scholarly journals The Other-Race and Other-Species Effect during a Sex Categorization Task: An Eye Tracker Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Merve Bulut ◽  
Burak Erdeniz
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Upright Position ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Inverted Position ◽  
Categorization Task ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Species Effect ◽  
Sex Categorization ◽  
Eye Region

Sex categorization from faces is a crucial ability for humans and non-human primates for various social and cognitive processes. In the current study, we performed two eye tracking experiments to examine the gaze behavior of participants during a sex categorization task in which participants categorize face pictures from their own-race (Caucasian), other-race (Asian) and other-species (chimpanzee). In experiment 1, we presented the faces in an upright position to 16 participants, and found a strong other-race and other-species effect. In experiment 2, the same faces were shown to 24 naïve participants in an upside-down (inverted) position, which showed that, although the other-species effect was intact, other-race effect disappeared. Moreover, eye-tracking analysis revealed that in the upright position, the eye region was the first and most widely viewed area for all face categories. However, during upside-down viewing, participants’ attention directed more towards the eye region of the own-race and own-species faces, whereas the nose received more attention in other-race and other-species faces. Overall results suggest that other-race faces were processed less holistically compared to own-race faces and this could affect both participants’ behavioral performance and gaze behavior during sex categorization. Finally, gaze data suggests that the gaze of participants shifts from the eye to the nose region with decreased racial and species-based familiarity.

scholarly journals Gazing at the partner in musical trios: a mobile eye-tracking study

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Vandemoortele ◽  
Kurt Feyaerts ◽  
Mark Reybrouck ◽  
Geert De Bièvre ◽  
Geert Brône ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Nonverbal Communication ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contrasting Cases ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The One ◽  
Mobile Eye Tracking ◽  
Initial Exploration

Few investigations into the nonverbal communication in ensemble playing have focused on gaze behaviour up to now. In this study, the gaze behaviour of musicians playing in trios was recorded using the recently developed technique of mobile eye-tracking. Four trios (clarinet, violin, piano) were recorded while rehearsing and while playing several runs through the same musical fragment. The current article reports on an initial exploration of the data in which we describe how often gazing at the partner occurred. On the one hand, we aim to identify possible contrasting cases. On the other, we look for tendencies across the run-throughs. We discuss the quantified gaze behaviour in relation to the existing literature and the current research design.

Irrelevant Robot Signals in a Categorization Task Induce Cognitive Conflict in Performance, Eye Trajectories, the N2 ERP-EEG Component, and Frontal Theta Oscillations

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Jairo Perez-Osorio ◽  
Abdulaziz Abubshait ◽  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Conflict ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Gaze Shift ◽  
Categorization Task ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Spectral Perturbation ◽  
Trial Participants ◽  
Lateral Head

Abstract Understanding others' nonverbal behavior is essential for social interaction, as it allows, among others, to infer mental states. Although gaze communication, a well-established nonverbal social behavior, has shown its importance in inferring others' mental states, not much is known about the effects of irrelevant gaze signals on cognitive conflict markers during collaborative settings. Here, participants completed a categorization task where they categorized objects based on their color while observing images of a robot. On each trial, participants observed the robot iCub grasping an object from a table and offering it to them to simulate a handover. Once the robot “moved” the object forward, participants were asked to categorize the object according to its color. Before participants were allowed to respond, the robot made a lateral head/gaze shift. The gaze shifts were either congruent or incongruent with the object's color. We expected that incongruent head cues would induce more errors (Study 1), would be associated with more curvature in eye-tracking trajectories (Study 2), and induce larger amplitude in electrophysiological markers of cognitive conflict (Study 3). Results of the three studies show more oculomotor interference as measured in error rates (Study 1), larger curvatures eye-tracking trajectories (Study 2), and higher amplitudes of the N2 ERP of the EEG signals as well as higher event-related spectral perturbation amplitudes (Study 3) for incongruent trials compared with congruent trials. Our findings reveal that behavioral, ocular, and electrophysiological markers can index the influence of irrelevant signals during goal-oriented tasks.

scholarly journals A naturalistic paradigm simulating gaze-based social interactions for the investigation of social agency

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 1044-1055
Author(s):  
Marie-Luise Brandi ◽  
Daniela Kaifel ◽  
Juha M. Lahnakoski ◽  
Leonhard Schilbach
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Social Agency ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Real Person

Abstract Sense of agency describes the experience of being the cause of one’s own actions and the resulting effects. In a social interaction, one’s actions may also have a perceivable effect on the actions of others. In this article, we refer to the experience of being responsible for the behavior of others as social agency, which has important implications for the success or failure of social interactions. Gaze-contingent eyetracking paradigms provide a useful tool to analyze social agency in an experimentally controlled manner, but the current methods are lacking in terms of their ecological validity. We applied this technique in a novel task using video stimuli of real gaze behavior to simulate a gaze-based social interaction. This enabled us to create the impression of a live interaction with another person while being able to manipulate the gaze contingency and congruency shown by the simulated interaction partner in a continuous manner. Behavioral data demonstrated that participants believed they were interacting with a real person and that systematic changes in the responsiveness of the simulated partner modulated the experience of social agency. More specifically, gaze contingency (temporal relatedness) and gaze congruency (gaze direction relative to the participant’s gaze) influenced the explicit sense of being responsible for the behavior of the other. In general, our study introduces a new naturalistic task to simulate gaze-based social interactions and demonstrates that it is suitable to studying the explicit experience of social agency.

scholarly journals Irrelevant Robot Signals in a Categorization Task Induce Cognitive Conflict in Performance, Eye-trajectories, the N2 ERP-EEG component and Frontal Theta Oscillations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jairo Pérez-Osorio ◽  
Abdulaziz Abubshait ◽  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Conflict ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Gaze Shift ◽  
Categorization Task ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Spectral Perturbation ◽  
Lateral Head

Understanding others’ nonverbal behavior is essential for social interaction, as it allows, among others, to infer mental states. While gaze communication, a well-established nonverbal social behavior, has shown its importance in inferring others’ mental states, not much is known about the effects of irrelevant gaze signals on cognitive conflict markers during collaborative settings. Here, participants completed a categorization task where they categorized objects based on their color while observing images of a robot. On each trial, participants observed the robot iCub grasping an object from a table and offering it to them to simulate a handover. Once the robot “moved” the object forward, participants were asked to categorize the object according to its color. Before participants were allowed to respond, the robot made a lateral head/gaze shift. The gaze shifts were either congruent or incongruent with the object’s color. We expected that incongruent head-cues would induce more errors (Study 1), would be associated with more curvature in eye-tracking trajectories (Study 2), and induce larger amplitude in electrophysiological markers of cognitive conflict (Study 3). Results of the three studies show more oculomotor interference as measured in error rates (Study 1), larger curvatures eye-tracking trajectories (Study 2), and higher amplitudes of the N2 event-related potential (ERP) of the EEG signals as well as higher Event-Related Spectral Perturbation (ERSP) amplitudes (Study 3) for incongruent trials compared to congruent trials. Our findings reveal that behavioral, ocular and electrophysiological markers can index the influence of irrelevant signals during goal-oriented tasks.

scholarly journals Characterizing missed identifications and errors in latent fingerprint comparisons using eye-tracking data

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251674
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Busey ◽  
Nicholas Heise ◽  
R. Austin Hicklin ◽  
Bradford T. Ulery ◽  
JoAnn Buscaglia
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
No Value ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Cognitive Capacities ◽  
Latent Fingerprint ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Decision Making Factors

Latent fingerprint examiners sometimes come to different conclusions when comparing fingerprints, and eye-gaze behavior may help explain these outcomes. missed identifications (missed IDs) are inconclusive, exclusion, or No Value determinations reached when the consensus of other examiners is an identification. To determine the relation between examiner behavior and missed IDs, we collected eye-gaze data from 121 latent print examiners as they completed a total 1444 difficult (latent-exemplar) comparisons. We extracted metrics from the gaze data that serve as proxies for underlying perceptual and cognitive capacities. We used these metrics to characterize potential mechanisms of missed IDs: Cursory Comparison and Mislocalization. We find that missed IDs are associated with shorter comparison times, fewer regions visited, and fewer attempted correspondences between the compared images. Latent print comparisons resulting in erroneous exclusions (a subset of missed IDs) are also more likely to have fixations in different regions and less accurate correspondence attempts than those comparisons resulting in identifications. We also use our derived metrics to describe one atypical examiner who made six erroneous identifications, four of which were on comparisons intended to be straightforward exclusions. The present work helps identify the degree to which missed IDs can be explained using eye-gaze behavior, and the extent to which missed IDs depend on cognitive and decision-making factors outside the domain of eye-tracking methodologies.

scholarly journals Infants’ Gaze Patterns for Same-Race and Other-Race Faces, and the Other-Race Effect

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Krasotkina ◽  
Antonia Götz ◽  
Barbara Höhle ◽  
Gudrun Schwarzer
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Race Effect

The other-race effect (ORE) can be described as difficulties in discriminating between faces of ethnicities other than one’s own, and can already be observed at approximately 9 months of age. Recent studies also showed that infants visually explore same-and other-race faces differently. However, it is still unclear whether infants’ looking behavior for same- and other-race faces is related to their face discrimination abilities. To investigate this question we conducted a habituation–dishabituation experiment to examine Caucasian 9-month-old infants’ gaze behavior, and their discrimination of same- and other-race faces, using eye-tracking measurements. We found that infants looked longer at the eyes of same-race faces over the course of habituation, as compared to other-race faces. After habituation, infants demonstrated a clear other-race effect by successfully discriminating between same-race faces, but not other-race faces. Importantly, the infants’ ability to discriminate between same-race faces significantly correlated with their fixation time towards the eyes of same-race faces during habituation. Thus, our findings suggest that for infants old enough to begin exhibiting the ORE, gaze behavior during habituation is related to their ability to differentiate among same-race faces, compared to other-race faces.

Sex Categorization from Faces: Other-race and other-species effect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merve Bulut ◽  
Burak Erdeniz
Keyword(s):  
Previous Literature ◽  
Categorization Task ◽  
Metric Analysis ◽  
Species Effect ◽  
Human Adults ◽  
Sex Categorization

Humans are very good at perceiving the sex of others by just glancing at their faces, but, it is still not well understood whether this ability can be generalized to faces from other-races or to non-humans. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to test whether human adults could expand their sex categorization ability to faces that belongs to other-race and other-species. In order to examine this, 46 Caucasian participants were given a sex categorization task consisting of Caucasian (own-race), Asian (other-race) and chimpanzee (other-species) faces. Results showed that Caucasian faces were categorized significantly more accurately and quickly than Asian faces, and Asian faces categorized more accurately and quickly than chimpanzee faces, suggesting a strong other-race and other-species effect. Furthermore, consistent with previous literature, male faces were categorized more accurately and quickly compared to female faces. Moreover, facial metric analysis revealed that observers utilized eye height, brow to eye distance, and nose width distances during the sex categorization task for all three categories. Our results provide further evidence that similar facial metric cues were used to categorize the sex of other-race and other-species faces.

Gaze Behavior of Professional and Non-Professional eSports Players in FIFA 19

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Peter Bickmann ◽  
Konstantin Wechsler ◽  
Kevin Rudolf ◽  
Chuck Tholl ◽  
Ingo Froböse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Decisive Factor ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Excellent Performance ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Fixation Location ◽  
Traditional Sports

In traditional sports like soccer or tennis, experts benefit from better anticipation abilities compared to novices through a more efficient gaze behavior. For electronic sports (eSports), this area is rather unexplored, although quick decision making, which is linked to gaze behavior, is considered fundamental in eSports. In this study, the gaze behavior of professional and non-professional eSports players (n=21, 23.4 ± 3.3 years) was recorded via eye-tracking in the sports simulation FIFA 19. Number, duration, and location of fixations were compared over an entire match and in offensive play situations. Except for fixation location, no significant differences were found. The players mainly fixated the same objectives regarding fixation number and duration, but professionals had significantly more fixations using the in-game radar and fixated off-ball teammates significantly shorter. Due to the limited results, gaze behavior does not seem to be a decisive factor for excellent performance in FIFA 19.

Gaze behavior of pre-adolescent children afflicted with Asperger Syndrome

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Wiklund
Keyword(s):  
Asperger Syndrome ◽  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
High Functioning Autism ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Nonverbal Behaviors ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Straight Ahead

Asperger syndrome (AS) is a form of high-functioning autism characterized by qualitative impairment in social interaction. People afflicted with AS typically have abnormal nonverbal behaviors which are often manifested by avoiding eye contact. Gaze constitutes an important interactional resource, and an AS person’s tendency to avoid eye contact may affect the fluidity of conversations and cause misunderstandings. For this reason, it is important to know the precise ways in which this avoidance is done, and in what ways it affects the interaction. The objective of this article is to describe the gaze behavior of preadolescent AS children in institutional multiparty conversations. Methodologically, the study is based on conversation analysis and a multimodal study of interaction. The findings show that three main patterns are used for avoiding eye contact: 1) fixing one’s gaze straight ahead; 2) letting one’s gaze wander around; and 3) looking at one’s own hands when speaking. The informants of this study do not look at the interlocutors at all in the beginning or the middle of their turn. However, sometimes they turn to look at the interlocutors at the end of their turn. This proves that these children are able to use gaze as a source of feedback. When listening, looking at the speaker also seems to be easier for them than looking at the listeners when speaking.

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