pipe size
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Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 649
Author(s):  
Thanchira Suriyamongkol ◽  
Kaitlyn Forks ◽  
Andrea Villamizar-Gomez ◽  
Hsiao-Hsuan Wang ◽  
William E. Grant ◽  
...  

Amphibians are the most threatened vertebrate class based on the IUCN Red List. Their decline has been linked to anthropogenic activities, with wildfires being among the most conspicuous agents of habitat alterations affecting native amphibians. In 2011, the most destructive wildfire in Texas history occurred in the Lost Pines ecoregion of central Texas, USA, burning 39% of the 34,400 ha forest and drastically decreasing available habitats for many native wildlife species, including the green tree frog (Hyla cinerea). We investigated use of PVC pipes as artificial refuges for green tree frogs in different habitats within this post-fire pine forest. We monitored green tree frog use of small (diameter 38.1-mm, 1.5 inch) and large (diameter 50.8-mm, 2 inch) pipes located adjacent to, and 5 m from, ponds in burned and unburned areas over a 5-month period. We caught 227 frogs, 101 (24 adults and 77 juveniles) in burned and 126 (61 adults, 63 juveniles, and 2 unknown) in unburned areas. A relationship between pipe use by adults and/or juveniles and pipe location in burned versus unburned areas was found, but pipe use by adults and/or juveniles and pipe size were independent. Pipe use by adults and/or juveniles and pipe size were also independent. Juveniles were more frequently observed in pipes located adjacent to ponds. Our results confirmed that PVC pipes merit consideration as a simple, inexpensive, conservation tool to aid in restoration of green tree frog populations after high-severity wildfires. Such artificial refuges may be particularly important for survival of juveniles in severely altered post-fire habitats.


TecnoLógicas ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (52) ◽  
pp. e1992
Author(s):  
Aanandsundar Arumugam ◽  
Sobana Subramani ◽  
Haben Kibrom ◽  
Medhanie Gebreamlak ◽  
Michael Mengstu ◽  
...  

An optimal design for a pressurized flow pipe network is characterized by being economical and contributing the least amount of losses during water transmission through the system. The diameter of a pipe in a network system that delivers the desired effect with the minimum amount of waste and expenses is referred to as an optimal pipe size. The Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) model is widely recognized as the recommended standard technique to estimate the optimal pipe size for any pipe flow network system. Numerous empirical formulas have been proposed to simplify the computations required in this economic analysis model. This study seeks to compare the various empirical models that have been proposed by different authors based on a variety of physical variables involved in fluid flow dynamics. Eleven different empirical equations were chosen in order to select the optimal diameter for the network at the Hamelmalo Agricultural College farm located in the Anseba region of Eritrea for the distribution of water to the different sub-plots. The estimated diameters were compared to the standard diameter calculated using the standard LCCA method. This comparison was based on the estimated total head losses and economic analysis of the pipe diameters chosen for such network. Moreover, a statistical analysis was conducted to obtain the best-fit recommended modeled diameter for the network. The Bresse’s model performance was the most adequate when compared with the LCCA model.


Author(s):  
C. Hartloper ◽  
E. Clavelle ◽  
K. Leong ◽  
M. Fitz ◽  
S. Epur

Abstract Chemical cleaning is used in gas pipelines to remove debris that was resistant to mechanical cleaning. The cleaner is a liquid mixture of a hydrocarbon-based solvent and a surfactant. It is transported down the pipeline either batched between two cleaning tools or pushed by a single tool. During a chemical cleaning run, liquid will leak into any side branch it passes. Consequently, gas quality problems may arise when the pipeline returns to regular operations as the leaked liquid hydrocarbons evaporate into the gas stream. Furthermore, operational problems such as flooded separators can occur if a large volume of liquid is lost. Currently, there is no understanding of what factors influence the liquid’s leak rate into side branches. This paper aspires to address this knowledge gap. A water flow loop was set up to investigate the effect on leak rate of mainline pipe size, side branch pipe size, side branch length, and mainline liquid velocity. The leak rate is found to increase with the side branch pipe size, while remaining unaffected by the mainline pipe size and side branch length. At mainline velocities below the critical velocity, gravitational effects such as the downstream back pressure significantly affect the leak rate. At mainline velocities above the critical velocity these effects disappear, and the leak rate decreases as the mainline liquid velocity increases.


Author(s):  
Václav Matoušek ◽  
Robert Visintainer ◽  
John Furlan ◽  
Anders Sellgren

Abstract Transported Newtonian settling slurries (mixtures of solid particles and carrying liquid) tend to stratify in a slurry pipeline and the degree of their stratification significantly affects the frictional head loss in a pipeline system. Solid particles can span a broad range of sizes from those typical for fine sand to those typical for coarse gravel. Different fractions of solids have different properties and form different flow patterns. The different patterns are associated with different dominating particle support mechanisms and friction mechanisms in slurry flow. Hence, there are different models describing and predicting the frictional head loss in pipe flows of different settling slurries. In the presented work, we focus on friction-loss models for heterogeneous (partially-stratified) flow (V50-model), and for fully-stratified flow (Vsm-model). The models can serve as tools to scale up information on frictional head loss in flow of specific slurry obtained experimentally in a small laboratory pipe to larger pipes of industrial sizes. So far, the reliability of the scale up has been difficult to verify as an availability of coarse particle experimental data was restricted to small laboratory pipes (an internal diameter of a pipe typically not larger than 100 mm) and data from larger pipes were extremely scarce. In 2016 and 2019, extensive experimental campaigns were conducted in the GIW Hydraulic Laboratory (Grovetown, GA, U.S.A.) testing flows of Newtonian settling slurries in pipes of 3 very different sizes (103 mm, 203 mm, and 489 mm). We exploit the experimental data to evaluate the pipe-size scale-up ability of the heterogeneous V50-model and the stratified Vsm-model. The evaluation includes an analysis of the pipe-size effect on the characteristic velocities of the models: the suspension velocity V50 and the deposition-limit velocity Vsm.


Author(s):  
Kriswanto Kriswanto ◽  
S Umar Djufri

In Indonesia, not all of them get full electricity, in many regions there are not enough sources of electrical energy, but in Indonesia there are quite a lot of child air currents such as halal rivers because the benefits are as a source of electrical energy, PLTMH is very good to be used in hilly areas with manufacturing costs that are not quite expensive and not so difficult in its workmanship. This PLTMH uses a 2inch pipe size and a waterfall fall that is ideally used 0.2 m and turbine diameter 0.4 radius 0.2 specifier 18 Volt 15 Ampere generator uses 32 ampere / hour battery for storage of power generated by PLTMH and the inverter converts the dc current to ac power generated by PLMH. With the turbine rotation that is obtained by PLTMH 80 Rpm and produces 10.705 Watt turbine output power with generator output power and 7.996 Watt PLTMH output power


2020 ◽  
pp. 32-32
Author(s):  
Sabla Alnouri ◽  
Mirjana Kijevcanin ◽  
Mirko Stijepovic

This paper utilizes a stochastic optimization approach using genetic algorithms, for conducting rigorous pipe size sensitivity assessments onto the design of pressure relief networks. By sampling high performance candidates, only the finest options can survive. The pressure relief network system that was investigated in this work was previously reported in literature. The problem is constrained and involves minimizing a cost objective function that evaluates the overall network performance, in which the best pipe size combination should be selected for each segment within the network. The overall goal of this paper was to seek cost-effective designs for the pressure relief piping system by exploring different ranges of pipe diameters that are available for each segment in the network and comparing how the overall design of the system is affected, when the number of pipe size options to select from is varied.


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