scholarly journals Gliogenic Potential of Single Pallial Radial Glial Cells in Lower Cortical Layers

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3237
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina Ojalvo-Sanz ◽  
Laura López-Mascaraque
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cell ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Genetic Lineage ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cortical Layers ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Radial Glial

During embryonic development, progenitor cells are progressively restricted in their potential to generate different neural cells. A specific progenitor cell type, the radial glial cells, divides symmetrically and then asymmetrically to produce neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and NG2-glia in the cerebral cortex. However, the potential of individual progenitors to form glial lineages remains poorly understood. To further investigate the cell progeny of single pallial GFAP-expressing progenitors, we used the in vivo genetic lineage-tracing method, the UbC-(GFAP-PB)-StarTrack. After targeting those progenitors in embryonic mice brains, we tracked their adult glial progeny in lower cortical layers. Clonal analyses revealed the presence of clones containing sibling cells of either a glial cell type (uniform clones) or two different glial cell types (mixed clones). Further, the clonal size and rostro-caudal cell dispersion of sibling cells differed depending on the cell type. We concluded that pallial E14 neural progenitors are a heterogeneous cell population with respect to which glial cell type they produce, as well as the clonal size of their cell progeny.

The appearance of neural and glial cell markers during early development of the nervous system in the amphibian embryo

Development ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.J. Messenger ◽  
A.E. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Neurofilament Protein ◽  
Amphibian Embryo ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Radial Glial ◽  
The Brain

Cell-type-specific antibodies have been used to follow the appearance of neurones and glia in the developing nervous system of the amphibian embryo. Differentiated neurones were recognized with antibodies against neurofilament protein while glial cells were identified with antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The appearance of neurones containing the neurotransmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine has been charted also. In Xenopus, neurofilament protein in developing neurones was observed occasionally at NF stage 21 and was present reliably in the neural tube and in caudal regions of the brain at stage 23. Antibodies to the low molecular weight fragment of the neurofilament triplet recognized early neurones most reliably. Radial glial cells, identified with GFAP antibody, were identified from stage 23 onwards in the neural tube and caudal regions of the brain. In the developing spinal cord, GFAP staining was apparent throughout the cytoplasm of each radial glial cell. In the brain, the peripheral region only of each glial cell contained GFAP. By stage 36, immunohistochemically recognizable neurones and glia were present throughout the nervous system. In the axolotl, by stage 36 the pattern of neural and glial staining was identical to that observed in Xenopus. GFAP staining of glial cells was obvious at stage 23, although neuronal staining was clearly absent. This implies that glial cells differentiate before neurones. 5-HT-containing cell bodies were first observed in caudal regions of the developing brain on either side of the midline at stage 26. An extensive network of 5-HT neurones appeared gradually, with a substantial subset crossing to the opposite side of the brain through the developing optic chiasma. 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine prevented the appearance of 5-HT. Depletion of 5-HT had little effect on development or swimming behaviour. Dopamine-containing neurones in the brain first differentiated at stage 35–36 and gradually increased in number up to stage 45–47, the latest stage examined. The functional role of 5-HT- or dopamine-containing neurones remains to be elucidated. We conclude that cell-type-specific antibodies can be used to identify neurones and glial cells at early times during neural development and may be useful tools in circumstances where functional identification is difficult.

scholarly journals Transcriptional priming as a conserved mechanism of lineage diversification in the developing mouse and human neocortex

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (45) ◽  
pp. eabd2068
Author(s):  
Zhen Li ◽  
William A. Tyler ◽  
Ella Zeldich ◽  
Gabriel Santpere Baró ◽  
Mayumi Okamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cells ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Human Neocortex ◽  
Intermediate Progenitors ◽  
Cell Diversity ◽  
Radial Glial ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Lineage Diversification

How the rich variety of neurons in the nervous system arises from neural stem cells is not well understood. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing and in vivo confirmation, we uncover previously unrecognized neural stem and progenitor cell diversity within the fetal mouse and human neocortex, including multiple types of radial glia and intermediate progenitors. We also observed that transcriptional priming underlies the diversification of a subset of ventricular radial glial cells in both species; genetic fate mapping confirms that the primed radial glial cells generate specific types of basal progenitors and neurons. The different precursor lineages therefore diversify streams of cell production in the developing murine and human neocortex. These data show that transcriptional priming is likely a conserved mechanism of mammalian neural precursor lineage specialization.

Isolation of radial glial cells by fluorescent-activated cell sorting reveals a neuronal lineage

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (24) ◽  
pp. 5253-5263 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Malatesta ◽  
E. Hartfuss ◽  
M. Gotz
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Cell Sorting ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Neuronal Precursors ◽  
Neuronal Lineage ◽  
Radial Glial ◽  
Glial Lineage

The developing central nervous system of vertebrates contains an abundant cell type designated radial glial cells. These cells are known as guiding cables for migrating neurons, while their role as precursor cells is less clear. Since radial glial cells express a variety of astroglial characteristics and differentiate as astrocytes after completing their guidance function, they have been considered as part of the glial lineage. Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we show here that radial glial cells also are neuronal precursors and only later, after neurogenesis, do they shift towards an exclusive generation of astrocytes. These results thus demonstrate a novel function for radial glial cells, namely their ability to generate two major cell types found in the nervous system, neurons and astrocytes.

scholarly journals Decoding Cortical Glial Cell Development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaosu Li ◽  
Guoping Liu ◽  
Lin Yang ◽  
Zhenmeiyu Li ◽  
Zhuangzhi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Gabaergic Interneurons ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Intermediate Progenitors ◽  
Late Embryogenesis ◽  
Radial Glial

AbstractMouse cortical radial glial cells (RGCs) are primary neural stem cells that give rise to cortical oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and olfactory bulb (OB) GABAergic interneurons in late embryogenesis. There are fundamental gaps in understanding how these diverse cell subtypes are generated. Here, by combining single-cell RNA-Seq with intersectional lineage analyses, we show that beginning at around E16.5, neocortical RGCs start to generate ASCL1+EGFR+ apical multipotent intermediate progenitors (MIPCs), which then differentiate into basal MIPCs that express ASCL1, EGFR, OLIG2, and MKI67. These basal MIPCs undergo several rounds of divisions to generate most of the cortical oligodendrocytes and astrocytes and a subpopulation of OB interneurons. Finally, single-cell ATAC-Seq supported our model for the genetic logic underlying the specification and differentiation of cortical glial cells and OB interneurons. Taken together, this work reveals the process of cortical radial glial cell lineage progression and the developmental origins of cortical astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.

Glial Cells as Progenitors and Stem Cells: New Roles in the Healthy and Diseased Brain

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leda Dimou ◽  
Magdalena Götz
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Glial Progenitors ◽  
Stem And Progenitor Cells ◽  
Radial Glial

The diverse functions of glial cells prompt the question to which extent specific subtypes may be devoted to a specific function. We discuss this by reviewing one of the most recently discovered roles of glial cells, their function as neural stem cells (NSCs) and progenitor cells. First we give an overview of glial stem and progenitor cells during development; these are the radial glial cells that act as NSCs and other glial progenitors, highlighting the distinction between the lineage of cells in vivo and their potential when exposed to a different environment, e.g., in vitro. We then proceed to the adult stage and discuss the glial cells that continue to act as NSCs across vertebrates and others that are more lineage-restricted, such as the adult NG2-glia, the most frequent progenitor type in the adult mammalian brain, that remain within the oligodendrocyte lineage. Upon certain injury conditions, a distinct subset of quiescent astrocytes reactivates proliferation and a larger potential, clearly demonstrating the concept of heterogeneity with distinct subtypes of, e.g., astrocytes or NG2-glia performing rather different roles after brain injury. These new insights not only highlight the importance of glial cells for brain repair but also their great potential in various aspects of regeneration.

scholarly journals Local Translation Across Neural Development: A Focus on Radial Glial Cells, Axons, and Synaptogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manasi Agrawal ◽  
Kristy Welshhans
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cells ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Mrna Localization ◽  
Local Translation ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Axon Development ◽  
Radial Glial

In the past two decades, significant progress has been made in our understanding of mRNA localization and translation at distal sites in axons and dendrites. The existing literature shows that local translation is regulated in a temporally and spatially restricted manner and is critical throughout embryonic and post-embryonic life. Here, recent key findings about mRNA localization and local translation across the various stages of neural development, including neurogenesis, axon development, and synaptogenesis, are reviewed. In the early stages of development, mRNAs are localized and locally translated in the endfeet of radial glial cells, but much is still unexplored about their functional significance. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have provided new information about the specific mechanisms regulating local translation during axon development, including growth cone guidance and axon branching. Later in development, localization and translation of mRNAs help mediate the major structural and functional changes that occur in the axon during synaptogenesis. Clinically, changes in local translation across all stages of neural development have important implications for understanding the etiology of several neurological disorders. Herein, local translation and mechanisms regulating this process across developmental stages are compared and discussed in the context of function and dysfunction.

scholarly journals Direct neuronal reprogramming by temporal identity factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Boudreau-Pinsonneault ◽  
Awais Javed ◽  
Michel Fries ◽  
Pierre Mattar ◽  
Michel Cayouette
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Developmental Competence ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Genetic Lineage ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Temporal Identity

Temporal identity factors are sufficient to reprogram developmental competence of neural progenitors, but whether they could also reprogram the identity of fully differentiated cells is unknown. To address this question, we designed a conditional gene expression system combined with genetic lineage tracing that allows rapid screening of potential reprogramming factors in the mouse retina. Using this assay, we report that co-expression of the early temporal identity transcription factor Ikzf1, together with Ikzf4, another Ikaros family member, is sufficient to directly convert adult Muller glial cells into neuron-like cells in vivo, without inducing a proliferative progenitor state. scRNA-seq analysis shows that the reprogrammed cells share some transcriptional signatures with both cone photoreceptors and bipolar cells. Furthermore, we show that co-expression of Ikzf1 and Ikzf4 can reprogram mouse embryonic fibroblasts to induced neurons by remodeling chromatin and promoting a neuronal gene expression program. This work uncovers general neuronal reprogramming properties for temporal identity factors in differentiated cells, opening new opportunities for cell therapy development.

scholarly journals Repopulating Kupffer Cells Originate Directly from Hematopoietic Stem Cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Fan ◽  
Pei Lu ◽  
Xianghua Cui ◽  
Peng Wu ◽  
Weiran Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Kupffer Cells ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Genetic Lineage ◽  
Fate Mapping ◽  
Monocytic Cell ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Cellular Origin

Abstract Kupffer cells (KCs) originate from yolk sac progenitors before birth, but the origin of repopulating KCs in adult remains unclear. In current study, we firstly traced the fate of preexisting KCs and that of monocytic cells with tissue-resident macrophage-specific and monocytic cell-specific fate mapping mouse models, respectively, and found no evidences that repopulating KCs originate from preexisting KCs or MOs. Secondly, we performed genetic lineage tracing to determine the type of progenitor cells involved in response to KC depletion in mice, and found that in response to KC depletion, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) proliferated in the bone marrow, mobilized into the blood, adoptively transferred into the liver and differentiated into KCs. Finally, we traced the fate of HSCs in a HSC-specific fate-mapping mouse model, in context of chronic liver inflammation induced by repeated carbon tetrachloride treatment, and confirmed that repopulating KCs originated directly from HSCs. Taken together, these findings provided in vivo fate-mapping evidences that repopulating KCs originate directly from hematopoietic stem cells, which present a completely novel understanding of the cellular origin of repopulating Kupffer Cells and shedding light on the divergent roles of KCs in liver homeostasis and diseases.

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