scholarly journals Morphometric Response of Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns) to Lake Colonization in Chile

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Margaret Mercer ◽  
Peter C. Searle ◽  
Roberto Cifuentes ◽  
Evelyn Habit ◽  
Mark C. Belk

Body and head shape in fish responds to environmental factors such as water flow rate, food sources, and niche availability. However, the way in which fish respond to these environmental factors varies. In Central Chile, multiple river and lake systems along the coast provide an ideal study site to investigate these types of shape changes. We use geometric morphometrics to characterize shape differences in Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns) between river and lake populations. Lake fish converge on a shape with a more fusiform body, narrower head, and larger eyes, while river fish have a more robust body, rounder head, and smaller eyes. These shape changes are consistent with a shift to zooplanktivorous foraging in lakes, as evidenced in other systems. Unlike some fish species that develop polymorphisms in body shape after colonization (e.g., benthic and limnetic forms), G. maculatus in lakes exhibit a monomorphic limnetic form.

Parasitology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. KALBE ◽  
J. KURTZ

We investigated population differences in immunological adaptation of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to one of their most abundant macroparasites, the eye fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. We compared infection success in lab-bred fish of 2 populations in northern Germany, from a lake, where eye flukes are prevalent, and a river, where these parasites do not occur. In order to discriminate between protection through innate and acquired immunity, we exposed fish either only once or repeatedly. Lake fish were significantly less susceptible than river sticklebacks already after a single exposure, indicating that in sympatric hosts innate immunity plays the major role in the defence against this helminth infection. In both habitat types, previous exposures only marginally decreased infection rates within 12 weeks. Lake fish showed higher immunocompentence by means of respiratory burst activity and spleen size, regardless of the infection status. Furthermore, they were in a better energy status than river fish, as indicated by a higher hepatosomatic index and haematocrit value. Interestingly, F1 hybrid fish of both populations ranged between the pure habitat types in parasite susceptibility as well as in immunological and condition parameters. Our results suggest that sticklebacks from lakes are better adapted to cope with higher parasite abundance in this habitat.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-184
Author(s):  
Nuraini Nuraini ◽  
Manap Trianto ◽  
Sukmawati Alimudin

Tetragonula laeviceps is a type of stingless bee that is currently widely cultivated in Indonesia due to ability to produce various products that have many uses for human life. Foraging behavior is the main activity of honey bee to fulfill their daily needs. The availability of food source is one of the important factor that influence the foraging behavior of Tetragonula laeviceps. This study aims to determine the diversity of food source and foraging behavior of Tetragonula laeviceps. Observing the diversity of food source through identification of pollen and observing the foraging behavior of the bee. The diversity of pollen found in Parigi Selatan Regency showed that there were 20 families of food sources of Tetragonula laeviceps and the most frequently visited family is Arecaceae. Foraging behavior of Tetragonula laeviceps begins at sunrise until evening. The peak of activity occurs in the morning around 08.30-08.40 WITA and the afternoon around 15.30-15.40 WITA which is related to the availability of food source. Environmental factors (air temperature, humidity, and light intensity) affect the foraging behavior of Tetragonula laeviceps.


2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 1277-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Askeyev ◽  
Igor Askeyev ◽  
Arthur Askeyev ◽  
Sergey Monakhov ◽  
Nur Yanybaev

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2618-2623
Author(s):  
Robert J. Small ◽  
Lloyd B. Keith ◽  
Robert M. Barta

We describe dispersion of radio-collared arctic hares (Lepus arcticus) introduced to three islands off Newfoundland's south coast. Nearest-neighbor analyses indicated that home-range activity centers were aggregated during both summer and winter. Mean distances between activity centers were significantly less during winter than during summer, with the greatest aggregation observed when rates of fox predation were least and snow depth and persistence were greatest. Arctic hares apparently lack a rigid social-dominance system; hence, environmental factors such as availability of food sources, snow conditions, and presence of predators may primarily influence dispersion.


2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1944) ◽  
pp. 20202770
Author(s):  
M. L. Bond ◽  
D. E. Lee ◽  
D. R. Farine ◽  
A. Ozgul ◽  
B. König

Studies increasingly show that social connectedness plays a key role in determining survival, in addition to natural and anthropogenic environmental factors. Few studies, however, integrated social, non-social and demographic data to elucidate what components of an animal's socio-ecological environment are most important to their survival. Female giraffes ( Giraffa camelopardalis ) form structured societies with highly dynamic group membership but stable long-term associations. We examined the relative contributions of sociability (relationship strength, gregariousness and betweenness), together with those of the natural (food sources and vegetation types) and anthropogenic environment (distance from human settlements), to adult female giraffe survival. We tested predictions about the influence of sociability and natural and human factors at two social levels: the individual and the social community. Survival was primarily driven by individual- rather than community-level social factors. Gregariousness (the number of other females each individual was observed with on average) was most important in explaining variation in female adult survival, more than other social traits and any natural or anthropogenic environmental factors. For adult female giraffes, grouping with more other females, even as group membership frequently changes, is correlated with better survival, and this sociability appears to be more important than several attributes of their non-social environment.


2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 2316-2333 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTHIAS EMMRICH ◽  
SANDRA BRUCET ◽  
DAVID RITTERBUSCH ◽  
THOMAS MEHNER

Author(s):  
Tran Thanh Thai ◽  
Nguyen Le Que Lam ◽  
Ngo Xuan Quang ◽  
Ha Hoang Hieu

Environmental factors and meiofauna communities in the organic shrimp farms located in Tam Giang commune, Nam Can District, Ca Mau province were investigated in March (dry season), July (transfer season) and November (wet season) of 2015. The results recorded that the environmental factors were not quite optimal for shrimp farming such as the high percentage of TN and TOC and anaerobic condition in sediment. The results were also indicated that DO, TOC and TN showed significant correlation with characteristics of meiofauna communities. Following results were indicated that the meiofauna communities were expressed as the high abundance and slightly biodiversity that is a rich natural food sources for shrimp in the organic shrimp farms ponds. Further more, nematoda dominate numerically in the meiofauna communities. Keywords Biodiversity, Ca Mau, mangroves, meiofauna, organic shrimp farms References [1]. S. Trent, J. Williams, C. Thornton, M. Shanahan, Farming the sea, costing the earth: why we must green the blue revolution (2004).[2]. P. N. Hong, H. T. San, Mangroves of Vietnam 7 (1993) IUCN.[3]. B. T. Nga, Hệ thống rừng-tôm trong phát triển bền vững vùng ven biển đồng bằng sông Cửu Long, Tạp chí Khoa học Trường Đại học Cần Thơ 10 (2008) 6. [4]. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development, 2016. https://tongcucthuysan.gov.vn/en-us/aquaculture/doc-tin/006222/2016-10-28/ca-mau-set-outs-to-become-viet-nams-largest-shrimp-hub. Truy cập ngày 14/8/2017.[5]. Thai agricutural standard (TAS), Organic marine shrimp farming, Royal Gazette 124 (2007)[6]. T. T. Thai, N. T. My Yen, N. Tho, N. X. Quang, Meiofauna in the mangrove–shrimp farms ponds, ca mau province. Journal of Science and Technology, 55 (2017) 271.[7]. N. Tho, V. N. Ut, R. Merckx, Physico‐chemical characteristics of the improved extensive shrimp farming system in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, Aquaculture Research 42 (2011) 1600.[8]. R. P. Higgins, H. Thiel, Introduction to the Study of Meiofauna, Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington DC, 1988.[9]. B. C. Coull, Role of meiofauna in estuarine soft‐bottom habitats, Austral Ecology 24 (1999) 327.[10]. N. Majdi, W. Traunspurger, Free-living nematodes in the freshwater food web: a review, Journal of nematology, 47(2015) 28.[11]. C. L. Marte, The Food and Feeding Habit of Penaeus Monodon Fabricius Collected From Makato River, Aklan, Philippines (Decapoda Natantia) 1, Crustaceana 38 (1980) 225.[12]. M. Vincx, Meiofauna in marine and freshwater sediments, In G. S. Hall (Ed.), Methods for the examination of organismal diversity in soils and sediments Wallinfort, UK, 1996[13]. S. Porrello, P. Tomassetti, L. Manzueto, M. G. Finoia, E. Persia, I. Mercatali, P. Stipa, The influence of marine cages on the sediment chemistry in the Western Mediterranean Sea, Aquaculture, 249 (2005) 145.[14]. P. Munsiri, C. E. Boyd, D. Teichert-Coddington, B. F. Hajek, Texture and chemical composition of soils from shrimp ponds near Choluteca, Honduras, Aquaculture International 4 (1996) 157.[15]. C.E. Boyd, Best management practices for water and soil management in shrimp farming. Workshop (2003) in MazatlaŁn, Mexico.[16]. X. N. Quang, A. Vanreusel, N. V. Thanh, N. Smol, Biodiversity of meiofauna in the intertidal Khe Nhan mudflat, Can Gio mangrove forest, Vietnam with special emphasis on free living nematodes, Ocean Science Journal 42 (2007) 135.[17]. X. N. Quang , A. Vanreusel, N. Smol, N. N. Chau, Meiobenthos assemblages in the mekong estuarine system with special focus on free-living marine nematodes, Ocean Science Journal 45 (2010) 213.[18]. S. Vanhove, M. Vincx, D.V. Gansbeke, W. Gijselinck, D. Schram, The meiobenthos of five mangrove vegetation types in Gazi Bay, Kenya, Hydrobiologia 247 (1992) 99.[19]. B. Kondalarao, Distribution of meiobenthic harpacticoid copepods in Gautami-Godavari estuarine system, Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 13 (1984) 80.[20]. A.M.A. Sultan, K. Krishnamurthy, M.J.P. Jeyaseelan,. Energy flows through the benthic ecosystem of the mangroves with special reference to nematodes. Mahasagar Bull. Nat. Inst. Oceanogr., 16 (1983) 317.[21]. A.H. Dye, Vertical and horizontal distribution of meiofauna in mangrove sediments in Transkei, Southern Africa, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 16 (1983) 591.[22]. D.M. Alongi, Intertidal zonation and seasonality of meiobenthos in tropical mangrove estuaries, Marine Biology 95 (1987) 447.[23]. N. K. Panikkar, Possibilities of further expansion of fish and prawn cultural practices in India, Current Science 21 (1952) 29.[24]. V. C. Chong, A. Sasekumar, Food and feeding habits of the white prawn Penaeus merguiensis, Marine ecology progress series 5 (1981) 185.[25]. Z. A. Ansari, B. S. Ingole, A. H. Abidi, Organic enrichment and benthic fauna–Some ecological consideration, Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 43 (2014) 554.  


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