The appearance of neural and glial cell markers during early development of the nervous system in the amphibian embryo

Development ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.J. Messenger ◽  
A.E. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Neurofilament Protein ◽  
Amphibian Embryo ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Radial Glial ◽  
The Brain

Cell-type-specific antibodies have been used to follow the appearance of neurones and glia in the developing nervous system of the amphibian embryo. Differentiated neurones were recognized with antibodies against neurofilament protein while glial cells were identified with antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The appearance of neurones containing the neurotransmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine has been charted also. In Xenopus, neurofilament protein in developing neurones was observed occasionally at NF stage 21 and was present reliably in the neural tube and in caudal regions of the brain at stage 23. Antibodies to the low molecular weight fragment of the neurofilament triplet recognized early neurones most reliably. Radial glial cells, identified with GFAP antibody, were identified from stage 23 onwards in the neural tube and caudal regions of the brain. In the developing spinal cord, GFAP staining was apparent throughout the cytoplasm of each radial glial cell. In the brain, the peripheral region only of each glial cell contained GFAP. By stage 36, immunohistochemically recognizable neurones and glia were present throughout the nervous system. In the axolotl, by stage 36 the pattern of neural and glial staining was identical to that observed in Xenopus. GFAP staining of glial cells was obvious at stage 23, although neuronal staining was clearly absent. This implies that glial cells differentiate before neurones. 5-HT-containing cell bodies were first observed in caudal regions of the developing brain on either side of the midline at stage 26. An extensive network of 5-HT neurones appeared gradually, with a substantial subset crossing to the opposite side of the brain through the developing optic chiasma. 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine prevented the appearance of 5-HT. Depletion of 5-HT had little effect on development or swimming behaviour. Dopamine-containing neurones in the brain first differentiated at stage 35–36 and gradually increased in number up to stage 45–47, the latest stage examined. The functional role of 5-HT- or dopamine-containing neurones remains to be elucidated. We conclude that cell-type-specific antibodies can be used to identify neurones and glial cells at early times during neural development and may be useful tools in circumstances where functional identification is difficult.

scholarly journals Oligodendrocytes and Microglia Are Selectively Vulnerable to Combined Hypoxia and Hypoglycemia Injury in Vitro

1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A. Lyons ◽  
Helmut Kettenmann
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Radical Scavenger ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Cell Type Specific

The major classes of glial cells, namely astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells were compared in parallel for their susceptibility to damage after combined hypoxia and hypoglycemia or hypoxia alone. The three glial cell types were isolated from neonatal rat brains, separated, and incubated in N2/CO2-gassed buffer-containing glucose or glucose substitutes, 2-deoxyglucose or mannitol (both nonmetabolizable sugars). The damage to the cells after 6 hours' exposure was determined at 0, 1, 3, 7 days based on release of lactate dehydrogenase and counting of ethidium bromide–stained dead cells, double-stained with cell-type specific markers. When 2-deoxyglucose replaced glucose during 6 hours of hypoxia, both oligodendrocytes and microglia rarely survived (18% and 12%, respectively). Astroglia initially increased the release of lactate dehydrogenase but maintained 98% to 99% viability. When mannitol, a radical scavenger and osmolarity stabilizer, replaced glucose during 6 hours of hypoxia, oligodendrocytes rarely survived (10%), astroglia survival remained at 99%, but microglia survival increased to 50%. After exposure to 6 and 42 hours, respectively, of hypoxic conditions alone, oligodendrocytes exhibited 10% survival whereas microglia and astroglia were only temporarily stressed and subsequently survived. In conclusion, oligodendrocytes, then microglia, are the most vulnerable glial cell types in response to hypoxia or hypoglycemia conditions, whereas astrocytes from the same preparations recover.

The nervous system of Amphilina foliacea (Platyhelminthes, Amphilinidea). An immunocytochemical, ultrastructural and spectrofluorometrical study

Parasitology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. BISEROVA ◽  
V. A. DUDICHEVA ◽  
N. B. TERENINA ◽  
M. REUTER ◽  
D. W. HALTON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Sensory Neurone ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
The Brain

The nervous system of young and adult Amphilina foliacea was studied with immunocytochemical, electron microscopical and spectrofluorometrical methods. The general neuroanatomy is described in detail. New data on the structure and development of the brain were obtained. The 5-HT and GYIRFamide-immunoreactivities occur in separate sets of neurones. The innervation of the reproductive organs is described. The fine structure of 2 types of neurones in the CNS, a sensory neurone, a ‘glial’ cell type, the neuropile and the synapses are described. The level of 5-HT varies between 0·074 and 0·461 μg/g wet weight. This is the first detailed study of the nervous system of A. foliacea. Earlier data on the structure of the nervous system in A. foliacea published in Russian are introduced into the discussion. The study provides data that can be used when considering the phylogenetic position of Amphilinidea.

scholarly journals Gliogenic Potential of Single Pallial Radial Glial Cells in Lower Cortical Layers

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3237
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina Ojalvo-Sanz ◽  
Laura López-Mascaraque
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cell ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Genetic Lineage ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cortical Layers ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Radial Glial

During embryonic development, progenitor cells are progressively restricted in their potential to generate different neural cells. A specific progenitor cell type, the radial glial cells, divides symmetrically and then asymmetrically to produce neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and NG2-glia in the cerebral cortex. However, the potential of individual progenitors to form glial lineages remains poorly understood. To further investigate the cell progeny of single pallial GFAP-expressing progenitors, we used the in vivo genetic lineage-tracing method, the UbC-(GFAP-PB)-StarTrack. After targeting those progenitors in embryonic mice brains, we tracked their adult glial progeny in lower cortical layers. Clonal analyses revealed the presence of clones containing sibling cells of either a glial cell type (uniform clones) or two different glial cell types (mixed clones). Further, the clonal size and rostro-caudal cell dispersion of sibling cells differed depending on the cell type. We concluded that pallial E14 neural progenitors are a heterogeneous cell population with respect to which glial cell type they produce, as well as the clonal size of their cell progeny.

scholarly journals Astrocytic Propagation of Tau in the Context of Alzheimer's Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca M. Fleeman ◽  
Elizabeth A. Proctor
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Tau Pathology ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Signaling Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
The Brain

More than 6 million Americans are currently living with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the incidence is growing rapidly with our aging population. Numerous therapeutics have failed to make it to the clinic, potentially due to a focus on presumptive pathogenic proteins instead of cell-type-specific signaling mechanisms. The tau propagation hypothesis that inter-neuronal tau transfer drives AD pathology has recently garnered attention, as accumulation of pathological tau in the brain has high clinical significance in correlating with progression of cognitive AD symptoms. However, studies on tau pathology in AD are classically neuron-centric and have greatly overlooked cell-type specific effects of tau internalization, degradation, and propagation. While the contribution of microglia to tau processing and propagation is beginning to be recognized and understood, astrocytes, glial cells in the brain important for maintaining neuronal metabolic, synaptic, trophic, and immune function which can produce, internalize, degrade, and propagate tau are understudied in their ability to affect AD progression through tau pathology. Here, we showcase evidence for whether tau uptake by astrocytes may be beneficial or detrimental to neuronal health and how astrocytes and their immunometabolic functions may be key targets for future successful AD therapies.

Isolation of radial glial cells by fluorescent-activated cell sorting reveals a neuronal lineage

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (24) ◽  
pp. 5253-5263 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Malatesta ◽  
E. Hartfuss ◽  
M. Gotz
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Cell Sorting ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Neuronal Precursors ◽  
Neuronal Lineage ◽  
Radial Glial ◽  
Glial Lineage

The developing central nervous system of vertebrates contains an abundant cell type designated radial glial cells. These cells are known as guiding cables for migrating neurons, while their role as precursor cells is less clear. Since radial glial cells express a variety of astroglial characteristics and differentiate as astrocytes after completing their guidance function, they have been considered as part of the glial lineage. Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we show here that radial glial cells also are neuronal precursors and only later, after neurogenesis, do they shift towards an exclusive generation of astrocytes. These results thus demonstrate a novel function for radial glial cells, namely their ability to generate two major cell types found in the nervous system, neurons and astrocytes.

Nanostructured Modulators of Neuroglia

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (37) ◽  
pp. 3905-3916
Author(s):  
Dusica Maysinger ◽  
Jeff Ji
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Biological and synthetic nanostructures can influence both glia and neurons in the central nervous system. Neurons represent only a small proportion (about 10%) of cells in the brain, whereas glial cells are the most abundant cell type. Non-targeted nanomedicines are mainly internalized by glia, in particular microglia, and to a lesser extent by astrocytes. Internalized nanomedicines by glia indirectly modify the functional status of neurons. The mechanisms of biochemical, morphological and functional changes of neural cells exposed to nanomedicines are still not well-understood. This minireview provides a cross-section of morphological and biochemical changes in glial cells and neurons exposed to different classes of hard and soft nanostructures.

scholarly journals Identification of cell-type-specific promoters within the brain using lentiviral vectors

Gene Therapy ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 575-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Chhatwal ◽  
S E Hammack ◽  
A M Jasnow ◽  
D G Rainnie ◽  
K J Ressler
Keyword(s):  
Lentiviral Vectors ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Neuronal cell-type-specific alternative splicing: A mechanism for specifying connections in the brain?

Neurogenesis ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. e1122699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Shing Shun Li ◽  
Grace Ji-eun Shin ◽  
S Sean Millard
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Specific Alternative ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
The Brain

Viral Strategies for Targeting the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 323-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire N. Bedbrook ◽  
Benjamin E. Deverman ◽  
Viviana Gradinaru
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Recombinant Viruses ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Cell Type Specific Expression ◽  
Cell Type Specific

Recombinant viruses allow for targeted transgene expression in specific cell populations throughout the nervous system. The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is among the most commonly used viruses for neuroscience research. Recombinant AAVs (rAAVs) are highly versatile and can package most cargo composed of desired genes within the capsid's ∼5-kb carrying capacity. Numerous regulatory elements and intersectional strategies have been validated in rAAVs to enable cell type–specific expression. rAAVs can be delivered to specific neuronal populations or globally throughout the animal. The AAV capsids have natural cell type or tissue tropism and trafficking that can be modified for increased specificity. Here, we describe recently engineered AAV capsids and associated cargo that have extended the utility of AAVs in targeting molecularly defined neurons throughout the nervous system, which will further facilitate neuronal circuit interrogation and discovery.

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