scholarly journals Cognitive Reserve, Executive Function, and Memory in Parkinson’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 992
Author(s):  
Andrea M. Loftus ◽  
Natalie Gasson ◽  
Nicole Lopez ◽  
Michelle Sellner ◽  
Carly Reid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
The Relationship

Cognitive impairment is acknowledged as a feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and the most common cognitive declines are in executive function (EF) and memory. Cognitive reserve (CR) may offer some protection against cognitive dysfunction in PD. The present study used two proxies of CR (years of education, premorbid IQ) to examine the relationship between CR and (i) EF (ii) memory in a large PD sample (n = 334). Two aspects of EF were examined, including verbal fluency and planning skills. Two aspects of verbal memory were examined, including immediate recall and delayed recall. For EF, both CR proxies significantly predicted verbal fluency, but only years of education predicted planning skills. Years of education significantly predicted immediate recall, but premorbid IQ did not. Neither CR proxy predicted delayed recall. These findings suggest that CR, in particular years of education, may contribute to EF and memory function in those with PD. A key finding of this study is the varying contribution of CR proxies to different aspects of the same cognitive domain. The findings indicate that using only one proxy has the potential to be misleading and suggest that when testing the relationship between CR and cognition, studies should include tasks that measure different aspects of the cognitive domain(s) of interest.

scholarly journals Symptom Dimensions of Depression and Apathy and Their Relationship With Cognition in Parkinson’s Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Szymkowicz ◽  
Vonetta M. Dotson ◽  
Jacob D. Jones ◽  
Michael S. Okun ◽  
Dawn Bowers
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Specific Symptom ◽  
Symptom Dimensions ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractObjectives: Both depression and apathy, alone and in combination, have been shown to negatively affect cognition in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the influence of specific symptom dimensions of depression and apathy on cognition is not well understood. The current study investigated the relationship between symptom dimensions of depression and apathy, based on factors identified in Kirsch-Darrow et al. (2011), and memory and executive function in PD. Methods: A sample of 138 non-demented individuals with PD (mean age=64.51±7.43 years) underwent neuropsychological testing and completed the Beck Depression Inventory, 2nd Edition, and Apathy Scale. Separate hierarchical regression models examined the relationship between symptom dimensions of depression and apathy (“pure” depressive symptoms, “pure” apathy, loss of interest/pleasure [anhedonia], and somatic symptoms) and three cognitive domain composites: immediate verbal memory, delayed verbal memory, and executive function. Results: After adjusting for general cognitive status and the influence of the other symptom dimensions, “pure” depressive symptoms were negatively associated with the delayed verbal memory composite (p<.034) and somatic symptoms were positively associated with the executive function composite (p<.026). No symptom dimensions were significantly related to the immediate verbal memory composite. Conclusions: Findings suggest that specific mood symptoms are associated with delayed verbal memory and executive function performance in non-demented patients with PD. Further research is needed to better understand possible mechanisms through which specific symptom dimensions of depression and apathy are associated with cognition in PD. (JINS, 2018, 24, 269–282)

The relationship between executive function and verbal memory in Parkinson’s disease

2003 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher I. Higginson ◽  
David S. King ◽  
Dawn Levine ◽  
Vicki L. Wheelock ◽  
Nuny O. Khamphay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Influence of Hypertension on Neurocognitive Domains in Nondemented Parkinson’s Disease Patients

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob D. Jones ◽  
Charles Jacobson ◽  
Martina Murphy ◽  
Catherine Price ◽  
Michael S. Okun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Health Comorbidities

Objective. Health comorbidities, particularly cardiovascular risk factors, are well known to pose risks for cognitive decline in older adults. To date, little attention has focused on the impact of these comorbidities on Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study examined the prevalence and contribution of comorbidities on cognitive status in PD patients, above and beyond the effects of disease severity.Methods. A cross sectional design was used, including neuropsychological data on 341 PD patients without severe cognitive decline. Comorbidity data were collected via medical chart review. Data were analyzed using a series of multiple hierarchical regressions, controlling for PD-related disease variables.Results. Overall sample characteristics are 69% male, disease duration 9.7 years, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale 26.4, and age 64.7 years. Hypercholesterolemia (41.6%), hypertension (38.1%), and hypotension (30.2%) were the most reported comorbidities. The presence of hypertension significantly contributed to domains of executive function and verbal memory. The cooccurrence of orthostatic hypotension moderated the relationship between hypertension and executive function.Conclusions. This study on a large cohort of PD patients provides evidence for a detrimental influence of health comorbidities, particularly hypertension, on cognitive domains that have traditionally been conceptualized as being frontally and/or temporally mediated.

scholarly journals Estimation of Cognitive Performance Based on Premorbid Intelligence in Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1717-1725
Author(s):  
Rocio Del Pino ◽  
Maria Díez-Cirarda ◽  
Javier Peña ◽  
Naroa Ibarretxe-Bilbao ◽  
Natalia Ojeda
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Pi Method ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence

Background: The estimation of premorbid intelligence (PI) is needed for an accurate diagnosis. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the cognitive performance taking into account the PI in Parkinson’s disease (PD) compared to healthy controls (HC); and to analyze the discrepancies between the current and the predicted cognitive performance based on the PI. Method: Semantic fluency, verbal and visual memory, and executive functions were assessed in 39 PD and 162 HC. A linear regression model was used to analyze the discrepancies between the predicted cognitive performance and the current raw scores through PI variables (Word Accentuation Test (WAT), Pseudo-Words (PW) Reading subtest from PROLEC-R, age, and years of education). ROC analyses were performed to assess their diagnostic properties. Results: Significant differences were found in the raw cognitive scores between patients and HC [semantic fluency (t = 6.07; p < 0.001), verbal memory (t = 6.63; p < 0.001), and executive functions (t = 2.57; p = 0.013), and in visual memory (t = 1.97; p = 0.055 marginally significant)]. Compared to HC, PD patients presented higher discrepancies between the predicted cognitive performance and the raw scores in semantic fluency, verbal memory, visual memory, executive functions (AUC = 0.78, 0.78; 0.64, 0.61, respectively). Conclusion: The magnitude of the discrepancies scores between the current and the predicted cognitive performance based on PI indicates the presence of cognitive decline in the specific cognitive domain in PD patients. This study underlines the usefulness of premorbid measures and variables, such as WAT, PW, age, and years of education, to more accurately estimate the cognitive performance in PD.

scholarly journals Muscle strength and executive function as complementary parameters for the assessment of impairment in Parkinson's disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 948-954
Author(s):  
Dannyel Barbirato ◽  
Alessandro Carvalho ◽  
Narahyana Bom de Araujo ◽  
Jose Vicente Martins ◽  
Andrea Deslandes
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
The Relationship

Objective To evaluate the relationship between the quantitative results of functional and cognitive performance of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and disease severity; and to study the relationship between patients' functional and cognitive capacity and motor impairment (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale - UPDRS III). Method Twenty-nine subjects clinically diagnosed with PD were classified into three groups according to disease severity using the modified Hoehn and Yahr Scale (H&Y). They were submitted to functional (Senior Fitness Test) and neuropsychological tests. Stepwise regression analysis showed a significant association between H&Y and upper limb strength (r 2 =0.30; p=0.005) and executive function (r 2 =0.37; p=0.004). In relation to UPDRS III, there was a significant association between lower limb strength (r 2 =0.27; p=0.010) and global cognitive status (r 2 =0.24; p=0.024). Conclusion The implementation of simple tests of functional capacity associated with neuropsychological testing can help to assess disease severity and motor impairment, and can be used to monitor the response to treatment in PD.

Informant-Reported Cognitive Decline is Associated with Objective Cognitive Performance in Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Marina Z. Nakhla ◽  
Kelsey A. Holiday ◽  
J. Vincent Filoteo ◽  
Zvinka Z. Zlatar ◽  
Vanessa L. Malcarne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Visuospatial Function ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Normal Cognition

Abstract Objective: The utility of informant-based measures of cognitive decline to accurately describe objective cognitive performance in Parkinson’s disease (PD) without dementia is uncertain. Due to the clinical relevance of this information, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between informant-based reports of patient cognitive decline via the Informant Questionnaire of Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) and objective cognition in non-demented PD controlling for cognitive status (i.e., mild cognitive impairment; PD-MCI and normal cognition; PD-NC). Method: One-hundred and thirty-nine non-demented PD participants (PD-MCI n = 38; PD-NC n = 101) were administered measures of language, executive function, attention, learning, delayed recall, visuospatial function, mood, and motor function. Each participant identified an informant to complete the IQCODE and a mood questionnaire. Results: Greater levels of informant-based responses of patient cognitive decline on the IQCODE were significantly associated with worse objective performance on measures of global cognition, attention, learning, delayed recall, and executive function in the overall sample, above and beyond covariates and cognitive status. However, the IQCODE was not significantly associated with language or visuospatial function. Conclusions: Results indicate that informant responses, as measured by the IQCODE, may provide adequate information on a wide range of cognitive abilities in non-demented PD, including those with MCI and normal cognition. Findings have important clinical implications for the utility of the IQCODE in the identification of PD patients in need of further evaluation, monitoring, and treatment.

scholarly journals Cognitive Reserve in Parkinson’s Disease: The Effects of Welsh-English Bilingualism on Executive Function

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
John V. Hindle ◽  
Pamela A. Martin-Forbes ◽  
Alexandra J. M. Bastable ◽  
Kirstie L. Pye ◽  
Anthony Martyr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Language Tests ◽  
Nonverbal Reasoning

Objective. Bilingualism has been shown to benefit executive function (EF) and delay the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. This study aims at examining whether a bilingual advantage applies to EF in Parkinson’s disease (PD).Method. In a cross-sectional outpatient cohort of monolingual English (n=57) and bilingual Welsh/English (n=46) speakers with PD we evaluated the effects of bilingualism compared with monolingualism on performance on EF tasks. In bilinguals we also assessed the effects of the degree of daily usage of each language and the degree of bilingualism.Results. Monolinguals showed an advantage in performance of language tests. There were no differences in performance of EF tests in monolinguals and bilinguals. Those who used Welsh less in daily life had better performance on one test of English vocabulary. The degree of bilingualism correlated with one test of nonverbal reasoning and one of working memory but with no other tests of EF.Discussion. The reasons why the expected benefit in EF in Welsh-English bilinguals with PD was not found require further study. Future studies in PD should include other language pairs, analysis of the effects of the degree of bilingualism, and longitudinal analysis of cognitive decline or dementia together with structural or functional neuroimaging.

scholarly journals Microstructural integrity of the major nuclei of the thalamus in Parkinson’s disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Borlase ◽  
Daniel Myall ◽  
Tracy R. Melzer ◽  
Leslie Livingston ◽  
Richard Watts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Fractional Anisotropy ◽  
Mean Diffusivity ◽  
Bayesian Regression ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Dorsal Nucleus ◽  
Microstructural Integrity ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractBackgroundPrevious research has shown an association between thalamus and cognition in Parkinson’s disease (PD).ObjectivesTo investigate the microstructural integrity of the nuclei of the thalamus and relationship with cognition.MethodsLevel II Movement Disorder Society Task Force Criteria characterised patients with Parkinson’s disease as cognitively normal (PDN, n=51); with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI, n=16) or with dementia (PDD, n=15). Twenty-three healthy control subjects were included for comparison. A k-means clustering approach segmented the thalamus into regions representing nine major nuclei. Volume, fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity of nuclei were compared between cognitive groups and the relationship with cognitive domain z-scores investigated using hierarchical Bayesian regression models.ResultsThere was an overall progressive increase in mean diffusivity as cognition deteriorated (PDN: 1.4 µm2/s (95% uncertainty interval [0.2, 2.7]), PDMCI: 2.4 µm2/s [0.8,4.0], PDD: 4.5 µm2/s [2.8, 6.3]). The largest increase was in the lateral dorsal nucleus (PDN: 0.3 µm2/s [-6.7, 7.2], PDMCI: 5.4 µm2/s [-4.7, 16.1], PDD: 14.8 µm2/s [5.0, 25.0]). Fractional anisotropy showed minimal change between cognitive groups (PDN: 0.001 [-0.005, 0,007], PDMCI: −0.005 [-0.013, 0.003], PDD: −0.005 [-0.014, 0.003]). Increase in mean diffusivity of the thalamus is associated with a global decline in cognition, the magnitude of the effect was greatest in lateral dorsal nucleus. Fractional anisotropy only showed evidence of a relationship with cognitive domain scores in the lateral dorsal nucleus.ConclusionsThe relationship between lateral dorsal nucleus integrity and cognitive changes is likely due to its primary connectivity with frontal and temporal regions.

scholarly journals Cognitive or Cognitive-Motor Executive Function Tasks? Evaluating Verbal Fluency Measures in People with Parkinson’s Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Ferreira Barbosa ◽  
Mariana Callil Voos ◽  
Janini Chen ◽  
Debora Cristina Valente Francato ◽  
Carolina de Oliveira Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Motor Impairments ◽  
Semantic Verbal Fluency ◽  
Trail Making

Introduction. Executive function deficits are observed in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) from early stages and have great impact on daily living activities. Verbal fluency and oral diadochokinesia involve phonarticulatory coordination, response inhibition, and phonological processing and may also be affected in people with PD. This study aimed to describe the performance of PD patients and an age- and education-matched control group on executive function, verbal fluency, and oral diadochokinesia tests and to investigate possible relationships between them. Methods. Forty people with PD and forty controls were evaluated with Trail Making Test (TMT, executive function) and phonemic/semantic verbal fluency and oral diadochokinesia (/pataka/) tests. Groups were compared by ANOVA and relationships were investigated by Pearson tests. Results. People with PD showed longer times in parts A and B of TMT. They also said fewer words in phonemic/semantic verbal fluency tests and less syllables in the diadochokinesia test. Oral diadochokinesia strongly correlated to parts A and B of TMT and to phonemic verbal fluency. Conclusion. Oral diadochokinesia was correlated to executive function and verbal fluency. The cognitive-motor interaction in verbal fluency and oral diadochokinesia must be considered not to overestimate the cognitive or motor impairments in people with PD.

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