scholarly journals Direct Alcoholysis of Carbohydrate Precursors and Real Cellulosic Biomasses to Alkyl Levulinates: A Critical Review

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1221
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti ◽  
Claudia Antonetti ◽  
Sara Fulignati ◽  
Domenico Licursi

Alkyl levulinates (ALs) represent outstanding bio-fuels and strategic bio-products within the context of the marketing of levulinic acid derivatives. However, their synthesis by acid-catalyzed esterification of pure levulinic acid, or by acid-catalyzed alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol, although relatively simple, is still economically disadvantageous, due to the high costs of the pure precursors. The direct one-pot alcoholysis of model C6 carbohydrates and raw biomass represents an alternative approach for the one-step synthesis of ALs. In order to promote the market for these bio-products and, concurrently, the immediate development of new applications, it is necessary to speed up the intensification of their production processes, and this important achievement is onlypossible by using low-cost or, even better, waste biomasses, as starting feedstocks. This review provides an overview of the most recent and promising advances on the one-pot production of ALs from model C6 carbohydrates and real biomasses, in the presence of homogeneous or heterogeneous acid catalysts. The use of model C6 carbohydrates allows for the identification of the best obtainable ALs yields, resulting in being strategic for the development of new smart catalysts, whose chemical properties must be properly tuned, taking into account the involved reaction mechanism. On the other hand, the transition to the real biomass now represents a necessary choice for allowing the next ALs production on a larger scale. The improvement of the available synthetic strategies, the use of raw materials and the development of new applications for ALs will contribute to develop more intensified, greener, and sustainable processes.

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abolfazl Olyaei ◽  
Zahra Ghahremany ◽  
Madieh Sadeghpour

: A green and efficient protocol was developed for the one-pot three-component synthesis of novel 2-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-2-(arylamino)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione derivatives by the reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarin, ninhydrin and aromatic amines in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride as an organocatalyst under solvent-free conditions. The present approach offers several advantages such as low cost, simple work-up, short reaction times, chromatography-free purification, high yields and greener conditions.


RSC Advances ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-250
Author(s):  
Rodiansono ◽  
Maria Dewi Astuti ◽  
Kamilia Mustikasari ◽  
Sadang Husain ◽  
Fathur Razi Ansyah ◽  
...  

The RANEY® Ni–Sn(x) alloy catalysed the one-pot conversion of biomass-derived furfural and levulinic acid to allow remarkable yield of 1,4-pentanediol (up to 90%) under the mild reaction conditions.


2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1801300
Author(s):  
Anna V. Lekar ◽  
Sergey N. Borisenko ◽  
Elena V. Vetrova ◽  
Elena V. Maksimenko ◽  
Salima S. Khizrieva ◽  
...  

The aim of this work was to develop and study a fast “one-pot” procedure for the production of glycyrrhetinic acid (GLA) from the roots of licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) using subcritical water (SBW). Technique requires no use expensive and toxic organic solvents. For the first time the new method was used for the production of glycyrrhetinic acid (aglycone of glycyrrhizic acid) by “one-pot” technique. HPLC was used to determine the quantitative compositions of the obtained products. It has been shown that variation of only one parameter of the process (temperature) allows alteration of composition of the products obtained by new “one-pot” technique. The “one-pot” procedure developed for the production of GLA in SBW is faster (12 folds) than conventional methods that use expensive and toxic organic solvents. The proposed procedure has the excellent potential for the future development of the fast and low cost technologies for the production of GLA and its derivatives in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries.


2013 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 467-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia M Soria-Castro ◽  
Alicia B Peñéñory

S-aryl thioacetates can be prepared by reaction of inexpensive potassium thioacetate with both electron-rich and electron-poor aryl iodides under a base-free copper/ligand catalytic system. CuI as copper source affords S-aryl thioacetates in good to excellent yields, by using 1,10-phenanthroline as a ligand in toluene at 100 °C after 24 h. Under microwave irradiation the time was drastically reduced to 2 h. Both procedures are simple and involve a low-cost catalytic system. This methodology was also applied to the “one-pot” synthesis of target heterocycles, such as 3H-benzo[c][1,2]dithiol-3-one and 2-methylbenzothiazole, alkyl aryl sulfides, diaryl disulfides and asymmetric diaryl sulfides in good yields.


2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
Zohreh Shahnavaz ◽  
Lia Zaharani ◽  
Mohd Rafie Johan ◽  
Nader Ghaffari Khaligh

Background: In continuation of our previous work and the applications of saccharin, we encouraged to investigate the one-pot synthesis of the aryl iodides by the diazotization of the arene diazonium saccharin salts. Objective: Arene diazonium salts play an important role in organic synthesis as intermediate and a wide variety of aromatic compounds have been prepared using them. A serious drawback of arene diazonium salts is their instability in a dry state; therefore, they must be stored and handled carefully to avoid spontaneous explosion and other hazard events. Methods: The arene diazonium saccharin salts were prepared as active intermediates in situ through the reaction of various aryl amines with tert-butyl nitrite (TBN) in the presence of saccharin (Sac–H). Then, in situ obtained intermediates were used into the diazotization step without separation and purification in the current protocol. Results: A variety of aryl iodides were synthesized at a greener and low-cost method in the presence of TBN, Sac–H, glacial acetic acid, and TEAI. Conclusion: In summary, a telescopic reaction is developed for the synthesis of aryl iodides. The current methodology is safe, cost-effective, broad substrate scope, and metal-free. All used reagents are commercially available and inert to moisture and air. Also, the saccharine and tetraethylammonium cation could be partially recovered from the reaction residue, which reduces waste generation, energy consumption, raw material, and waste disposal costs.


Author(s):  
Sorin Avramescu ◽  
Cristian D. Ene ◽  
Madalina Ciobanu ◽  
Josefine Schnee ◽  
François Devred ◽  
...  

Catalytic activity of TiO2, 2%Re-TiO2 and 10%Re-TiO2 in the conversion of carbohydrates into levulinic acid under autoclave conditions was evaluated. These materials were prepared by aerogel method and characterized by...


2019 ◽  
Vol 807 ◽  
pp. 159-164
Author(s):  
Yuan Ze Ma ◽  
Xiu Xia Zhang ◽  
Rong Fan

Due to the developed pore structure ,high specific surface area, low cost, accessible raw materials and stable physical and chemical properties, activated carbon has caused high attention of society. Nowadays activated carbon has been widely used in capacitor electrode production, water pollution treatment, medicine and other fields. We review the various preparation methods of activated carbon and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of them in this paper. The characteristics of activated carbon regeneration technology are also discussed from the perspective of improving the utilization rate of activated carbon. With the development of China's green economy and the increasing awareness of people's environmental protection, the research on the preparation and regeneration of activated carbon will surely have a broader development prospect.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Paul Rostron ◽  
Sonia Kasshanna

Two different naturally occurring vegetable oils, Cress seed oil, and Linseed oil were chemically modified via novel one pot synthesis to produce fatty acid derived amides. These were characterized by their ability to prevent corrosion of carbon steel in vigorously stirred, aerated seawater, one of the most corrosive naturally occurring environments. Corrosion inhibitor efficiencies of up to 99.6% or a corrosion rate reduction factor of 250 in this medium is reported. The one pot synthetic strategy means that the corrosion inhibitors can be made at very low cost.


2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eskandar Kolvari ◽  
Maryam Mirzaeeyan

Al(NO3)3 · 9H2O efficiently catalyzes the three-component Biginelli reaction between an aldehyde, aβ-dicarbonyl compound, and urea or thiourea in refluxing ethanol and solvent-free (SF) conditions to afford the corresponding dihydropyrimidinones in high yields. The advantages of this method involve the easy procedure, the environmentally friendly process, and the low cost of the Lewis acid catalyst.


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