as a Manifestation of Todd’s Phenomenon: Case Report and Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Karmele Olaciregui Dague ◽  
Manuel Dafotakis ◽  
Jörg B. Schulz ◽  
Rainer Surges
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Clonic Seizure ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Narrative Literature Review ◽  
Stroke Mimic ◽  
Therapeutic Decision Making ◽  
The Right ◽  
Gaze Palsy

Background: Though Todd’s phenomenon (TP) is a relatively rare occurrence, its correct identification is of key diagnostic and therapeutic importance as a stroke mimic. Here we describe a case of isolated gaze palsy as a manifestation of TP, discuss periictal gaze abnormalities as lateralizing sign involving the frontal eye field (FEF), and present a narrative literature review. Methods: We reviewed the main features of the case and conducted a structured literature search of TP and gaze palsy using PubMed. We restricted the search to publications in English, Spanish, French, and German. Case presentation: A 71-year-old male with a history of right frontotemporal subarachnoid hemorrhage was admitted to the Emergency Department of our institution after suffering a first unprovoked focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure with ictal gaze deviation to the left. Cranial imaging showed no signs of ischemia, intracerebral hemorrhage, or tumor. The patient presented the following postictal features: involuntary eye deviation to the right due to left-sided gaze palsy and disorientation in time with preserved responsiveness. Eye movements were normal three days later. We concluded that the patient suffered from new-onset epilepsy due to sequelae following the right frontotemporal subarachnoid hemorrhage, affecting the FEF with contralateral ictal gaze deviation, and postictal gaze palsy with ipsilateral eye deviation as an unusual Todd’s phenomenon. Conclusion: Unusual manifestations of TP are uncommon but clinically highly relevant, as they can mimic stroke or epileptic status and are decisive in the diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making process. Though postictal gaze palsy has been reported associated with other deficits, this constitutes, to our knowledge, the first report of isolated gaze palsy as a form of TP. Further research into the underlying causes is needed. Ictal contralateral gaze and head deviation, and probably postictal ipsilateral gaze deviation if present, are very helpful for the lateralization of the seizure-onset zone.

scholarly journals Occipital activations and deactivations induced by stimulation of the right human frontal eye field

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 365-365
Author(s):  
C. C. Ruff ◽  
F. Blankenburg ◽  
O. Bjoertomt ◽  
S. Bestmann ◽  
J.-D. Haynes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals Right frontal eye field has perceptual and oculomotor functions during optokinetic stimulation and nystagmus

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Mastropasqua ◽  
James Dowsett ◽  
Marianne Dieterich ◽  
Paul C. J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Optokinetic Stimulation ◽  
Motion Discrimination ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
The Right

The right frontal eye field (rFEF) is associated with visual perception and eye movements. rFEF is activated during optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), a reflex that moves the eye in response to visual motion (optokinetic stimulation, OKS). It remains unclear whether rFEF plays causal perceptual and/or oculomotor roles during OKS and OKN. To test this, participants viewed a leftward-moving visual scene of vertical bars and judged whether a flashed dot was moving. Single pulses of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were applied to rFEF on half of trials. In half of blocks, to explore oculomotor control, participants performed an OKN in response to the OKS. rFEF TMS, during OKN, made participants more accurate on trials when the dot was still, and it slowed eye movements. In separate blocks, participants fixated during OKS. This not only controlled for eye movements but also allowed the use of EEG to explore the FEF’s role in visual motion discrimination. In these blocks, by contrast, leftward dot motion discrimination was impaired, associated with a disruption of the frontal-posterior balance in alpha-band oscillations. None of these effects occurred in a control site (M1) experiment. These results demonstrate multiple related yet dissociable causal roles of the right FEF during optokinetic stimulation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates causal roles of the right frontal eye field (FEF) in motion discrimination and eye movement control during visual scene motion: previous work had only examined other stimuli and eye movements such as saccades. Using combined transcranial magnetic stimulation and EEG and a novel optokinetic stimulation motion-discrimination task, we find evidence for multiple related yet dissociable causal roles within the FEF: perceptual processing during optokinetic stimulation, generation of the optokinetic nystagmus, and the maintenance of alpha oscillations.

scholarly journals Timing of Target Discrimination in Human Frontal Eye Fields

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1060-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinta O'Shea ◽  
Neil G. Muggleton ◽  
Alan Cowey ◽  
Vincent Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Correct Rejection ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Target Discrimination ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
The Right

Frontal eye field (FEF) neurons discharge in response to behaviorally relevant stimuli that are potential targets for saccades. Distinct visual and motor processes have been dissociated in the FEF of macaque monkeys, but little is known about the visual processing capacity of FEF in humans. We used double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation [(d)TMS] to investigate the timing of target discrimination during visual conjunction search. We applied dual TMS pulses separated by 40 msec over the right FEF and vertex. These were applied in five timing conditions to sample separate time windows within the first 200 msec of visual processing. (d)TMS impaired search performance, reflected in reduced d′ scores. This effect was limited to a time window between 40 and 80 msec after search array onset. These parameters correspond with single-cell activity in FEF that predicts monkeys' behavioral reports on hit, miss, false alarm, and correct rejection trials. Our findings demonstrate a crucial early role for human FEF in visual target discrimination that is independent of saccade programming.

The role of the right frontal eye field in overt visual attention deployment as assessed by free visual exploration

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Cazzoli ◽  
Simon Jung ◽  
Thomas Nyffeler ◽  
Tobias Nef ◽  
Pascal Wurtz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Visual Exploration ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Attention Deployment ◽  
The Right

Some cognitive effects of frontal-lobe lesions in man

1982 ◽  
Vol 298 (1089) ◽  
pp. 211-226 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Focal Epilepsy ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Left Frontal Lobe ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

The study of patients undergoing unilateral frontal-lobe excisions for the relief of focal epilepsy has revealed specific cognitive disorders that appear against a background of normal functioning on many intellectual, perceptual and memory tasks. Lesions that invade the frontal eye field cause subtle impairments of voluntary oculomotor control, which reveal themselves as an inability to suppress an initial glance at a potentially distracting stimulus. After frontal lobectomy in either hemisphere, deficits are found quite consistently on motor-differentiation tasks (Konorski 1972) in which the subject must learn to produce different responses to different, randomly presented, environmental signals. More directly related to the concept of planning are those sequential tasks in which the subject is free to choose his own order of responding, but must not make the same response twice. Here the left frontal lobe plays the major role, a finding consistent with the notion of left-hemisphere dominance for the programming of voluntary actions. In contrast, the right frontal lobe appears to be more critically involved in monitoring the temporal sequence of externally ordered events, although the verbal or non-verbal nature of the stimuli remains a relevant factor.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Human Frontal Eye Field: Effects on Visual Perception and Attention

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1109-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Hélène Grosbras ◽  
Tomáš Paus
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Visual Detection ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Target Onset ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
The Right

When looking at one object, human subjects can shift their attention to another object in their visual field without moving the eyes. Such shifts of attention activate the same brain regions as those involved in the execution of eye movements. Here we investigate the role of one of the main cortical oculomotor area, namely, the frontal eye field (FEF), in shifts of attention. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a technique known to disrupt transiently eye-movements preparation. We hypothesized that if the FEF is a necessary element in the network involved in shifting attention without moving the eyes, then TMS should also disrupt visuospatial attention. For each volunteer, we positioned the TMS coil over the probabilistic anatomical location of the FEF, and we verified that single pulses delayed eye movements. We then applied TMS during a visuospatial attention task. In this task, a central arrow directed shifts of attention and the subject responded by a keypress to a subsequent visual peripheral target without moving the eyes from the central fixation point. In a few trials, the cue was invalid or uninformative, yielding slower responses than when the cue was valid. We delivered single pulses either 53 msec before or 70 msec after target onset. Contrary to our prediction, the main effect of the stimulation was a decrease in reaction time when it was applied 53 msec before target onset. TMS over the left hemisphere facilitated responses to targets in the right hemifield only and for all cueing conditions, whereas TMS over the right hemisphere had a bilateral effect for valid and neutral but not invalid cueing. Thus, TMS interfered with shift of attention only in the case of right hemisphere stimulation: it increased the cost of invalid cueing. Our results suggest that TMS over the FEF facilitates visual detection, and thereby reduces reaction time. This finding provides new insights into the role of the human FEF in processing visual information. The functional asymmetry observed for both facilitation of visual detection and interference with shifts of attention provides further evidence for the dominance of the right hemisphere for those processes. Our results also underline that the disruptive or facilitative effect of TMS over a given region depends upon the behavioral context.

scholarly journals A causal role for the right frontal eye fields in value comparison

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Krajbich ◽  
Andres Mitsumasu ◽  
Rafael Polania ◽  
Christian C Ruff ◽  
Ernst Fehr
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
The Right

Recent studies have suggested close functional links between overt visual attention and decision making. This suggests that the corresponding mechanisms may interface in brain regions known to be crucial for guiding visual attention – such as the frontal eye field (FEF). Here, we combined brain stimulation, eye tracking, and computational approaches to explore this possibility. We show that inhibitory transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the right FEF has a causal impact on decision making, reducing the effect of gaze dwell time on choice while also increasing reaction times. We computationally characterize this putative mechanism by using the attentional drift diffusion model (aDDM), which reveals that FEF inhibition reduces the relative discounting of the non-fixated option in the comparison process. Our findings establish an important causal role of the right FEF in choice, elucidate the underlying mechanism, and provide support for one of the key causal hypotheses associated with the aDDM.

scholarly journals Surface-based Map Plasticity of the Sensorimotor Cortex in Hip Disorder at Local and Extensive Levels: A Resting-state fMRI Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Ma ◽  
Xu-Yun Hua ◽  
Mou-Xiong Zheng ◽  
Jia-Jia Wu ◽  
Bei-Bei Huo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Somatotopic Map ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background: Pain is one of the manifestations of hip disorder and has been proven to lead to the remodeling of somatotopic map plasticity in the cortex. However, it’s not clear whether hip disorder with pain induces somatotopic map plasticity in the cortex. We aimed to evaluate the surface-based map plasticity of the somatotopic cortex in hip disorder at local and extensive levels by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI).Methods: 20 patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) (12 males and 8 females, age= 56.80±13.60 years) with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores ≥ 4 and 20 healthy controls (9 males and 11 females, age= 54.56±10.23 years) were enrolled in this study. rs-fMRI data and T1 imaging data were collected, and surface-based regional homogeneity (ReHo), seed-based functional connectivity (FC), cortical thickness and the volume of subcortical gray nuclei were calculated.Results: Compared with the healthy controls, the ONFH patients showed significantly increased surface-based ReHo in areas distributed mainly in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and frontal eye field, the right frontal eye field and the premotor cortex and decreased surface-based ReHo in the right primary motor cortex and primary sensory cortex. When the area with decreased surface-based ReHo in the frontal eye field and right premotor cortex was used as the regions of interest (ROI), compared with the controls, the ONFH patients displayed increased FC in the right middle frontal cortex and right inferior parietal cortex and decreased FC in the right precentral cortex and right middle occipital cortex. ONFH patients also showed significantly decreased cortical thickness in the para-insular area, supplementary motor cortex area and frontal eye field and decreased volume of subcortical gray matter nuclei in the right nucleus accumbens (479.32±88.26 vs 539.44±68.36, P=0.026). Conclusions: Hip disorder patients showed cortical plasticity changes, mainly in sensorimotor and pain-related regions.

scholarly journals Entrainment of local synchrony reveals a causal role for high-beta right frontal oscillations in human visual consciousness

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Vernet ◽  
Chloé Stengel ◽  
Romain Quentin ◽  
Julià L. Amengual ◽  
Antoni Valero-Cabré
Keyword(s):  
Visual Detection ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Phase Alignment ◽  
Visual Behaviors ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Beta

AbstractPrior evidence supports the critical role of oscillatory activity in cognitive function, but are cerebral oscillations simply correlated or causally linked to specific aspects of visual cognition? Here, EEG signals were recorded on humans performing a conscious visual detection task, while they received briefrhythmicorrandomnoninvasive stimulation patterns delivered to the right Frontal Eye Field prior to the onset of a lateralized target. Compared torandompatterns,rhythmichigh-beta patterns led to greater entrainment of local oscillations (i.e., increased power and phase alignment at the stimulation frequency), and to higher conscious detection of contralateral targets. When stimulation succeeded in enhancing visual detection, the magnitude of oscillation entrainment correlated with visual performance increases. Our study demonstrates a causal link between high-beta oscillatory activity in the Frontal Eye Field and conscious visual perception. Furthermore, it supports future applications of brain stimulation to manipulate local synchrony and improve or restore impaired visual behaviors.

scholarly journals Bilateral Involvement of the Right Frontal Eye Field in Saccade Production

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 504-504
Author(s):  
W. Pack ◽  
T. Carney ◽  
S. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Bilateral Involvement ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
The Right
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document