scholarly journals Antiretroviral Drugs Impact Autophagy with Toxic Outcomes

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 909
Author(s):  
Laura Cheney ◽  
John M. Barbaro ◽  
Joan W. Berman
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Viral Suppression ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Foreign Material ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Target Effects

Antiretroviral drugs have dramatically improved the morbidity and mortality of people living with HIV (PLWH). While current antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens are generally well-tolerated, risks for side effects and toxicity remain as PLWH must take life-long medications. Antiretroviral drugs impact autophagy, an intracellular proteolytic process that eliminates debris and foreign material, provides nutrients for metabolism, and performs quality control to maintain cell homeostasis. Toxicity and adverse events associated with antiretrovirals may be due, in part, to their impacts on autophagy. A more complete understanding of the effects on autophagy is essential for developing antiretroviral drugs with decreased off target effects, meaning those unrelated to viral suppression, to minimize toxicity for PLWH. This review summarizes the findings and highlights the gaps in our knowledge of the impacts of antiretroviral drugs on autophagy.

scholarly journals EVALUATION ON THE NUMBER OF CD4 T CELLS AND ANTIRETROVIRAL SIDE EFFECTS IN PATIENTS WITH AIDS

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Siti Qamariyah Khairunisa ◽  
Irine Normalina ◽  
Nasronudin Nasronudin
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Record Card ◽  
Living With Hiv

Antiretroviral drug discovery has encouraged a revolution in the care of people living with HIV, although it has not been able to cure diseases and to increase the challenge in terms of drug side effects. Side effects of antiretroviral drugs are fairly common occurrences in HIV patients and generally occur within the first three months after initiation of antiretroviral therapy, although long-term side effects are also often found afterwards. This study aims to evaluate the number of CD4 T-cells in patients with AIDS before and after getting on ARV therapy and side effects arising during the taking of ARVs. Samples were collected from 10 patients infected by HIV/AIDS in a clinic in Surabaya. This study is an analytical survey. Data collection was conducted using secondary data obtained from the medical record card status on HIV paients in a clinic in Surabaya. Data results showed that the side effects that often occur in people with AIDS are appetite loss (90%), headache (80%), insomnia (80%) and nausea (70%). While many combinations of antiretroviral drugs have side effects such as a combination of AZT +3 TC + EFV, d4T +3 TC + followed by EFV and AZT +3 TC + NVP. The present study shows that combination antiretroviral therapy gives good results to the increased number of CD4 T-cellsin patients living with HIV, as shown by the tendency of an increase in the number of CD4 T-cells in 8 out of 10 AIDS patients who received a antiretroviral therapy.

scholarly journals EVALUATION ON THE EFFECT OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS ON CD4 T-CELL AND THE INCREMENT OF BODY WEIGHT AMONG HIV-AIDS PATIENTS IN SURABAYA

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Edith Frederika ◽  
Irine Normalina ◽  
Nasronudin Nasronudin ◽  
Rury Mega
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Antiretroviral Drug ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Living With Hiv

Antiretroviral drug discovery has encouraged a revolution in the care of people living with HIV, although it has not been able to cure diseases and to increase the challenge in terms of drug side effects. Side effects of antiretroviral drugs are fairly common occurrences in HIV patients and generally occurr within the first three months after initiation of antiretroviral therapy, although long-term side effects are also often found afterwards. This study aims to evaluate the number of CD4 T-cells in patients with AIDS before and after getting on ARV therapy, the side effects arising during the taking of ARVs are related to the increment of body weight among the HIVAIDS patients. Subjects were then narrowed down from 25 to 12 due to the incomplete data. The results showed that the top three most side effects which often occur in people with AIDS are appetite loss (20.0%), nausea (17.8%), and diarrhoea (15.6%). Meanwhile, about 58% of the subjects experienced increment of their body weight, and 42% were losing weight due to the side effects of the ARV therapy. Among those who lost their body weight, 50% were in the productive ages between 21–30 years old. The present study shows that combination antiretroviral therapy gives good results to the increased number of CD4 T-cells in patients living with HIV, as shown by the tendency of an increment in the number of CD4 T-cells in patients who received antiretroviral therapy. However, around 42% of those patients were losing weight because of the side effects of the therapy. Therefore, the importance of giving specific nutrient to overcome with the weight loss is needed to be given to the patients HIV instead of only giving the ARV treatment.

scholarly journals Multilevel of Factors Affected Optimal Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy and Viral Suppression Amongst HIV-infected Prisoners in South Ethiopia: A Prospective Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terefe Gone Fuge ◽  
George Tsourtos ◽  
Emma R Miller
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Viral Suppression ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
South Ethiopia ◽  
Pharmacy Refill ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Optimal Adherence

Abstract ObjectivesMaintaining optimal adherence and viral suppression in people living with HIV (PLWHA) is essential to ensure both preventative and therapeutic benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Prisoners bear a particularly high burden of HIV infection and are highly likely to transmit to others during and after incarceration. However, the level of treatment adherence and viral suppression in incarcerated populations in low-income countries is unknown. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of non-adherence and viral failure, and contributing factors amongst prisoners in South Ethiopia. MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted between June 1, 2019 and May 31, 2020 to compare the level of adherence and viral suppression between incarcerated and non-incarcerated PLWHA. The study involved 74 inmates living with HIV (ILWHA) and 296 non-incarcerated PLWHA. Background information (including sociodemographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial, behavioural, and incarceration related characteristics) was collected using a structured questionnaire. Adherence was determined based on the participants’ self-report and pharmacy refill records. Plasma viral load measurements undertaken within the study period were prospectively extracted to determine viral suppression. Univariate and multivariate regression models were used to analyse data. ResultsWhile prisoners had a significantly higher pharmacy refill adherence compared to non-incarcerated PLWHA (89% vs 75%), they had a slightly lower dose adherence (81% vs 83%). The prevalence of viral failure (VF) was also slightly higher (6%) in ILWHA compared to non-incarcerated PLWHA (4.4%). The overall dose non-adherence (NA) was significantly associated with missing ART appointments, level of satisfaction with ART services, patient’s ability to comply with a specified medication schedule and types of methods used to monitor the schedule. In ILWHA specifically, accessing ART services from a hospital compared to a health centre, an inability to always attend clinic appointments, experience of depression and a lack of social support predicted NA. VF was significantly higher in males, people of age 31to 35 years and in those who experienced social stigma, regardless of their incarceration status. ConclusionsThis study revealed that HIV-infected prisoners in South Ethiopia were more likely to be non-adherent to ART doses and to develop viral failure compared to their non-incarcerated counterparts. A multitude of factors were found to be responsible for this requiring multilevel intervention strategies focusing on the specific needs of prisoners.

scholarly journals PERSEPSI TERAPI ARV (ANTI RETROVIRAL VIRUS) PADA ORANG YANG TERINFEKSI HIV/AIDS DI KOTA SALATIGA

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Dewi Mayang Sari
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Latar Belakang: Jumlah penderita HIV/AIDS di Indonesia setiap tahunnya terus bertambah. Menurut laporan tahunan terbaru dari Badan Dunia untuk penanggulangan HIV/AIDS atau UNAIDS, Indonesia kini berada diurutan nomor satu. Terkait laju peningkatan kasus HIV di Indonesia pada tahun 1998 jumlah kasus HIV baru 591 orang, tetapi pada bulan September 2007 jumlahnya telah mencapai 5.904 orang. Tujuan Penelitian: Mengetahui persepsi terapi ARV (Anti Retroviral Virus) pada orang yang terinfeksi HIV/AIDS di Kota Salatiga. Metode Penelitian: Jenis penelitian menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi. Rancangan fenomenologi ini dilaksanakan dengan berpedoman pada tahapan deskriptif yaitu tahapan intuitif analisis dan deskriptif. Jumlah partisipan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 3 orang penderita HIV/AIDS di Kota Salatiga atau sampai saturasi data. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian: Persepsi  dalam menjalani terapi ARV (Anti Retroviral Virus) di Kota Salatiga sudah baik, mereka mengetahui tentang ARV dan mengetahui tentang  efek samping yang ditimbulkan dari terapi ARV. Upaya orang yang terinfeksi HIV/AIDS dalam menjalani terapi ARV (Anti Retroviral Virus) di Kota Salatiga. ODHA mengatasi efek samping dengan konsultasi ke dokter dan minum obat yang diberikan dokter. Dukungan petugas manajemen kasus dalam menjalani  terapi ARV (Anti Retroviral Virus) di Kota Salatiga sudah baik. Dukungan  kelompok sebaya terhadap orang yang terinfeksi HIV dalam menjalani terapi ARV (Anti Retroviral Virus) di Kota Salatiga baik. Dukungan suami terhadap istri yang dalam menjalani terapi ARV (Anti Retroviral Virus) di Kota Salatiga baik. Kata kunci            :   Persepsi; ARV; sikap; HIV/AIDS; kelompok sebaya  PERCEPTION THERAPY ARV (ANTI-RETROVIRAL VIRUS) IN PEOPLE INFECTED WITH HIV / AIDS IN THE CITY SALATIGA ABSTRACT Background: The number of people living with HIV / AIDS in Indonesia each year continues to grow. According to the latest annual report of the World Agency for HIV / AIDS or UNAIDS, Indonesia now comes out number one. Related to the rate of increase in HIV cases in Indonesia in 1998, the number of new HIV cases 591 people, but in September 2007 the number had reached 5,904 people. Objective Research: Knowing perception of antiretroviral therapy (Anti Retroviral Virus) in people infected with the H IV / AIDS in Salatiga. Methods: Type research using a phenomenological approach. draft of this phenomenology is guided by the descriptive stage stages intuitive and descriptive analysis. The number of participants in this study were 3 people with HIV / AIDS in Salatiga or until saturation of data. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Results of the study: Perception in therapy ARV (Anti-Retroviral Virus) in Salatiga has been good, they know about the drugs and find out about the side effects of antiretroviral therapy. Efforts of people infected with HIV / AIDS in antiretroviral therapy (Anti Retroviral Virus) in Salatiga. PLWHA cope with the side effects consult a doctor and take medicine that doctors prescribe. Support case management officer in antiretroviral therapy (Anti Retroviral Virus) in Salatiga has been good. peers Support against people infected with HIV in antiretroviral therapy (Anti Retroviral Virus) in Salatiga well. Support husbands against wives in antiretroviral therapy (Anti Retroviral Virus) in Salatiga well. Keywords    : Perception; antiretroviral therapy; attitude; HIV / AIDS; officers peer  

scholarly journals Assessing the interaction between depressive symptoms and alcohol use prior to antiretroviral therapy on viral suppression among people living with HIV in Rural Uganda

AIDS Care ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1251-1257
Author(s):  
Jacklyn D. Foley ◽  
Alan Sheinfil ◽  
Sarah E. Woolf-King ◽  
Robin Fatch ◽  
Nneka I. Emenyonu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Viral Suppression ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv

scholarly journals Adverse Drug Effects and Non-Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in Nigeria: A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Mary Obidiya Okuku ◽  
Alali Dan-Jumbo
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Core Collection ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Drug Effect ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Adverse Drug Effects ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Living With Hiv

Objectives: This review aims to assess the link between adverse drug effects and non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Nigeria. Methodology: Databases were searched namely PubMed, Web of science core collection, Science direct, Global Health (CABI) and MEDLINE. Fifteen (15) primary articles (studies carried out in Nigeria) met the inclusion criteria and were selected for the review. The primary articles selected for the review were analyzed and critiqued. Results: The articles selected for review showed that adverse drug effects is a barrier to adherence to ART. Conclusion: The review conclude that adverse drug effect is a barrier to adherence to ART among PLWHA in Nigeria and recommends patient education on side effects of ART, the need for regular exercises, eating healthy meals and the need for physicians to simplify the regimen with regards to the amount of medication to take and the timing.

scholarly journals Factors associated with viremia in people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Guatemala

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean W. Ortíz ◽  
Olivia Roberts-Sano ◽  
Hugo E. Marroquin ◽  
Lindsey Larson ◽  
Katherine B. Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Viral Suppression ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Clinical Factors ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Prior Art ◽  
Treatment Interruptions ◽  
Perceived Difficulty ◽  
Living With Hiv

Abstract Introduction Viral suppression prevents HIV transmission and disease progression, but socio-economic and clinical factors can hinder the goal of suppression. We evaluated factors associated with viral non suppression (VNS) and persistent viremia (PV) in people living with HIV (PLHIV) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Guatemala. Methods We conducted a cross sectional analysis using data from an ongoing cohort of PLHIV attending the largest HIV clinic in Guatemala. Univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted between PLHIV with viral suppression and detectable viremia. VNS was defined as most recent HIV RNA ≥ 200 copies/ml and PV as two consecutive HIV RNA ≥ 200 copies/ml. Results Of 664 participants, 13.3% had VNS and 7.1% had PV. In univariable analysis disaggregated by gender, low income, poor education, perceived difficulty attending healthcare, and alcohol use were associated with VNS in men while low CD4 at diagnosis, multiple prior ART regimens and treatment interruptions were significant in both genders. Multiple prior ART regimens (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 2.82, [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.59, 4.99], p < 0.01), treatment interruptions (aOR 4.51, [95% CI 2.13, 9.58], p < 0.01), excessive alcohol consumption (aOR 2.56, [95% CI 1.18, 5.54], p < 0.05) perceived difficulty attending healthcare (aOR 2.07, [ 95% CI 1.25, 3.42], p < 0.01) and low CD4 at diagnosis (aOR 2.34, 95% [CI 1.30, 4.20], p < 0.01) were independently associated with VNS on multivariable regression. Conclusions We conclude that socio-economic and clinical factors influence viral suppression in our cohort and vary between men and women. Gender specific approaches are necessary to achieve the 90% suppression goal.

scholarly journals Antiretroviral therapy supply chain quality control and assurance in improving people living with HIV therapeutic outcomes in Cameroon

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Ngogang Djobet ◽  
David Singhe ◽  
Julienne Lohoue ◽  
Christopher Kuaban ◽  
Jeanne Ngogang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
Living With Hiv

Advances of Research on Anti-HIV Agents from Traditional Chinese Herbs

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Chu ◽  
H. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Anti Hiv Agents ◽  
Anti Hiv

The current approach for dealing with the global pandemic of AIDS focuses on pharmaceuticals. The classic treatment of AIDS is highly active antiretroviral therapy, but most people living with HIV/AIDS—especially those in developing countries—have little or no access to the treatment because of the high cost of the therapy. Such treatment is associated with toxic side effects and drug resistance. As such, the search for better anti-HIV agents continues, with much attention focused on natural sources—particularly, plant species. Thousands of herbs have been screened for anti-HIV activity, and new compounds have been discovered from the extracts, many of which demonstrate inhibitory activity against HIV. Their mechanisms of action include inhibiting the activities of reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase; weakening infection at the level of viral entry; and downregulating related gene expression. This provides researchers with new clues to synthesize drugs for the anti-HIV battle. Some synthetic derivatives of the anti-HIV natural products have stronger inhibitory effects in vitro than do their natural counterparts. Various mixed preparations of these anti-HIV herbs are in clinical trials or are applied in the treatment of people living with HIV/AIDS—some of which yield lower plasma viral load, enhance immune function, relieve related symptoms and signs, improve the quality of life, or, in combination with highly active antiretroviral therapy, alleviate the side effects of biomedical drugs. This article reviews current laboratory findings and clinical trials of anti-HIV agents from traditional herbs—particularly, herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. Drug interactions with highly active antiretroviral therapy and criteria for clinical evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine treatment are also discussed.

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