Impulsivity as Early Emerging Vulnerability Factor—Prediction of ADHD by a Preschool Neuropsychological Measure

Impulsivity, comprising deviations of brain-based bottom-up and top-down control processes, has been regarded as a crucial, early emerging marker of a developmental pathway to attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) and externalizing disorders. In two independent studies (a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study), we analyzed the concurrent and predictive validity of a task-based neuropsychological impulsivity measure for preschool children. The sample of Study 1 comprised 102 3–5-year-old children (46% boys). In Study 2, 138 children (59% boys) with elevated ADHD symptoms were recruited and assessed at the ages of 4–5 and 8 years. In both studies, preschool impulsivity was measured by a summary score of neuropsychological tasks on approach motivation and hot inhibitory control. For Study 1, the impulsivity measure was significantly associated with symptoms of ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (χ2(1) = 9.8, p = 0.002; χ2(1) = 8.1, p = 0.004). In Study 2, the impulsivity measure predicted the 8-year-olds’ ADHD diagnoses over and above concurrent ADHD symptoms (χ2(1) = 10.0, p = 0.002, OR = 5.0, 95% CI: 1.8–14.0). The impulsivity measure showed good concurrent and predictive validity. The measure can be useful for the early identification of children at risk for developing ADHD and externalizing disorders.

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Effects of the anticonvulsant topiramate on language abilities in people with epilepsy: a cross-sectional study

Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0790966700001488 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 179-183 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aisling Buckley ◽

Margaret Fitzgerald ◽

Doreen Hoerold ◽

Gavin P Davey ◽

Colin Doherty

Keyword(s):

Verbal Memory ◽

Word Association ◽

Neuropsychological Test ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Neuropsychological Battery ◽

Boston Naming Test ◽

Language Abilities ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Fluency And Comprehension ◽

Neuropsychological Tasks

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of topiramate (TPM) on cognitive function, specifically language, in patients with epilepsy, and to determine whether a specifically designed neuropsychological test battery can show such effects.Method: Twenty patients taking TPM, 25 epilepsy controls (taking medication other than TPM) and 25 healthy controls were recruited. We used a specific neuropsychological battery, including measures of visual and verbal memory, attention, fluency and comprehension. Separate one way between group ANOVAs were performed for each neuropsychological measure.Results: Bonferroni comparisons revealed that the TPM group performed significantly worse than epilepsy controls on digits forward (p<0.001), digits backward (p<0.05), controlled oral word association (COWA) (p<0.05) and token test (p<0.05). The TPM group also needed more multiple choice cues in the Boston naming test (p<0.05).Conclusions: The present study indicates that 15% of the sample tested had impaired language abilities and raises interesting questions regarding the nature of this effect. Furthermore, we have identified some short neuropsychological tasks that can be performed in routine clinical situations that can reliably identify patients who have negative linguistic effects of TPM.

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R.E.S.P.e.c.T and intimate partner violence: a cross-sectional study using DHS data in Kenya

10.21203/rs.3.rs-44781/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Caleb L Ward ◽

Siobán D Harlow

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Access To Health Care ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Summary Score ◽

Wife Beating ◽

World Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Negatively Associated

Abstract Background Thirty percent of all women experience intimate partner violence (IPV) in their lifetime. The aim of this study was to examine the association between the World Health Organization’s (WHO) novel R.E.S.P.E.C.T framework for intervention and IPV prevalence among women in Kenya. Methods We used the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS). Only women selected for the domestic violence module and who were married/living with their partner were eligible for this study (n=3,737). We created a summary score for each strategy denoted by R.E.S.P.T based on availability of questions addressing these strategies in the KDHS, and a total score that summed responses across all strategies. Each letter was assessed with Cronbach’s Alpha. Multiple logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between R.E.S.P.T scores and IPV.Results All strategies except for E lowered the odds of IPV. Decision-making (R) was negatively associated with experiencing IPV (OR = 0.62 [0.53-0.72]). Land and property ownership (E) were positively associated with experiencing IPV (OR = 1.25 [1.08-1.43]). Access to health care (S) was negatively associated with experiencing IPV (OR = 0.55 [0.48-0.63]). Higher levels of wealth (P) were negatively associated with experiencing IPV (OR = 0.47 [0.37-0.62]). Not justifying wife-beating in any scenario (T) was negatively associated with experiencing IPV (OR = 0.39 [0.29-0.53]). After adjusting for demographics, a 1-unit increase in total R.E.S.P.T score was negatively associated with experiencing IPV (AOR= 0.63 [0.57-0.70]) with a similar finding for IPV in the past 12 months (AOR = 0.59 [0.53-0.66]). Younger age, higher education, and Muslim religion were associated with decreased odds of experiencing IPV while living in a rural location and working were associated with increased odds of experiencing IPV.Conclusions Our study provides initial evidence that by implementing the multi-strategy R.E.S.P.E.C.T framework, countries can dramatically lower the odds of women experiencing IPV. The DHS can be used as a tool to monitor implementation and efficacy of this novel strategy.

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Alphabet problems linked with learning disability in children: a cross sectional study

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ◽

10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20194641 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 2605

Author(s):

Raghavendra K. ◽

Venkatesh Reddy A. N.

Keyword(s):

Learning Disability ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Child Guidance Clinic ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Guidance Clinic ◽

Child Guidance ◽

Oppositional Defiant ◽

Lower Case

Background: Learning Disability (LD) is a frequently neglected entity in our set up, with the affected children being labeled as dull and worthless. The feeling of inadequacy and shame leads to psychological problems in approx. 30% of these children. These include low self-esteem, school phobia, anxiety, depression, oppositional-defiant behavior and conduct disorders. Early recognition of this disability in the primary school children and initiating appropriate remedial measures can significantly reduce morbidity. Authors objective was to study the prevalence and pattern of alphabet problems in children with learning disability.Methods: This was a cross sectional study done in the Child Guidance Clinic of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Chitradurga district, Karnataka, between January 2016 and January 2018. After obtaining informed consent from parents, children between ages 5 to 17 years, diagnosed to have learning disability, were asked to write upper and lower case alphabets in English. Alphabet problem was diagnosed if child had mixing of upper and lower case alphabets, missing of alphabets, reversals and improper sequence. Association of alphabet problems with age and sex was studied.Results: There were 293 children with learning disability, between 5-17 yr of age, attending our Child Guidance Clinic, who were assessed for alphabet problems. Alphabet problems were noted in 83.6% children. Mixing of upper and lower case alphabets was seen in 74.74%, missing of alphabets in 25.94%, reversal of alphabet in 21.50% and errors in sequencing in 12.97%. The prevalence of alphabet problems was higher in the 5-8yr age group. Prevalence of alphabet problems was more in males compared to females.Conclusions: Alphabet problems were present in a significant number of children with learning disability. Presence of alphabet problems could be used as a simple screening tool for children with learning disabilities.

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Psychosocial problems among school going adolescents in Ghorai sub metropolitan city of Dang

Journal of Chitwan Medical College ◽

10.3126/jcmc.v10i3.32046 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 61-65

Author(s):

Sapana Devkota ◽

Kishor Adhikari ◽

Amrita Ghimire ◽

Subash Koirala ◽

Mamta Chhetri

Keyword(s):

Occupational Status ◽

Psychosocial Problems ◽

Externalizing Disorders ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Adolescent Students ◽

Metropolitan City ◽

Teacher Student ◽

Student Relationship

Background: A psychosocial problem is a mental illness caused or influenced by life experiences, as well as maladjusted cognitive and behavioral processes. Psychosocial problems i.e. internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders and substance abuse are more prevalent among adolescents because of their rapid physical and physiological changes that occur in their body during this stage. The aim of the study was to identify the magnitude of psychosocial problems among school-going adolescents. Methods: Present study was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the ward no. 15 of Ghorahi sub metropolitan city of Dang District, Nepal. A total of 325 adolescents were chosen from multi-staged random sampling. Pre-tested self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Part I and part II of questionnaire was self-constructed and Part III was adopted from standard tool of Youth Pediatric Symptoms Checklist. Descriptive (percentage, frequency, interquartile range and minimum and maximum values) and inferential analysis (chi-square test) was done through this IBM SPSS software version 20. Results: The prevalence of psychosocial problems among school going adolescents was 26.8%. Socio-demographic characteristics such as age, ethnicity, occupational status of respondent’s father and mother were found to be significantly associated with psychosocial problems. The relation with teacher and academic grade of respondent were found to be highly associated with psychosocial problems. Conclusions: The study reported an alarming situation of psychosocial problems among adolescent students in Nepal where more than one quarter of participants found having psychosocial problems. The study may suggest the need of proper parenting and maintenance of an appropriate level of teacher-student relationship.

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R.E.S.P.e.c.T and intimate partner violence: a cross-sectional study using DHS data in Kenya

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046069 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. e046069

Author(s):

Caleb L Ward ◽

Siobán Harlow

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Summary Score ◽

Wife Beating ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Younger Women

BackgroundThirty per cent of all women experience intimate partner violence (IPV) in their lifetime. The aim of this study was to examine the association between the WHO’s novel R.E.S.P.E.C.T framework and IPV among women in Kenya.MethodsWe used the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS). Only women selected for the domestic violence module and who were married/living with their partner were eligible for this study (n=3737). We created a summary score for the strategies denoted by R.E.S.P.T based on availability of questions addressing these strategies in the KDHS, and a total score that summed responses across all strategies. Each letter was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha. Multiple logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between R.E.S.P.T scores and IPV.ResultsAll strategies except for E lowered the odds of IPV. Decision-making (R) was negatively associated with experiencing IPV (OR=0.62 (0.53 to 0.72)). Land and property ownership (E) were positively associated with experiencing IPV (OR=1.25 (1.08 to 1.43)). Access to healthcare (S) was negatively associated with experiencing IPV (OR=0.55 (0.48 to 0.63)). Higher levels of wealth (P) were negatively associated with experiencing IPV (OR=0.47 (0.37 to 0.62)). Not justifying wife-beating in any scenario (T) was negatively associated with experiencing IPV (OR=0.39 (0.29 to 0.53)). After adjusting for demographics, a 1-unit increase in total R.E.S.P.T score was negatively associated with experiencing IPV (AOR=0.63 (0.57 to 0.70)) with a similar finding for IPV in the past 12 months (AOR=0.59 (0.53 to 0.66)). Younger women, higher education and Muslim religion were associated with decreased odds of experiencing IPV while living in a rural location and working were associated with increased odds of experiencing IPV.ConclusionsOur study provides initial evidence that by using the multistrategy R.E.S.P.E.C.T framework, countries can dramatically lower the odds of women experiencing IPV. IPV prevention strategies must have a wide approach. The DHS can be used as a tool to monitor implementation and efficacy of this novel strategy.

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Predictive validity analysis of six reference equations for the 6-minute walk test in healthy Brazilian men: a cross-sectional study

Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy ◽

10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.06.003 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 350-356 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alexandher Negreiros ◽

Rosimeire Simprini Padula ◽

Rosane Andrea Bretas Bernardes ◽

Mônica Vasconcelos de Moraes ◽

Raquel Simoni Pires ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Predictive Validity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Walk Test ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Validity Analysis ◽

Reference Equations ◽

6 Minute Walk Test ◽

Minute Walk

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Distinct effects of ASD and ADHD symptoms on reward anticipation in participants with ADHD, their unaffected siblings and healthy controls: a cross-sectional study

Molecular Autism ◽

10.1186/s13229-015-0043-y ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Eelco V. van Dongen ◽

Daniel von Rhein ◽

Laurence O’Dwyer ◽

Barbara Franke ◽

Catharina A. Hartman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Adhd Symptoms ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Reward Anticipation

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Differential Parent and Teacher Reports of ADHD Symptoms According to the Child’s Country of Origin: A Quantitative Study From Denmark Exploring the Implication for Diagnosis

Journal of Attention Disorders ◽

10.1177/1087054719895309 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 108705471989530

Author(s):

Armin Sahuric ◽

Lena Hohwü ◽

Kathrine Bang Madsen ◽

Astrid Fyrstenborg Christensen ◽

Maria Vandborg Snefstrup ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Country Of Origin ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Immigrant Parents ◽

Similar Amount ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression ◽

Adhd Symptoms ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Teacher Reports ◽

Strengths And Difficulties

Objective: This study aimed to investigate differences in parent- and teacher-reported ADHD symptoms according to the child’s country of origin. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 4,207 nonimmigrant (Danish origin) and 233 immigrant (non-Danish origin) children including ratings of phenotypical ADHD symptoms on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires. The association between ADHD symptoms and country of origin, separately for parents and teachers, was analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Results: Teachers reported similar numbers of ADHD symptoms for immigrant and nonimmigrant children (odds ratio [OR] = 0.95, confidence interval [CI] = [0.58, 1.54]), whereas immigrant parents were less likely than nonimmigrant parents to report ADHD symptoms (OR = 0.42, CI = [0.21, 0.84]). Conclusion: Immigrant parents were less likely than nonimmigrant parents to report ADHD symptoms, whereas the teachers reported similar amount of ADHD symptoms in the two groups of children. Our results emphasize the importance of paying attention to teacher reporting of ADHD symptoms when assessing immigrant children.

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Study of the Predictive Validity of the Burnout Granada Questionnaire in Police Officers

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17176112 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (17) ◽

pp. 6112 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Emilia I. De La Fuente-Solana ◽

Elena Ortega-Campos ◽

Keyla Vargas-Roman ◽

Gustavo R. Cañadas-De la Fuente ◽

Tania Ariza C. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Predictive Validity ◽

Police Officers ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Personal Accomplishment ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Study Support

Professionals with burnout have negative physical and psychological effects, with adverse consequences in their workplace. Burnout mainly affects assisting professions; amongst them, police work is one of the professions at risk of suffering from this syndrome. The aim of this research is to study the adequacy of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and Granada Burnout Questionnaire instruments to measure burnout in police officers through the study of the reliability and validity (concurrent and predictive) of these instruments. A cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample was composed of 1884 police officers, mostly men (85.4%), with an average age of 35.04 (SD = 8.30). The Maslach Burnout Inventory and Granada Burnout Questionnaire were used to measure burnout. The results obtained in this study support the adequacy of both instruments for measuring burnout. The correlation coefficients between the dimensions are significant, with a medium-high magnitude. Participants with burnout had significantly higher scores in emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and lower scores in personal accomplishment in both instruments. The area under the curve estimated for the Granada Burnout Questionnaire provided evidence of the predictive validity of the instrument. The police profession needs validated and sensitive tools to identify police changes in the dimensions of burnout. The Granada Burnout Questionnaire instrument correctly classifies burnout in police professionals.

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