scholarly journals A Simple Conservation Tool to Aid Restoration of Amphibians following High-Severity Wildfires: Use of PVC Pipes by Green Tree Frogs (Hyla cinerea) in Central Texas, USA

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 649
Author(s):  
Thanchira Suriyamongkol ◽  
Kaitlyn Forks ◽  
Andrea Villamizar-Gomez ◽  
Hsiao-Hsuan Wang ◽  
William E. Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Hyla Cinerea ◽  
High Severity ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
Tree Frogs ◽  
Pipe Size

Amphibians are the most threatened vertebrate class based on the IUCN Red List. Their decline has been linked to anthropogenic activities, with wildfires being among the most conspicuous agents of habitat alterations affecting native amphibians. In 2011, the most destructive wildfire in Texas history occurred in the Lost Pines ecoregion of central Texas, USA, burning 39% of the 34,400 ha forest and drastically decreasing available habitats for many native wildlife species, including the green tree frog (Hyla cinerea). We investigated use of PVC pipes as artificial refuges for green tree frogs in different habitats within this post-fire pine forest. We monitored green tree frog use of small (diameter 38.1-mm, 1.5 inch) and large (diameter 50.8-mm, 2 inch) pipes located adjacent to, and 5 m from, ponds in burned and unburned areas over a 5-month period. We caught 227 frogs, 101 (24 adults and 77 juveniles) in burned and 126 (61 adults, 63 juveniles, and 2 unknown) in unburned areas. A relationship between pipe use by adults and/or juveniles and pipe location in burned versus unburned areas was found, but pipe use by adults and/or juveniles and pipe size were independent. Pipe use by adults and/or juveniles and pipe size were also independent. Juveniles were more frequently observed in pipes located adjacent to ponds. Our results confirmed that PVC pipes merit consideration as a simple, inexpensive, conservation tool to aid in restoration of green tree frog populations after high-severity wildfires. Such artificial refuges may be particularly important for survival of juveniles in severely altered post-fire habitats.

Measurements and Evaluation of Internal Wall Surface Roughness of Small Diameter Pipes for High Pressure Natural Gas Systems

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Hartloper ◽  
K. K. Botros ◽  
J. Geerligs ◽  
H. Golshan ◽  
K. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Pipe Wall ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Roughness Parameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Wall Roughness ◽  
Roughness Parameters ◽  
Internal Wall ◽  
Effective Roughness ◽  
Pipe Size

The default roughness parameter values used in industry to determine the pressure loss through small diameter pipeline systems are much higher than the values employed in typical large diameter gas transmission and lateral systems. It is uncertain whether these higher roughness values are due to higher topological roughness of the internal wall of the small diameter pipes or if they are a result of other factors. Measurements were taken on 17 small diameter pipe samples in order to evaluate the pipe-wall roughness parameter. A model to calculate the effective roughness parameter, which takes into account pressure losses due to the measured roughness as well as internal welds and scaling, has been developed. The effective roughness parameter of these samples is found to range from 20.4μm to 62.9μm, an increase of 11.0μm to 23.3μm over the measured pipe-wall roughness parameter. This range of effective roughness parameters agrees well with the default range of 35μm to 65μm used in industry, as well as the literature quoted range for clean pipe of 40μm to 100μm. The measured roughness parameter on average increases with increasing nominal pipe size, a result that may be a characteristic of the extrusion or hot-rolling processes used to manufacture small diameter pipes. Additionally, there is a large variation in the measured roughness parameters of pipe samples of the same nominal pipe size, indicating that surface roughness can vary depending on the manufacturing source of these pipes.

scholarly journals Diversité Floristique Et Structurale De Deux Forêts Communautaires Sous Exploitation Au Cameroun: Cas De Kompia Et Nkolenyeng

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Kengne Olivier Clovis ◽  
Zapfack Louis ◽  
Garcia Claude ◽  
Noiha Noumi Valery ◽  
Nkongmeneck Bernard-Aloys
Keyword(s):  
Local Development ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Canopy Height ◽  
Plant Biodiversity ◽  
Plant Structure ◽  
Community Forests

The attribution of community forests to local populations has emerged as a new participative management system of plant biodiversity in Cameroon. Further to the intensification of anthropogenic activities in these forests, the logging impact on this biodiversity remains poorly known. This study was conducted in two different community forests located in the Kompia and Nkolenyeng villages, respectively. It aims to provide information on the state of the flora and plant structure of the community forests subjected to logging activities. Floristic inventories were carried out in nine biotope types using the variable-area sampling method. A total of 2772 individuals with dbh ≥ 10 cm were recorded in the community forests. In the whole biotopes, the species richness ranges from 19 to 98 species, the Shannon diversity index from 3.63 to 5.99 and the Pielou evenness from 0.65 to 0.93. The density of trees ranges from 73 ± 27 to 661 ± 119 stems ha-1 , the basal area from 15.68 ± 13.14 to 70.05 ± 28.76 m² ha-1 , the mean diameter of 18.85 ± 4.80 to 57.39 ± 20.70 cm and the canopy height from 12.26 ± 1.22 to 25.18 ± 1.02 m, on the average between biotopes. The two community forests showed decrease in tree density, a proliferation of the pioneer species, increase of small-diameter light-demanding species, a scarcity of large-diameter trees, and lowering of canopy height. These changes could compromise the sustainable management of these forests and their ability to ensure long-term local development. The large number of useful species identified in the two community forests is a reason to reinforce the preservation and management measures of the plant biodiversity of these forest areas.

scholarly journals Natural History of the Bird-voiced Treefrog (Hyla avivoca) and Green Treefrog (Hyla cinerea) in Southern Illinois

1999 ◽  
Vol 36 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 37-66
Author(s):  
Michael Redmer ◽  
Lauren E. Brown ◽  
Ronald A. Brandon
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Hyla Cinerea ◽  
Southern Illinois ◽  
History Of ◽  
Green Treefrog ◽  
Tree Frogs ◽  
Hyla Avivoca ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The bird-voiced tree frog,Hyla avivoca Viosca 1928 and green tree frog, Hyla cinerea(Schneider 1799) are distributed primarily on the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains of the southeastern United States(Conant and Collins 1998).The ranges of both species reach their northern limits in the Midwest in southern Illinois where Smith (1961) recorded them from Alexander, Jackson, and Union counties. Because the few documented localities of these tree frogs in Illinois were, until recently, mainly in or near remnant Austroriparian swamplands(which are disappearing rapidly), concern has been expressed that their continued existence in the state is in jeopardy (Ackerman 1975; Ashton et al. 1976; Dyrkacz 1974). Since Smith's(1961)comprehensive study The Amphibians and Reptiles of Illinois, few additional records for these species have been reported. Carton and Brandon(1975)studied reproductive ecology andh abitat of H. cinerea at a southern Illinois swamp, but there has been no previous in depth environmental examination of H.avivoca in Illinois. The objective of this publication is to report the results of our study of the natural history of these two poorly known tree frogs in southern Illinois.

Differences in the brain stem terminations of large- and small-diameter vestibular primary afferents

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 1362-1366 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Huwe ◽  
E. H. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Axon Diameter ◽  
Vestibular Complex ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Adjacent Brain

1. We visualized the central axons of 32 vestibular afferents from the posterior canal by extracellular application of horseradish peroxidase, reconstructed them in three dimensions, and quantified their morphology. Here we compare the descending limbs of central axons that differ in parent axon diameter. 2. The brain stem distribution of descending limb terminals (collaterals and associated varicosities) varies systematically with parent axon diameter. Large-diameter afferents concentrate their terminals in rostral regions of the medial/descending nuclei. As axon diameter decreases, there is a significant shift of terminal concentration toward the caudal vestibular complex and adjacent brain stem. 3. Rostral and caudal regions of the medial/descending nuclei have different labyrinthine, cerebellar, intrinsic, commissural, and spinal connections; they are believed to play different roles in head movement control. Our data help clarify the functions of large- and small-diameter afferents by showing that they contribute differentially to rostral and caudal vestibular complex.

scholarly journals Elastic Modulus and Elasticity Ratio of Malignant Breast Lesions with Shear Wave Ultrasound Elastography: Variations with Different Region of Interest and Lesion Size

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1015
Author(s):  
Antonio Bulum ◽  
Gordana Ivanac ◽  
Eugen Divjak ◽  
Iva Biondić Špoljar ◽  
Martina Džoić Dominković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Shear Wave ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Ultrasound Elastography ◽  
Breast Lesions ◽  
Malignant Breast ◽  
The Impact

Shear wave elastography (SWE) is a type of ultrasound elastography with which the elastic properties of breast tissues can be quantitatively assessed. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of different regions of interest (ROI) and lesion size on the performance of SWE in differentiating malignant breast lesions. The study included 150 female patients with histopathologically confirmed malignant breast lesions. Minimal (Emin), mean (Emean), maximal (Emax) elastic modulus and elasticity ratio (e-ratio) values were measured using a circular ROI size of 2, 4 and 6 mm diameters and the lesions were divided into large (diameter ≥ 15 mm) and small (diameter < 15 mm). Highest Emin, Emean and e-ratio values and lowest variability were observed when using the 2 mm ROI. Emax values did not differ between different ROI sizes. Larger lesions had significantly higher Emean and Emax values, but there was no difference in e-ratio values between lesions of different sizes. In conclusion, when measuring the Emin, Emean and e-ratio of malignant breast lesions using SWE the smallest possible ROI size should be used regardless of lesion size. ROI size has no impact on Emax values while lesion size has no impact on e-ratio values.

Analysis Influence of Pile Embedded Depth and Diameter on Pile Tip Resistance

2013 ◽  
Vol 353-356 ◽  
pp. 459-462
Author(s):  
Ying Jie Zheng ◽  
Bin Fang ◽  
Lian Xiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Large Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Stiffness Ratio ◽  
Initial Stiffness ◽  
Tip Resistance

Pile tip absolute settlement curves and relative settlement curves of several working cases were analyzed. It is found that load-settlement curve characteristic related to the selection standard. The tip resistance initial stiffness of each case was analyzed. Results show that the small diameter pile has higher initial stiffness than large diameter pile, embedded depth has little influence on initial stiffness ratio, but increment of initial stiffness is linear with embedded depth growth.

scholarly journals Wet but not slippery: boundary friction in tree frog adhesive toe pads

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 689-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Federle ◽  
W.J.P Barnes ◽  
W Baumgartner ◽  
P Drechsler ◽  
J.M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Friction ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Laser Tweezer ◽  
Viscous Forces ◽  
Litoria Caerulea ◽  
Filled Joint ◽  
Tree Frogs ◽  
Close Contacts

Tree frogs are remarkable for their capacity to cling to smooth surfaces using large toe pads. The adhesive skin of tree frog toe pads is characterized by peg-studded hexagonal cells separated by deep channels into which mucus glands open. The pads are completely wetted with watery mucus, which led previous authors to suggest that attachment is solely due to capillary and viscous forces generated by the fluid-filled joint between the pad and the substrate. Here, we present evidence from single-toe force measurements, laser tweezer microrheometry of pad mucus and interference reflection microscopy of the contact zone in Litoria caerulea , that tree frog attachment forces are significantly enhanced by close contacts and boundary friction between the pad epidermis and the substrate, facilitated by the highly regular pad microstructure.

New method of poultry selection

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
E. Rehleckaya ◽  
A. Dymkov ◽  
L. Lazarets ◽  
A. Maltsev
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
New Method ◽  
Egg Diameter ◽  
Correlation Rate

Purpose: Install the influence of the «small diameter of the egg» on the living mass and the reproductive qualities of chickens of meat crosses and the quail of meat breeds.Materials and methods. The selection was carried out along egg production and mass of eggs and additionally on the average small diameter of 5 eggs by value of ≥0.5σ from the average for the herd, while the evaluation on the basis of the «small diameter of the egg» was carried out in chickens aged 238 days of life, quails — 70 days of life. Calculated the average for each female and the average for the herd. For further reproduction, chickens carrying eggs with a small egg diameter ≥0.5σ from the average for the herd. Studies were held in SibNIP on quail and on the courses.Results. In the initial period of the egg laying, the individual variability of the small diameter of the egg — more than 10% (in the future, the figure decreased). The close correlation rate of the small egg diameter in the first half of the egg laying with such at the end of the bird's operation period was revealed. It has been established that the large diameter of the egg has a positive reliable connection with a lively mass, but negative with egg production. The reliable correlation rate of the small diameter of the egg with a live weight at a 42-day age, as well as with the derivation of eggs. The inheritance coefficients of the small diameter of the egg are comparable to the inheritance coefficients of the mass of eggs and significantly exceed those for a large diameter of the egg. The selection according to the small diameter of the eggs by ≥0.5σ from the average for the herd led to the fact that the chickens of the experimental groups reliably exceeded the live weight in the SB level of 1.57%, in the line G8 — by 1.35%. The superiority of a lively mass of quail of experienced groups was more pronounced than that of the chickens: the Pharaoh breed — by 4.15%, the Texas white breed is 4.22%. In relation to the derivation of eggs, a similar trend was traced. The derivation of eggs in quails of experienced groups was more than 4.59–4.98%; Country, respectively, 4.57–5.22%. Egg production of females of comparable groups of both chickens and quail was almost on the same level, and the difference was unreliable.Conclusion. It was established that a new method of breeding the poultry of the meat direction of productivity allows without decreasing egg production to increase the living mass of chickens of meat crosses by 1.5%, rewinds of meat breeds — by 4%, the derivation of eggs, respectively, by 4–5%. The method is intended for early prediction of females productivity during breeding selection.

scholarly journals Social plasticity in choosiness in green tree frogs, Hyla cinerea

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1540-1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P Neelon ◽  
Gerlinde Höbel
Keyword(s):  
Hyla Cinerea ◽  
Social Plasticity ◽  
Tree Frogs

Copolymer-Nanoparticles Mixture in a Cylindrical Pore

NANO ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 1750045
Author(s):  
Jun-Xing Pan ◽  
Yu-Qi Guo ◽  
Yu-Fang Han ◽  
Min-Na Sun ◽  
Jin-Jun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Diblock Copolymer ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Confinement Effect ◽  
Cylindrical Pore ◽  
Disorder Phase Transition ◽  
Novel Structures

Computer simulation is carried out for investigating the effect of nanoparticles on diblock copolymer morphology under cylindrical confinement. The phase diagrams of polymer nanocomposites with nanoparticle-block wetting strength and concentration of nanoparticles are obtained in different nanopores. In small diameter nanopore, there is almost no influence of nanoparticles on the diblock copolymer morphology because of the stronger confinement effect; in middle diameter nanopore, the system can self-assemble into various novel structures due to the interaction between confinement effect and nanoparticles effect; in large diameter nanopore, due to the stronger effect of nanoparticles, a disorder-order-disorder phase transition occurs with the wetting strength and concentration of nanoparticles increasing. This result can be useful in designing new nanocomposites with advanced electrical conductivity and/or mechanical strength.

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