scholarly journals Gazing at the partner in musical trios: a mobile eye-tracking study

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Vandemoortele ◽  
Kurt Feyaerts ◽  
Mark Reybrouck ◽  
Geert De Bièvre ◽  
Geert Brône ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Nonverbal Communication ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contrasting Cases ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The One ◽  
Mobile Eye Tracking ◽  
Initial Exploration

Few investigations into the nonverbal communication in ensemble playing have focused on gaze behaviour up to now. In this study, the gaze behaviour of musicians playing in trios was recorded using the recently developed technique of mobile eye-tracking. Four trios (clarinet, violin, piano) were recorded while rehearsing and while playing several runs through the same musical fragment. The current article reports on an initial exploration of the data in which we describe how often gazing at the partner occurred. On the one hand, we aim to identify possible contrasting cases. On the other, we look for tendencies across the run-throughs. We discuss the quantified gaze behaviour in relation to the existing literature and the current research design.

scholarly journals The Art Of Interpretation – Chances And Risks On Interpretation In The Field Of Mobile Testing

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (341) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Kerstin Palatini ◽  
Karsten Zischner
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
The Other ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Usability Test ◽  
Technical Factors ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The One ◽  
Mobile Eye Tracking ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Carrying out a usability test is a demanding process per se. Mobile tests raise this claim because they are subject to real usage conditions and therefore unforeseeable factors. On the one hand there are the technical factors like tools, software and laboratory equipment, but on the other hand there are the human beeings with their knowledge and decision-making. They are taking the selection of tools, methods and data, and they decide in every situation of the process of testing. Using a mobile eye-tracking test, the authors will explain where the sources for interpretation are and when misinterpretation become an error. Technology philosophical considerations on interpretation and hermeneutics have to support the recognition of the potential of interpretation. As a result, misinterpretation can be minimized.

Nonverbal Communication of Confidence in Soccer Referees: An Experimental Test of Darwin’s Leakage Hypothesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 590-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Furley ◽  
Geoffrey Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Nonverbal Communication ◽  
Nonverbal Behavior ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

The goal of the present paper was to investigate whether soccer referees’ nonverbal behavior (NVB) differed based on the difficulty of their decisions and whether perceivers could detect these systematic variations. On the one hand, communicating confidence via NVB is emphasized in referee training. On the other hand, it seems feasible from a theoretical point of view that particularly following relatively difficult decisions referees have problems controlling their NVB. We conducted three experiments to investigate this question. Experiment 1 (N = 40) and Experiment 2 (N = 60) provided evidence that perceivers regard referees’ NVB as less confident following ambiguous decisions as compared with following unambiguous decisions. Experiment 3 (N = 58) suggested that perceivers were more likely to debate with the referee when referees nonverbally communicated less confidence. We discuss consequences for referee training.

scholarly journals From lab-based studies to eye-tracking in virtual and real worlds: conceptual and methodological problems and solutions.

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignace T.C. Hooge ◽  
Roy S. Hessels ◽  
Diederick C. Niehorster ◽  
Gabriel J. Diaz ◽  
Andrew T. Duchowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
The World ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Mobile Eye Tracking

Video stream: https://vimeo.com/357473408 Wearable mobile eye trackers have great potential as they allow the measurement of eye movements during daily activities such as driving, navigating the world and doing groceries. Although mobile eye trackers have been around for some time, developing and operating these eye trackers was generally a highly technical affair. As such, mobile eye-tracking research was not feasible for most labs. Nowadays, many mobile eye trackers are available from eye-tracking manufacturers (e.g. Tobii, Pupil labs, SMI, Ergoneers) and various implementations in virtual/augmented reality have recently been released.The wide availability has caused the number of publications using a mobile eye tracker to increase quickly. Mobile eye tracking is now applied in vision science, educational science, developmental psychology, marketing research (using virtual and real supermarkets), clinical psychology, usability, architecture, medicine, and more. Yet, transitioning from lab-based studies where eye trackers are fixed to the world to studies where eye trackers are fixed to the head presents researchers with a number of problems. These problems range from the conceptual frameworks used in world-fixed and head-fixed eye tracking and how they relate to each other, to the lack of data quality comparisons and field tests of the different mobile eye trackers and how the gaze signal can be classified or mapped to the visual stimulus. Such problems need to be addressed in order to understand how world-fixed and head-fixed eye-tracking research can be compared and to understand the full potential and limits of what mobile eye-tracking can deliver. In this symposium, we bring together presenting researchers from five different institutions (Lund University, Utrecht University, Clemson University, Birkbeck University of London and Rochester Institute of Technology) addressing problems and innovative solutions across the entire breadth of mobile eye-tracking research. Hooge, presenting Hessels et al. paper, focus on the definitions of fixations and saccades held by researchers in the eyemovement field and argue how they need to be clarified in order to allow comparisons between world-fixed and head-fixed eye-tracking research. - Diaz et al. introduce machine-learning techniques for classifying the gaze signal in mobile eye-tracking contexts where head and body are unrestrained. Niehorster et al. compare data quality of mobile eye trackers during natural behavior and discuss the application range of these eye trackers. Duchowski et al. introduce a method for automatically mapping gaze to faces using computer vision techniques. Pelz et al. employ state-of-the-art techniques to map fixations to objects of interest in the scene video and align grasp and eye-movement data in the same reference frame to investigate the guidance of eye movements during manual interaction.

scholarly journals Penalties and incentives in the school regulations of the Bulgarian and Greek educational institutions in Varna of the 70s of the 19th century to the 20s of the 20th Century

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 32-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veselin Dimitrov Mihalev
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Educational Impact ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The One ◽  
Pedagogical Research ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Pedagogical Literature

The problem of the application of the system of penalties and incentives in the Bulgarian and Greek schools in Varna is not sufficiently researched in the scientific and pedagogical literature, because of that, in some school regulations are given only penalties to students, and the incentives are hardly affected. In the current article an attempt is made for the source of knowledge in pedagogical research of archival historical documents in the Bulgarian language and in the Greek language, proving the school’s practice of educational institutions surveyed penalties and incentives of the students. The study aims to outline, on the one hand, the scope of the diversity and, on the other hand, the various forms of educational impact associated with their application during the researched period.

scholarly journals From the Imaginary to Theory of the Gaze in Lacan

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmelo Licitra Rosa ◽  
Carla Antonucci ◽  
Alberto Siracusano ◽  
Diego Centonze
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
The Other ◽  
Symbolic System ◽  
Mirror Stage ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Psychoanalytic Treatment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Thinking Process ◽  
The One ◽  
The Voice

To understand Lacan’s thinking process on vision, the entirety of his teaching must be taken into consideration. Until the 60s, the visual field is the imaginary, the constitutive principle of reality in its phenomenal giving to the experience of a subject. This register is the opposite of the field of the word with the L schema and, subsequently, as subordinated to the symbolic system according to the model of the optical schema of the inverted flower vase of Bouasse. It is only with the 1964 seminar that Lacan makes a daring turnaround through which the visual becomes a sign of the emergence of a real that is irreducible to both reality and the mediation of the subject of knowledge. The split that separates reality and the real is reproduced in Lacan within the visual field, which is, on the one hand, the cardinal principle of the consistency of the experience of reality (as imaginary), and on the other, it is an element of irreducibility to reality (as object gaze). This produces a cascade of consequences: first of all, the modification of the presentation of the mirror stage. Unlike the voice, which through prosody, tone, and volume, finds some strips with which anchor itself imaginatively to reality, the gaze, invisible and elusive, escapes the imaginary grasp. Captured in myths, it reveals its power and ability to annihilate—as in the myth of Medusa’s gaze—or to make people fall in love but only with a narcissistic love that leads inexorably to death as in the myth of Narcissus. The gaze is elusive because the subject is dependent on it in the field of desire. Like the voice, it is about the desire on which the subject is supported; it is one of the objects on which the phantom depends. In our opinion, thanks to this characteristic, the gaze object can make remote psychoanalytic treatment possible through easily accessible videoconferencing tools and, at the same time, create new conditions within it that should be carefully evaluated to understand its implications in the session itself.

scholarly journals Eye-tracking glasses in face-to-face interactions: Manual versus automated assessment of areas-of-interest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Jongerius ◽  
T. Callemein ◽  
T. Goedemé ◽  
K. Van Beeck ◽  
J. A. Romijn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Interrater Reliability ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Vision Algorithm ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Mobile Eye Tracking

AbstractThe assessment of gaze behaviour is essential for understanding the psychology of communication. Mobile eye-tracking glasses are useful to measure gaze behaviour during dynamic interactions. Eye-tracking data can be analysed by using manually annotated areas-of-interest. Computer vision algorithms may alternatively be used to reduce the amount of manual effort, but also the subjectivity and complexity of these analyses. Using additional re-identification (Re-ID) algorithms, different participants in the interaction can be distinguished. The aim of this study was to compare the results of manual annotation of mobile eye-tracking data with the results of a computer vision algorithm. We selected the first minute of seven randomly selected eye-tracking videos of consultations between physicians and patients in a Dutch Internal Medicine out-patient clinic. Three human annotators and a computer vision algorithm annotated mobile eye-tracking data, after which interrater reliability was assessed between the areas-of-interest annotated by the annotators and the computer vision algorithm. Additionally, we explored interrater reliability when using lengthy videos and different area-of-interest shapes. In total, we analysed more than 65 min of eye-tracking videos manually and with the algorithm. Overall, the absolute normalized difference between the manual and the algorithm annotations of face-gaze was less than 2%. Our results show high interrater agreements between human annotators and the algorithm with Cohen’s kappa ranging from 0.85 to 0.98. We conclude that computer vision algorithms produce comparable results to those of human annotators. Analyses by the algorithm are not subject to annotator fatigue or subjectivity and can therefore advance eye-tracking analyses.

scholarly journals Students in sight: Using mobile eye-tracking to investigate mathematics teachers’ gaze behaviour during task instruction-giving

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 92-115
Author(s):  
Olli Maatta ◽  
Nora McIntyre ◽  
Jussi Palomäki ◽  
Markku S. Hannula ◽  
Patrik Scheinin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Mathematical Problem ◽  
Task Instruction ◽  
Task Instructions ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Geometry Problem ◽  
Verbal Data ◽  
Mobile Eye Tracking

Abstract Mobile eye-tracking research has provided evidence both on teachers' visual attention in relation to their intentions and on teachers’ student-centred gaze patterns. However, the importance of a teacher’s eye-movements when giving instructions is unexplored. In this study we used mobile eye-tracking to investigate six teachers’ gaze patterns when they are giving task instructions for a geometry problem in four different phases of a mathematical problem-solving lesson. We analysed the teachers’ eye-tracking data, their verbal data, and classroom video recordings. Our paper brings forth a novel interpretative lens for teacher’s pedagogical intentions communicated by gaze during teacher-led moments such as when introducing new tasks, reorganizing the social structures of students for collaboration, and lesson wrap-ups. A change in the students’ task changes teachers’ gaze patterns, which may indicate a change in teacher’s pedagogical intention. We found that teachers gazed at students throughout the lesson, whereas teachers’ focus was at task-related targets during collaborative instruction-giving more than during the introductory and reflective task instructions. Hence, we suggest two previously not detected gaze types: contextualizing gaze for task readiness and collaborative gaze for task focus to contribute to the present discussion on teacher gaze

Vacant inheritance, heirless inheritance and claims from Warsaw Decree (part II)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-28
Author(s):  
Kamil Zaradkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Civil Code ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inheritance Law ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The Law ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The second part of the article concerns the interpretation and application in the central parts of Poland of the provisions of the Napoleonic Code on vacant inheritances. The Code does not provide a definition of the vacant inheritance. The key to the interpretation of the provisions on the acquisition of vacant inheritances by the state is the term “is presumed to be” (a vacant inheritance) used in the former Article 811 of the Napoleonic Code (French: est réputée vacante), see the current Article 809 of the French Civil Code which omits the term “is presumed to be”).This indicates that, in the absence of suitable heirs, the law introduced a specific rebuttable presumption of a vacant inheritance, belonging to the state. Only after an appropriate period of time did the presumption turn into certainty, i.e. it resulted in the inability to invoke the inheritance title. In practice, this meant that thirty years after the time necessary to draw up an inventory of the inheritance and to deliberate (ad deliberandum), the inheritance ultimately fell to the State. The mechanism adopted in the Napoleonic Code made it possible, on the one hand, for the heir to acquire the inheritance, which remained under the supervision of a curator for the period when it was presumed vacant, and on the other hand, it prevented the existence of inheritances without a claimant, i.e. inheritances devoid of the persons entitled to take them over. In the post-war period, when the communist authorities passed subsequent legal acts concerning the provisions of the inheritance law, the deadlines for heirs to apply for inheritance changed. Ultimately, the legislator did not adopt the model of vacant inheritances in the regulations harmonising the inheritance law on the Polish lands since 1947; instead, a solution analogous to the one provided for in the German Civil Code of 1986 (BGB) was adopted. The “shortening” of the statute of limitations also influenced the assessment of the admissibility of further application of the provisions of the Napoleonic Code in regard to vacant inheritances during the period of the People’s Republic of Poland regime (despite the existence of different inheritance law solutions).

scholarly journals Clinicians’ gaze behaviour in simulated paediatric emergencies

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
pp. 1146-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben McNaughten ◽  
Caroline Hart ◽  
Stephen Gallagher ◽  
Carol Junk ◽  
Patricia Coulter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Paediatric Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Educational Tool ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Paediatric Emergency ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Potential Use

AimDifferences in the gaze behaviour of experts and novices are described in aviation and surgery. This study sought to describe the gaze behaviour of clinicians from different training backgrounds during a simulated paediatric emergency.MethodsClinicians from four clinical areas undertook a simulated emergency. Participants wore SMI (SensoMotoric Instruments) eye tracking glasses. We measured the fixation count and dwell time on predefined areas of interest and the time taken to key clinical interventions.ResultsPaediatric intensive care unit (PICU) consultants performed best and focused longer on the chest and airway. Paediatric consultants and trainees spent longer looking at the defibrillator and algorithm (51 180 ms and 50 551 ms, respectively) than the PICU and paediatric emergency medicine consultants.ConclusionsThis study is the first to describe differences in the gaze behaviour between experts and novices in a resuscitation. They mirror those described in aviation and surgery. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential use of eye tracking as an educational tool.

scholarly journals Interviewer presence can affect learning with interview videos

2021 ◽  
pp. 204275302199531
Author(s):  
Fang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Learning Outcome ◽  
The Other ◽  
Learning Materials ◽  
Attention Effect ◽  
E Learning ◽  
The One ◽  
Generative Processing

Interviews with scholars and experts are becoming more and more popular as e-learning materials. Yet how an interview video should be edited is mostly based on personal preference rather than on rigorous scientific research. Thus this study tested whether showing the interviewer in educational interview videos can affect the learning outcome. Two interview learning materials on two topics (eye tracking and text–picture integration) were conducted by the author and edited in two versions. One version was with the interviewer and the other version was without the interviewer, the latter’s image and voice being edited out. Psychology students ( N = 180) watched either the video with or the one without the interviewer and answered the corresponding questions. Results in an online experiment yielded a better learning outcome in the video without the interviewer than in the video with the interviewer. It is probable that the absence of the interviewer can protect participants from extraneous processing and a split-attention effect. The without-interviewer video, segmented by displaying interview questions in keywords on slides, seemed to assist participants in managing the essential processing. The absence of the interviewer may avoid the confusion of multiple instructors, which fosters the generative processing. This study provides practical and pedagogical implications and suggests that removing the image and voice of the interviewer is likely to promote learning.

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