Use of Synchrotron Phase-Sensitive Imaging for the Investigation of Magnetopriming and Solar UV-Exclusion Impact on Soybean (Glycine max) Leaves

The combined response of exclusion of solar ultraviolet radiation (UV-A+B and UV-B) and static magnetic field (SMF) pre-treatment of 200 mT for 1 h were studied on soybean (Glycine max) leaves using synchrotron imaging. The seeds of soybean with and without SMF pre-treatment were sown in nursery bags kept in iron meshes where UV-A+B (280–400 nm) and UV-B (280–315 nm) from solar radiation were filtered through a polyester filters. Two controls were planned, one with polythene filter controls (FC)- which allows all the UV (280–400 nm); the other control had no filter used (open control-OC). Midrib regions of the intact third trifoliate leaves were imaged using the phase-contrast imaging technique at BL-4, Indus-2 synchrotron radiation source. The solar UV exclusion results suggest that ambient UV caused a reduction in leaf growth which ultimately reduced the photosynthesis in soybean seedlings, while SMF treatment caused enhancement of leaf growth along with photosynthesis even under the presence of ambient UV-B stress. The width of midrib and second-order veins, length of the second-order veins, leaf vein density, and the density of third-order veins obtained from the quantitative image analysis showed an enhancement in the leaves of plants that emerged from SMF pre-treated seeds as compared to untreated ones grown in open control and filter control conditions (in the presence of ambient UV stress). SMF pre-treated seeds along with UV-A+B and UV-B exclusion also showed significant enhancements in leaf parameters as compared to the UV excluded untreated leaves. Our results suggested that SMF-pretreatment of seeds diminishes the ambient UV-induced adverse effects on soybean.

Download Full-text

Synchrotron X-ray phase contrast imaging of leaf venation in soybean (Glycine max)after exclusion of solar UV (280–400 nm) radiation

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation ◽

10.1107/s1600577516003507 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 795-801 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Fatima ◽

S. Kataria ◽

K. N. Guruprasad ◽

A. K. Agrawal ◽

B. Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Phase Contrast ◽

Solar Spectrum ◽

Phase Contrast Imaging ◽

Uvb Radiation ◽

Contrast Imaging ◽

Leaf Venation ◽

X Ray ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Solar Uv

The hydraulic efficiency of a leaf depends on its vascular structure as this is responsible for transport activities. To investigate the effect of exclusion of UVAB and UVB radiation from the solar spectrum on the micro-structure of leaves of soybean (Glycine max, variety JS-335), a field experiment was conducted using synchrotron-based phase contrast imaging (PCI). Plants were grown in specially designed UV exclusion chambers, and wrapped with filters that excluded UVB (280–315 nm) or UVAB (280–400 nm), or transmitted all the ambient solar UV (280–400 nm) radiation (filter control). Qualitative observation of high-resolution X-ray PCI images obtained at 10 keV has shown the differences in major and minor vein structures of the leaves. The mid-rib width of the middle leaflet of third trifoliate leaves, for all treatments, were obtained using quantitative image analysis. The width of the mid-rib of the middle leaflet of third trifoliate leaves of UVB excluded plants was found to be more compared to leaves of filter control plants, which are exposed to ambient UV. The mid-rib or the main conducting vein transports water and sugars to the whole plant; therefore, mid-rib enhancement by the exclusion of solar UV radiation possibly implies enhancement in the leaf area which in turn causes an increased rate of photosynthesis.

Download Full-text

COVID-19 and Vitamin D Misinformation on YouTube: A Content Analysis (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.32452 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Emma Kathleen Quinn ◽

Shelby Fenton ◽

Chelsea A. Ford-Sahidzada ◽

Andrew Harper ◽

Alessandro R. Marcon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Content Analysis ◽

Health Information ◽

Qualitative Content Analysis ◽

Health Behaviours ◽

Medical Professionals ◽

Solar Ultraviolet Radiation ◽

Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure ◽

Social Media Platforms ◽

Solar Uv

BACKGROUND The “infodemic” accompanying the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic has the potential to increase avoidable spread as well as engagement in risky health behaviours. While social media platforms such as YouTube can be an inexpensive and effective method of sharing accurate health information, inaccurate and misleading information shared on YouTube can be dangerous for viewers [1]. OBJECTIVE The confusing nature of data and claims surrounding the benefits of vitamin D, particularly in the prevention or cure of COVID-19, influences both viewers and the general “immune boosting” commercial interest. METHODS YouTube video results for the search terms COVID, coronavirus, and vitamin D were collected and analyzed for content themes and deemed useful or misleading, based on the accuracy or inaccuracy of the content. Qualitative content analysis and simple statistical analysis were used to determine the prevalence and frequency of concerning content, such as confusing correlation with causation regarding vitamin D benefits. RESULTS 77 videos with 10,225,763 views (at the time of data collection) were included in the analysis, with over three quarters of them containing misleading content about COVID-19 and vitamin D. 58% of the videos confused the relationship between vitamin D and COVID-19, with 85% of the videos stating that vitamin D had preventative or curative abilities. The major contributor of these videos were medical professionals with YouTube accounts. Vitamin D recommendations that do not align with current literature were frequently suggested, included taking over the recommended safe dosage or seeking intentional solar ultraviolet radiation exposure. CONCLUSIONS The spread of misinformation is particularly alarming when spread by medical professionals and confusion of existing data suggesting vitamin D has “immune boosting” abilities can add to viewer confusion or mistrust in health information. Further, the suggestions made in the videos may increase risks of other poor health outcomes, such as skin cancer from solar UV radiation.

Download Full-text

Effects of Herbicides on Growth and Extractable Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Activity in Light- and Dark-Grown Soybean (Glycine max) Seedlings

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500039953 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 433-439 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Robert E. Hoagland ◽

Stephen O. Duke

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root Tip ◽

Continuous Darkness ◽

Soybean Seedlings ◽

Pal Activity ◽

Lyase Activity ◽

Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Activity

Effects of 16 herbicides representing 14 herbicide classes on growth and extractable phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) were examined in light- and dark-grown soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hill’] seedlings. High purity (96 to 100%) herbicides were supplied via aqueous culture at various concentrations: 0.5 mM amitrole (3-amino-s-triazole), 0.1 mM atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], 0.07 mM diclofop-methyl {methyl ester of 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoicacid}, 0.5 mM DSMA (disodium methanearsonate), 0.2 mM fenuron (1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylurea), 0.05 mM fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone}, 0.5 mM MH (1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione), 0.5 mM metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one], 1.8 μM nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline], 0.5 mM norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone], 0.05 mM paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion), 0.15 mM perfluidone {1,1,1-trifluoro-N-[2-methyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)phenyl] methanesulfonamide}, 0.2 mM propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide), 0.1 mM propham (isopropyl carbanilate), 0.5 mM TCA (trichloroacetic acid), and 0.05 mM 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid]. Dark-grown soybean seedlings (3-day-old) were transferred to control solutions (2 mM CaSO4) or to herbicide solutions (in 2 mM CaSO4) and grown at 25 C in continuous white light (200 μE•m-2•s-1) or continuous darkness until harvested 24 or 48 h after transfer. After 48 h, growth (fresh weight, dry weight, elongation) was inhibited by most of the chemicals. Other signs of toxicity (necrosis, secondary root stunting, and root tip swelling) were noted for some treatments. Roots were most affected, although hypocotyls were generally not changed. Hypocotyl elongation was stimulated by atrazine, fluridone, and norflurazon after 48 h light. Extractable PAL activity from soybean axes was decreased by atrazine, fenuron, metribuzin, norflurazon, propanil, propham, and 2,4-D. Amitrole and paraquat were the only herbicides that increased extractable PAL activity. Other compounds tested had no effect on the enzyme. None of the herbicides significantly affected in vitro PAL activity.

Download Full-text

The Metabolism of Vernolate-14C in Soybean Seedlings

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500047160 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 290-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

John B. Bourke ◽

S. C. Fang

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Chromatographic Separation ◽

Time Course ◽

Soybean Seedlings ◽

Time Course Study ◽

Ethanol Extracts ◽

Cellular Incorporation ◽

Paper Chromatographic Separation

The metabolism of S-propyl-1-14C dipropylthiocarbamate (vernolate) was studied in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr., var. Lee) seedlings. The degradation of vernlate-14C to 14CO2 was dependent on the age of seedlings. Pretreatment with non-labeled vernolate resulted in a reduction of catabolic oxidation of vernolate-14C to 14CO2, a reduction of cellular incorporation, and a corresponding increase in ethanol soluble metabolites. Paper chromatographic separation of ethanol extracts revealed the presence of two major metabolites and two minor metabolites. The relative abundance of these metabolites was dependent on the age of seedlings and the time of exposure. Results of the time course study suggested the conversion of metabolite 3 to metabolite 4.

Download Full-text

Total column ozone and solar UV-B erythemal irradiance over Kishinev, Moldova

Global NEST Journal ◽

10.30955/gnj.000382 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 204-209

Keyword(s):

Mean Value ◽

Ozone Content ◽

Solar Ultraviolet Radiation ◽

Total Column Ozone ◽

Mean Values ◽

Ozone Trend ◽

Solar Uv ◽

Column Ozone ◽

Autumn And Winter ◽

Total Column

Results of the total column ozone and ultraviolet (UV-B) erythemally weighted irradiance measurements at the ground-based solar monitoring station at the Kishinev (Moldova) are presented. Diffuse and global components of solar UV-B erythemal irradiance on horizontal plane were continuously measured with sensors UV-S-B-C (of broadband 280-315 nm), Kipp&Zonen. Monthly totals of global and diffuse components of solar UV-B erythemal radiation reveal distinct seasonal variation with respective minimum in winter and maximum in summer. Typical values for these components in limiting cases are presented. A simple polynomial relationship between the global and diffuse components of solar UV-B erythemal radiation measured for cloudless days was derived. It was shown that coefficients of the polynomial depend on daily mean value of aerosol optical thickness (AOT). Collocated measurements of AOT have been carried out with the sunphotometer Cimel CE-318 within the framework of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) program, managed by NASA/GSFC. Total column ozone content was retrieved from direct solar ultraviolet radiation measurements at 3 discrete wavelengths centered at 305.5, 312.5, and 320 nm within the UV-B range. Ozone measurements were regularly carried out with the hand-held MICROTOPS II Ozonemeter, Solar Light Co. Monthly average values of total column ozone content measured with the MICROTOPS II at the Kishinev are in close agreement with those ones retrieved from the multiyear (1978-2004) database statistics acquired from satellite platforms measurements with the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS). It was shown the existence of seasonal variability of the total column ozone content with respective minimum values observed at the end of autumn and winter, and maximum values observed at the end of winter and in spring. The maximum and minimum of daily mean values of total column ozone ever measured with TOMS at the satellite platforms overpassed Kishinev site, amounted of ~540 DU (on February 19, 1985) and ~204 DU (on December 1, 1999). Yearly mean value of total column ozone measured at the Kishinev was ~ 338 DU. Total column ozone measurements carried out with MICROTOPS at the Kishinev site from September 2003 to August 2004, gave maximum and minimum values of ozone daily means at ~ 489 DU (on February 12, 2004) and ~259 DU (on December 3, 2003). The estimation of total column ozone trend derived from the TOMS multi-year statistics was ~ -10 DU/decade.

Download Full-text

Exudation of Glyphosate from Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Plants and Its Effects on Interplanted Corn (Zea mays) and Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500040601 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 316-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Joaquim J.V. Rodrigues ◽

A. Douglas Worsham ◽

Frederick T. Corbin

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Zea Mays ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Thin Layer ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Soybean Seedling ◽

Soybean Seedlings ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Seedling Plant ◽

Layer Chromatography

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] applied at 1.1 kg/ha to wheat [Triticum aestivum(L.) ‘Arthur 71′] plants increased height and fresh weight of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Ransom′] seedlings planted in the pot at time of application of the glyphosate as the number of wheat plants treated increased from 5 to 30/pot. Height and fresh weight of the soybean seedlings also increased as the rate of glyphosate applied to wheat plants (5/pot) increased from 1.1 to 6.7 kg/ha. Increasing the rate of glyphosate from 1.1 to 6.7 kg/ha, however, reduced the height and fresh weight of soybeans when 30 wheat plants/pot were treated. In addition, when 6.7 kg/ha of glyphosate were applied to wheat plants, soybean-seedling plant height and fresh weight decreased as the density of wheat plants per pot increased from 5 to 30. The14C-glyphosate exuded into the soil from treated wheat plants was characterized by thin-layer chromatography. Trace amounts of the radio-label were present on thin-layer plates of leaf and stem extracts of corn (Zea maysL.) plants, which were growing in the same pots with the treated wheat plants. The zone of activity had the same Rf value as the glyphosate standard.

Download Full-text

Pre-treatment of salicylic acid enhances resistance of soybean seedlings to Fusarium solani

Plant Molecular Biology ◽

10.1007/s11103-019-00906-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 101 (3) ◽

pp. 315-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

George Bawa ◽

Lingyang Feng ◽

Li Yan ◽

Yongli Du ◽

Jing Shang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Fusarium Solani ◽

Soybean Seedlings ◽

Pre Treatment

Download Full-text

Influence of GA and SADH on Naptalam Uptake by Wheat and Soybean Seedlings

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500033129 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 142-144

Author(s):

Robert M. Devlin ◽

Stanislaw J. Karczmarczyk

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Gibberellic Acid ◽

Succinic Acid ◽

Growth Regulator ◽

Wheat Seedlings ◽

Triticum Vulgare ◽

Soybean Seedlings ◽

Naphthylphthalamic Acid

The uptake of naptalam (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid) by wheat (Triticum vulgareL. ‘Mericopa’) and soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘York’) was enhanced when the herbicide was applied simultaneously with SADH (succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide). Both root and shoot systems of growth regulator-treated plants exhibited enhanced herbicide uptake. Naptalam uptake by wheat seedlings was also stimulated by GA (gibberellic acid), but the GA influence in this respect was less dramatic than that of SADH. The uptake of the herbicide by soybean was not influenced by GA.

Download Full-text

Use of Infrared Thermometry in Determining Critical Stress Periods Induced by Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) in Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500079340 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 784-791 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Peter H. Sikkema ◽

Jack Dekker

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Leaf Growth ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Critical Periods ◽

Soybean Yield ◽

Infrared Thermometry ◽

Agropyron Repens

Field experiments were conducted during 1981 and 1982 in Ontario, Canada, on the effects of quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. # AGRRE] interference in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] and the usefulness of infrared thermometry in predicting critical periods of weed interference. Soybean seed yield, dry weight, number of leaves, height, and number of pods were substantially reduced due to quackgrass interference. High levels of P and K fertility did not overcome the quackgrass interference. Part of the competitive effects of quackgrass was alleviated by irrigation. Infrared thermometry successfully detected the first occurrence of quackgrass-induced stress during the early soybean flowering stage, when the quackgrass was in the four-leaf gtowth stage. This coincided with the onset of the first significant soybean yield loss. No additional soybean yield loss occurred after quackgrass reached the five-leaf growth stage. There was an inverse relation between accumulated stress degree days and soybean yield reductions due to quackgrass interference. The use of the stress degree day concept may be a valuable tool in predicting soybean yield losses due to quackgrass interference.

Download Full-text

Acifluorfen Action on Growth and Phenolic Metabolism in Soybean (Glycine max) Seedlings

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500072775 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 37 (6) ◽

pp. 743-747 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Robert E. Hoagland

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Chlorophyll A ◽

Root Elongation ◽

Liquid Culture ◽

Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽

Hypocotyl Length ◽

Phenolic Metabolism ◽

Soybean Seedlings ◽

Pal Activity ◽

Chlorophyll Accumulation

Three-day-old soybean seedlings were treated with acifluorfen via liquid culture [50 μM in dark, 1 μM in light (200 μE·m–2·s–1)]. Root elongation in the dark was inhibited only slightly (6%) after 96 h. In the light, acifluorfen inhibited root elongation after 48 h; after 96 h, inhibition was 32%. Hypocotyl length was not affected in either the light or dark. Soluble hydroxyphenolic content per axis was unaffected in the dark but was reduced by about 13 to 25% at 24 to 96 h in the light. Extractable phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) activity per axis was unaltered by herbicide in the dark. A brief transient increase in PAL activity (4 to 24 h) in axes of light-grown seedlings in the presence of acifluorfen was followed by reduced enzyme levels compared to light-grown controls at 72 and 96 h. Although light is required for maximal herbicide action, there was no effect on anthocyanin or chlorophyll accumulation or on the chlorophyll a/b ratio in hypocotyls or light-grown seedlings.

Download Full-text