EVALUATION ON THE EFFECT OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS ON CD4 T-CELL AND THE INCREMENT OF BODY WEIGHT AMONG HIV-AIDS PATIENTS IN SURABAYA

Antiretroviral drug discovery has encouraged a revolution in the care of people living with HIV, although it has not been able to cure diseases and to increase the challenge in terms of drug side effects. Side effects of antiretroviral drugs are fairly common occurrences in HIV patients and generally occurr within the first three months after initiation of antiretroviral therapy, although long-term side effects are also often found afterwards. This study aims to evaluate the number of CD4 T-cells in patients with AIDS before and after getting on ARV therapy, the side effects arising during the taking of ARVs are related to the increment of body weight among the HIVAIDS patients. Subjects were then narrowed down from 25 to 12 due to the incomplete data. The results showed that the top three most side effects which often occur in people with AIDS are appetite loss (20.0%), nausea (17.8%), and diarrhoea (15.6%). Meanwhile, about 58% of the subjects experienced increment of their body weight, and 42% were losing weight due to the side effects of the ARV therapy. Among those who lost their body weight, 50% were in the productive ages between 21–30 years old. The present study shows that combination antiretroviral therapy gives good results to the increased number of CD4 T-cells in patients living with HIV, as shown by the tendency of an increment in the number of CD4 T-cells in patients who received antiretroviral therapy. However, around 42% of those patients were losing weight because of the side effects of the therapy. Therefore, the importance of giving specific nutrient to overcome with the weight loss is needed to be given to the patients HIV instead of only giving the ARV treatment.

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EVALUATION ON THE NUMBER OF CD4 T CELLS AND ANTIRETROVIRAL SIDE EFFECTS IN PATIENTS WITH AIDS

Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease ◽

10.20473/ijtid.v3i2.213 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 96

Author(s):

Siti Qamariyah Khairunisa ◽

Irine Normalina ◽

Nasronudin Nasronudin

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Side Effects ◽

Cd4 T Cells ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Antiretroviral Drugs ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Before And After ◽

Record Card ◽

Living With Hiv

Antiretroviral drug discovery has encouraged a revolution in the care of people living with HIV, although it has not been able to cure diseases and to increase the challenge in terms of drug side effects. Side effects of antiretroviral drugs are fairly common occurrences in HIV patients and generally occur within the first three months after initiation of antiretroviral therapy, although long-term side effects are also often found afterwards. This study aims to evaluate the number of CD4 T-cells in patients with AIDS before and after getting on ARV therapy and side effects arising during the taking of ARVs. Samples were collected from 10 patients infected by HIV/AIDS in a clinic in Surabaya. This study is an analytical survey. Data collection was conducted using secondary data obtained from the medical record card status on HIV paients in a clinic in Surabaya. Data results showed that the side effects that often occur in people with AIDS are appetite loss (90%), headache (80%), insomnia (80%) and nausea (70%). While many combinations of antiretroviral drugs have side effects such as a combination of AZT +3 TC + EFV, d4T +3 TC + followed by EFV and AZT +3 TC + NVP. The present study shows that combination antiretroviral therapy gives good results to the increased number of CD4 T-cellsin patients living with HIV, as shown by the tendency of an increase in the number of CD4 T-cells in 8 out of 10 AIDS patients who received a antiretroviral therapy.

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Antiretroviral Drugs Impact Autophagy with Toxic Outcomes

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10040909 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 909

Author(s):

Laura Cheney ◽

John M. Barbaro ◽

Joan W. Berman

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Side Effects ◽

Viral Suppression ◽

Antiretroviral Drugs ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Foreign Material ◽

Complete Understanding ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Target Effects

Antiretroviral drugs have dramatically improved the morbidity and mortality of people living with HIV (PLWH). While current antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens are generally well-tolerated, risks for side effects and toxicity remain as PLWH must take life-long medications. Antiretroviral drugs impact autophagy, an intracellular proteolytic process that eliminates debris and foreign material, provides nutrients for metabolism, and performs quality control to maintain cell homeostasis. Toxicity and adverse events associated with antiretrovirals may be due, in part, to their impacts on autophagy. A more complete understanding of the effects on autophagy is essential for developing antiretroviral drugs with decreased off target effects, meaning those unrelated to viral suppression, to minimize toxicity for PLWH. This review summarizes the findings and highlights the gaps in our knowledge of the impacts of antiretroviral drugs on autophagy.

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)–Infected CCR6+ Rectal CD4+ T Cells and HIV Persistence On Antiretroviral Therapy

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiz509 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 221 (5) ◽

pp. 744-755 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jenny L Anderson ◽

Gabriela Khoury ◽

Rémi Fromentin ◽

Ajantha Solomon ◽

Nicolas Chomont ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

T Cells ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Cd4 T Cells ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Hiv Persistence ◽

Hiv Dna ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Infected Cells ◽

Living With Hiv

Abstract Background Identifying where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persists in people living with HIV and receiving antiretroviral therapy is critical to develop cure strategies. We assessed the relationship of HIV persistence to expression of chemokine receptors and their chemokines in blood (n = 48) and in rectal (n = 20) and lymph node (LN; n = 8) tissue collected from people living with HIV who were receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Methods Cell-associated integrated HIV DNA, unspliced HIV RNA, and chemokine messenger RNA were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Chemokine receptor expression on CD4+ T cells was determined using flow cytometry. Results Integrated HIV DNA levels in CD4+ T cells, CCR6+CXCR3+ memory CD4+ T-cell frequency, and CCL20 expression (ligand for CCR6) were highest in rectal tissue, where HIV-infected CCR6+ T cells accounted for nearly all infected cells (median, 89.7%). Conversely in LN tissue, CCR6+ T cells were infrequent, and there was a statistically significant association of cell-associated HIV DNA and RNA with CCL19, CCL21, and CXCL13 chemokines. Conclusions HIV-infected CCR6+ CD4+ T cells accounted for the majority of infected cells in rectal tissue. The different relationships between HIV persistence and T-cell subsets and chemokines in rectal and LN tissue suggest that different tissue-specific strategies may be required to eliminate HIV persistence and that assessment of biomarkers for HIV persistence may not be generalizable between blood and other tissues.

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Antiretroviral Therapy Dampens Mucosal CD4+ T Lamina Propria Lymphocytes Immune Activation in Long-Term Treated People Living with HIV-1

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9081624 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1624

Author(s):

Alessandro Lazzaro ◽

Giuseppe Pietro Innocenti ◽

Letizia Santinelli ◽

Claudia Pinacchio ◽

Gabriella De Girolamo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Lamina Propria ◽

Immune Activation ◽

Cd4 T Cells ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Lamina Propria Lymphocytes ◽

Hiv 1

HIV infection is characterized by a severe deterioration of an immune cell-mediated response due to a progressive loss of CD4+ T cells from gastrointestinal tract, with a preferential loss of IL-17 producing Th cells (Th17), a specific CD4+ T cells subset specialized in maintaining mucosal integrity and antimicrobial inflammatory responses. To address the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in reducing chronic immunological dysfunction and immune activation of intestinal mucosa, we conducted a cross-sectional observational study comparing total IFN-γ-expressing (Th1) and IL-17-expressing (Th17) frequencies of CD4+ T lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs) and their immune activation status between 11 male ART-naïve and 11 male long-term ART-treated people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) who underwent colonoscopy and retrograde ileoscopy for biopsies collection. Flow cytometry for surface and intracellular staining was performed. Long-term ART-treated PLWH showed lower levels of CD38+ and/or HLA-DR+ LPLs compared to ART-naïve PLWH. Frequencies of Th1 and Th17 LPLs did not differ between the two groups. Despite ART failing to restore the Th1 and Th17 levels within the gut mucosa, it is effective in increasing overall CD4+ T LPLs frequencies and reducing mucosal immune activation.

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Sarcopenic obesity is associated with lower frequency of CD4+ T cells and high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in people living with HIV

Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1016/j.clnu.2018.06.1138 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

pp. S21

Author(s):

I.A. Osuna Padilla ◽

A. Aguilar Vargas ◽

A. Villazon de la Rosa ◽

N.C. Rodriguez Moguel ◽

Y. Vargas Infante ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

T Cells ◽

Cd4 T Cells ◽

Sarcopenic Obesity ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Living With Hiv

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Distinct Lipidomic Signatures in People Living With HIV: Combined Analysis of ACTG 5260s and MACS/WIHS

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/clinem/dgab663 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jennifer Jao ◽

Lauren C Balmert ◽

Shan Sun ◽

Grace A McComsey ◽

Todd T Brown ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Metabolic Complications ◽

Persons Living With Hiv ◽

Before And After ◽

Homeostatic Model Assessment ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

Living With Hiv

Abstract Context Disentangling contributions of HIV from antiretroviral therapy (ART) and understanding the effects of different ART on metabolic complications in persons living with HIV (PLHIV) has been challenging. Objective We assessed the effect of untreated HIV infection as well as different antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the metabolome/lipidome. Methods Widely targeted plasma metabolomic and lipidomic profiling was performed on HIV-seronegative individuals and people living with HIV (PLHIV) before and after initiating ART (tenofovir/emtricitabine plus atazanavir/ritonavir [ATV/r] or darunavir/ritonavir [DRV/r] or raltegravir [RAL]). Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis was used to assess metabolites/lipid subspecies that discriminated between groups. Graphical lasso estimated group-specific metabolite/lipid subspecies networks associated with the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Correlations between inflammatory markers and metabolites/lipid subspecies were visualized using heat maps. Results Of 435 participants, 218 were PLHIV. Compared to HIV-seronegative individuals, ART-naive PLHIV exhibited higher levels of saturated triacylglycerols/triglycerides (TAGs) and 3-hydroxy-kynurenine, lower levels of unsaturated TAGs and N-acetyl-tryptophan, and a sparser and less heterogeneous network of metabolites/lipid subspecies associated with HOMA-IR. PLHIV on RAL vs ATV/r or DRV/r had lower saturated and unsaturated TAGs. Positive correlations were found between medium-long chain acylcarnitines (C14-C6 ACs), palmitate, and HOMA-IR for RAL but not ATV/r or DRV/r. Stronger correlations were seen for TAGs with interleukin 6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein after RAL vs ATV/r or DRV/r initiation; these correlations were absent in ART-naive PLHIV. Conclusion Alterations in the metabolome/lipidome suggest increased lipogenesis for ART-naive PLHIV vs HIV-seronegative individuals, increased TAG turnover for RAL vs ATV/r or DRV/r, and increased inflammation associated with this altered metabolome/lipidome after initiating ART. Future studies are needed to understand cardiometabolic consequences of lipogenesis and inflammation in PLHIV.

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An Assessment of Malaria Parasite Density among HIV/AIDS-Subjects at Different Levels of CD4 T-Cells Prior to Antimalarial Therapy at Chulaimbo Sub-County Hospital, Western Kenya

Journal of Tropical Medicine ◽

10.1155/2019/5697383 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. K. Kirinyet

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Parasite Density ◽

Cd4 T Cells ◽

Malaria Parasite ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Western Kenya ◽

Geometrical Mean ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Hiv Aids

Background. Malaria and HIV/AIDS infections are among the major public health concerns in sub-Saharan Africa, where they are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Recent findings indicate that individual people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) with lower levels of CD4 T-cell count below 200/mm3 tend to experience higher mean malaria parasite densities than their counterparts with higher CD4 T-cells counts. Aim. The study was conducted to assess the pattern of malaria parasite density at different levels of CD4 T-cells among people living with HIV/AIDS in Western part of Kenya. Subjects and Methods. A randomized antimalarial treatment study among 126 people living with HIV/AIDS was conducted at Chulaimbo Sub-County Hospital, Western Kenya. All the participants enrolled into the study had their blood samples assessed for malaria parasite densities before commencement of antimalarial therapy and the results correlated with their CD4 T-cells levels obtained from their respective files. Results. Mean malaria parasite density on pretreatment samples was 43,168 parasites /μL of blood, median was 17,720, and mode was 4,000. Male participants had a higher geometrical mean parasite density (26,424) compared to females’ (15,346) (p = 0.03). Low CD4 counts were associated with high density malaria parasitaemia and consequently, very high CD4 counts seemed to exhibit low malaria parasite density among PLWHA. An insignificant negative correlation, however, between CD4 T-cells count and malaria parasite densities was noted (p = 0.169). Conclusion. The study was able to establish higher parasite density among individuals with ≤200 cells/μL than their counterparts with >200 cells/μL of CD4 T-cell levels in PLWHA resident in Western Kenya. Secondly, males significantly had a higher geometrical mean parasite density than females regardless of their CD4 status. It is anticipated that the results from this study could be used/applied in developing interventional measures to address malaria/HIV-AIDS coinfections aimed at saving life, particularly in the sub-Saharan African region where the two infections are rampant.

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Clonal Expansion of Infected CD4+ T Cells in People Living with HIV

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13102078 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 2078

Author(s):

John M. Coffin ◽

Stephen H. Hughes

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Cd4 T Cells ◽

Large Fraction ◽

Latent Reservoir ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Resting Cells ◽

Hiv Rna ◽

Art Initiation ◽

Infected Cells ◽

Living With Hiv

HIV infection is not curable with current antiretroviral therapy (ART) because a small fraction of CD4+ T cells infected prior to ART initiation persists. Understanding the nature of this latent reservoir and how it is created is essential to development of potentially curative strategies. The discovery that a large fraction of the persistently infected cells in individuals on suppressive ART are members of large clones greatly changed our view of the reservoir and how it arises. Rather than being the products of infection of resting cells, as was once thought, HIV persistence is largely or entirely a consequence of infection of cells that are either expanding or are destined to expand, primarily due to antigen-driven activation. Although most of the clones carry defective proviruses, some carry intact infectious proviruses; these clones comprise the majority of the reservoir. A large majority of both the defective and the intact infectious proviruses in clones of infected cells are transcriptionally silent; however, a small fraction expresses a few copies of unspliced HIV RNA. A much smaller fraction is responsible for production of low levels of infectious virus, which can rekindle infection when ART is stopped. Further understanding of the reservoir will be needed to clarify the mechanism(s) by which provirus expression is controlled in the clones of cells that constitute the reservoir.

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PERSEPSI TERAPI ARV (ANTI RETROVIRAL VIRUS) PADA ORANG YANG TERINFEKSI HIV/AIDS DI KOTA SALATIGA

Jurnal SMART Kebidanan ◽

10.34310/sjkb.v3i2.62 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 46

Author(s):

Dewi Mayang Sari

Keyword(s):

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Side Effects ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Phenomenological Approach ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

Rate Of Increase ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Hiv Aids

Latar Belakang: Jumlah penderita HIV/AIDS di Indonesia setiap tahunnya terus bertambah. Menurut laporan tahunan terbaru dari Badan Dunia untuk penanggulangan HIV/AIDS atau UNAIDS, Indonesia kini berada diurutan nomor satu. Terkait laju peningkatan kasus HIV di Indonesia pada tahun 1998 jumlah kasus HIV baru 591 orang, tetapi pada bulan September 2007 jumlahnya telah mencapai 5.904 orang. Tujuan Penelitian: Mengetahui persepsi terapi ARV (Anti Retroviral Virus) pada orang yang terinfeksi HIV/AIDS di Kota Salatiga. Metode Penelitian: Jenis penelitian menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi. Rancangan fenomenologi ini dilaksanakan dengan berpedoman pada tahapan deskriptif yaitu tahapan intuitif analisis dan deskriptif. Jumlah partisipan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 3 orang penderita HIV/AIDS di Kota Salatiga atau sampai saturasi data. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian: Persepsi dalam menjalani terapi ARV (Anti Retroviral Virus) di Kota Salatiga sudah baik, mereka mengetahui tentang ARV dan mengetahui tentang efek samping yang ditimbulkan dari terapi ARV. Upaya orang yang terinfeksi HIV/AIDS dalam menjalani terapi ARV (Anti Retroviral Virus) di Kota Salatiga. ODHA mengatasi efek samping dengan konsultasi ke dokter dan minum obat yang diberikan dokter. Dukungan petugas manajemen kasus dalam menjalani terapi ARV (Anti Retroviral Virus) di Kota Salatiga sudah baik. Dukungan kelompok sebaya terhadap orang yang terinfeksi HIV dalam menjalani terapi ARV (Anti Retroviral Virus) di Kota Salatiga baik. Dukungan suami terhadap istri yang dalam menjalani terapi ARV (Anti Retroviral Virus) di Kota Salatiga baik. Kata kunci : Persepsi; ARV; sikap; HIV/AIDS; kelompok sebaya PERCEPTION THERAPY ARV (ANTI-RETROVIRAL VIRUS) IN PEOPLE INFECTED WITH HIV / AIDS IN THE CITY SALATIGA ABSTRACT Background: The number of people living with HIV / AIDS in Indonesia each year continues to grow. According to the latest annual report of the World Agency for HIV / AIDS or UNAIDS, Indonesia now comes out number one. Related to the rate of increase in HIV cases in Indonesia in 1998, the number of new HIV cases 591 people, but in September 2007 the number had reached 5,904 people. Objective Research: Knowing perception of antiretroviral therapy (Anti Retroviral Virus) in people infected with the H IV / AIDS in Salatiga. Methods: Type research using a phenomenological approach. draft of this phenomenology is guided by the descriptive stage stages intuitive and descriptive analysis. The number of participants in this study were 3 people with HIV / AIDS in Salatiga or until saturation of data. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Results of the study: Perception in therapy ARV (Anti-Retroviral Virus) in Salatiga has been good, they know about the drugs and find out about the side effects of antiretroviral therapy. Efforts of people infected with HIV / AIDS in antiretroviral therapy (Anti Retroviral Virus) in Salatiga. PLWHA cope with the side effects consult a doctor and take medicine that doctors prescribe. Support case management officer in antiretroviral therapy (Anti Retroviral Virus) in Salatiga has been good. peers Support against people infected with HIV in antiretroviral therapy (Anti Retroviral Virus) in Salatiga well. Support husbands against wives in antiretroviral therapy (Anti Retroviral Virus) in Salatiga well. Keywords : Perception; antiretroviral therapy; attitude; HIV / AIDS; officers peer

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Reconstitution of CD4 T Cells in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid after Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01138-10 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 84 (18) ◽

pp. 9010-9018 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Kenneth S. Knox ◽

Carol Vinton ◽

Chadi A. Hage ◽

Lisa M. Kohli ◽

Homer L. Twigg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

T Cell ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Cd4 T Cells ◽

Lavage Fluid ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Highly Active ◽

Before And After

ABSTRACT The massive depletion of gastrointestinal-tract CD4 T cells is a hallmark of the acute phase of HIV infection. In contrast, the depletion of the lower-respiratory-tract mucosal CD4 T cells as measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is more moderate and similar to the depletion of CD4 T cells observed in peripheral blood (PB). To understand better the dynamics of disease pathogenesis and the potential for the reconstitution of CD4 T cells in the lung and PB following the administration of effective antiretroviral therapy, we studied cell-associated viral loads, CD4 T-cell frequencies, and phenotypic and functional profiles of antigen-specific CD4 T cells from BAL fluid and blood before and after the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The major findings to emerge were the following: (i) BAL CD4 T cells are not massively depleted or preferentially infected by HIV compared to levels for PB; (ii) BAL CD4 T cells reconstitute after the initiation of HAART, and their infection frequencies decrease; (iii) BAL CD4 T-cell reconstitution appears to occur via the local proliferation of resident BAL CD4 T cells rather than redistribution; and (iv) BAL CD4 T cells are more polyfunctional than CD4 T cells in blood, and their functional profile is relatively unchanged after the initiation of HAART. Taken together, these data suggest mechanisms for mucosal CD4 T-cell depletion and interventions that might aid in the reconstitution of mucosal CD4 T cells.

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