Cardiac Reverse Remodelling by 2D and 3D Echocardiography in Heart Failure Patients Treated with Sacubitril/Valsartan

In terms of sacubitril/valsartan (S/V)-induced changes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) via three-dimensional (3D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and S/V effects based on HF aetiology, data are lacking. We prospectively enrolled 51 HFrEF patients (24 ischaemic, 27 non-ischaemic). At baseline and at 6-month follow-up (6MFU) after S/V treatment optimisation, we assessed the N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and cardiac remodelling by two-dimensional (2D) and 3DTTE. In non-ischaemic patients, 2D and 3DTTE showed an improvement in left ventricular (LV) size and biventricular function at 6MFU vs. baseline: 3D-LV end-diastolic volume (EDV) 103 ± 30 vs. 125 ± 32 mL/m2 (p < 0.05), 3D-LV ejection fraction (EF) 40 ± 9 vs. 32 ± 5% (p < 0.05), right ventricular (RV) 3D-EF 48.4 ± 6.5 vs. 44.3 ± 7.5% (p < 0.05); only the 3D method detected RV size reduction: 3D-RVEDV 63 ± 27 vs. 71 ± 30 mL/m2 (p < 0.05). In ischaemic patients, only 3DTTE showed biventricular size and LV function improvement: 3D-LVEDV 112 ± 29 vs. 121 ± 27 mL/m2 (p < 0.05), 3D-LVEF 35 ± 6 vs. 32 ± 5% (p < 0.05), 3D-RVEDV 57 ± 11 vs. 63 ± 14 mL/m2 (p < 0.05); RV function did not ameliorate. In both ischaemic and non-ischaemic patients, diastolic function and NT-proBNP significantly improved. In HFrEF patients treated with S/V, 3DTTE helps to ascertain subtle changes in heart chambers’ size and function, which have a major impact on HFrEF prognosis. S/V has significantly different effects on LV function in non-ischaemic vs. ischaemic patients.

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Disproportionate secondary mitral regurgitation: myths, misconceptions and clinical implications

Heart ◽

10.1136/heartjnl-2020-316992 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. heartjnl-2020-316992

Author(s):

Paul A Grayburn ◽

Milton Packer ◽

Anna Sannino ◽

Gregg W Stone

Keyword(s):

Mitral Regurgitation ◽

Ejection Fraction ◽

Medical Therapy ◽

Mean Value ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Functional Mitral Regurgitation ◽

Lv Function ◽

End Diastolic Volume ◽

Regurgitant Orifice Area ◽

And Function

Secondary (functional) mitral regurgitation (SMR) most commonly arises secondary to left ventricular (LV) dilation/dysfunction. The concept of disproportionately severe SMR was proposed to help explain the different results of two randomised trials of transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (TEER) versus medical therapy. This concept is based on the fact that effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) depends on LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), ejection fraction, regurgitant fraction and the velocity-time integral of SMR. This review focuses on the haemodynamic framework underlying the concept and the myths and misconceptions arising from it. Each component of EROA/LVEDV is prone to measurement error which can result in misclassification of individual patients. Moreover, EROA is typically measured at peak systole rather than its mean value over the duration of MR. This can result in physiologically impossible values of EROA or regurgitant volume. Although the EROA/LVEDV ratio (1) emphasises that grading MR severity needs to consider LV size and function and (2) helps explain the different outcomes between COAPT and MITRAFR, there are important factors that are not included. Among these are left atrial compliance, LV pressure and ejection fraction, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular function and tricuspid regurgitation. Because medical therapy can reduce LV volumes and improve both LV function and SMR severity, the key to patient selection is forced titration of neurohormonal antagonists to the target doses that have been proven in clinical trials (along with cardiac resynchronisation when appropriate). Patients who continue to have symptomatic severe SMR after doing so should be considered for TEER.

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511 Cardio-vascular remodelling during sacubitril/valsartan therapy in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction

European Heart Journal Supplements ◽

10.1093/eurheartj/suab132.039 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (Supplement_G) ◽

Author(s):

Sara Monosilio ◽

Domenico Filomena ◽

Federico Luongo ◽

Matteo Neccia ◽

Michele Sannino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Ejection Fraction ◽

Nyha Class ◽

Global Longitudinal Strain ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Vascular Remodelling ◽

Arterial Elastance ◽

Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽

Patients With Heart Failure ◽

And Function

Abstract Aims Sacubitril/valsartan (S/V) benefits in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) are partially related to cardiac reverse remodelling, in terms of volumes reduction and function improvement. Effects on vascular remodelling are less investigated. To evaluate cardiac and vascular remodelling in a cohort of patients with HFrEF after 6 months of therapy with S/V. Methods and results 50 patients with HFrEF eligible to start a therapy with sacubitril/valsartan were enrolled. Clinical evaluation and standard and advanced echocardiography were performed at baseline and after 6 months of follow-up (FU). Standard left ventricular dimension and function parameters and global longitudinal strain (GLS) were calculated. Non-invasive pressure-volume curves (P-V loop) estimation was assessed with an off-line dedicated software using ST-E derived time-resolved LV volumes and brachial pressure as input. The following haemodynamic parameters were calculated based on P–V loop curves: left ventricular elastance (Ees), arterial elastance (Ea), and ventricular-arterial coupling (VAC). At 6 months F/U, a reduction of NYHA class in the vast majority of patients was detected (NYHA Class ≥ II, baseline vs. F/U = 100% vs. 50%; P < 0.001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were lower, in comparison with baseline values (119 ± 16 vs. 126 ± 11 mmHg; P = 0.002 and 71 ± 8 vs. 78 ± 8 mmHg; P = 0.001, respectively). At echocardiographic evaluation, left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes decreased and ejection fraction and GLS significantly improved (Table). Moreover, a significant reduction of Ea and a significant improvement of Ees and VAC was observed (Table). 511 Table 1 Conclusions Therapy with S/V in HFrEF patients determines both cardiac and vascular remodelling reflecting the complex mechanisms behind clinical improvement.

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Aetiology of Heart Failure, Rather than Sex, Determines Reverse LV Remodelling Response to CRT

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10235513 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (23) ◽

pp. 5513

Author(s):

Fatema Said ◽

Jozine M. ter Maaten ◽

Pieter Martens ◽

Kevin Vernooy ◽

Mathias Meine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Ejection Fraction ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Cardiac Resynchronization ◽

Left Ventricular Ejection ◽

Lv Function ◽

Ventricular Ejection Fraction ◽

Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽

Female Sex

Introduction: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established therapy for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Women appear to respond differently to CRT, yet it remains unclear whether this is inherent to the female sex itself, or due to other patient characteristics. In this study, we aimed to investigate sex differences in response to CRT. Methods: This is a post-hoc analysis of a prospective, multicenter study (MARC) in the Netherlands, studying HFrEF patients with an indication for CRT according to the guidelines (n = 240). Primary outcome measures are left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV) at 6 months follow-up. Results were validated in an independent retrospective Belgian cohort (n = 818). Results: In the MARC cohort 39% were women, and in the Belgian cohort 32% were women. In the MARC cohort, 70% of the women were responders (defined as >15% decrease in LVESV) at 6 months, compared to 55% of men (p = 0.040) (79% vs. 67% in the Belgian cohort, p = 0.002). Women showed a greater decrease in LVESV %, LVESV indexed to body surface area (BSA) %, and increase in LVEF (all p < 0.05). In regression analysis, after adjustment for BSA and etiology, female sex was no longer associated with change in LVESV % and LVESV indexed to BSA % and LVEF % (p > 0.05 for all). Results were comparable in the Belgian cohort. Conclusions: Women showed a greater echocardiographic response to CRT at 6 months follow-up. However, after adjustment for BSA and ischemic etiology, no differences were found in LV-function measures or survival, suggesting that non-ischemic etiology is responsible for greater response rates in women treated with CRT.

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Size and function of left atrium in patient with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy ◽

10.34071/jmp.2019.6_7.1 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 8-13

Author(s):

Van Khanh Nguyen Truong ◽

Anh Vu Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Ejection Fraction ◽

Diastolic Dysfunction ◽

Left Atrium ◽

Left Atrial ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽

Study Results ◽

And Function

Background: Heart failure is a common clinical syndrome and is the final stage of most cardiovascular diseases. Nowadays, the role of left atrium in cardiovascular diseases, especially in HF diseases, is more and more important. At the early stage of heart failure, the size and pump function of left atrium are increased. When the left ventricular function is reduced significantly, left atrial function is alo impaired. Aims of the study: assess size and function of left atrium in patient with heart failure reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Establishing the association between two indexs above with some clinical and subclinical characteristics. Subjects and method: 51 HFrEF patients in Hospital of Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, who have including criteria. Cross-sectional study. Results: LAVI (ml/m2): 43.19 ± 12.48 ml/m2, percentage of large left atrial patents is 80.4%. LATEF (%): 31.93 ± 7.72%. LAVI has correlation with: LVEDV (r= 0,45); LVESV (r= 0,43); NT-proBNP (r= 0.371). There is a difference LAVI of diastolic dysfunction grades (r= 0.011), There is a difference LAVI of NYHA class (r= 0.016). LATEF has correlation with NTproBNP (r= -0.349). Conclusion: The left atrium’s size is increased and its function is reduced in HFrEF patient. There is a positive correlation between LAVI and LVEDV, LVESV, NTproBNP. The LAVI varies with the diastolic dysfunction grade. And there is a negative correlation between LATEF and NTproBNP. Key words: heart failure reduced ejection fraction; size of left atrium, function of left atrium

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Left ventricle ejection fraction and strain derived by three-dimensional echocardiography are associated with exercise capacity in the patients with heart failure

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp170716162p ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 76 (8) ◽

pp. 779-786 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Milena Pavlovic-Kleut ◽

Aleksandra Sljivic ◽

Vera Celic

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Ejection Fraction ◽

Exercise Capacity ◽

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽

Lv Function ◽

Peak Vo2 ◽

Patients With Heart Failure

Background/Aim. Echocardiography represents the most commonly performed noninvasive cardiac imaging tests for the patients with heart failure (HF). The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the exercise capacity parameters [peak oxygen consumption (VO2) and the minute ventilation-carbon dioxide production relationship (VE/VCO2)] and the three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (3D-STE) imaging of left ventricular (LV) function in the HF patients with the reduced LV ejection fraction (LVEF). Methods. This cross-sectional study included 80 patients with diagnosed ischemic LV systolic dysfunction (LVEF < 45%) divided into subgroups based on the proposed values of analyzed cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) variables: VO2 peak ? 15 mL/kg/min, VO2 peak > 15 mL/kg/min, VE/VCO2 slope < 36 and VE/VCO2 slope ? 36. All patients underwent a physical examination, laboratory testing, two-dimensional (2D) and 3DE, and CPET. Results. LVEF, global longitudinal, circumferential, radial and area strains were significantly lower in the subgroups of subjects with a peak VO2 less, or equal to 15 mL O2/kg per min and with a VE/VCO2 slope greater, or equal to 36 compared to the subgroups of subjects with a peak VO2 greater than 15 mL O2/kg per min and with a VE/VCO2 slope less than 36. There was a significantly positive correlation between the peak VO2 values and parameters of 3DE, and a significantly negative correlation between the VE/VCO2 slope values and parameters of 3DE. Conclusion. The results of this study provide further evidence that the LV function can be noninvasively and objectively measured by 3D-STE. A significant correlation between examined parameters suggests that LVEF and strain derived by 3DE are associated with exercise capacity in the patients with HF.

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High body mass index is a predictor of left ventricular reverse remodelling in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

ESC Heart Failure ◽

10.1002/ehf2.12172 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 686-689 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Arthur Cescau ◽

Lucas N.L. Van Aelst ◽

Mathilde Baudet ◽

Alain Cohen Solal ◽

Damien Logeart

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Ejection Fraction ◽

Body Mass ◽

High Body Mass Index ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽

High Body ◽

Reverse Remodelling

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Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction – A Review

US Cardiology Review ◽

10.15420/usc.2012.9.2.90 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 90-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Otto A Smiseth ◽

Anders Opdahl ◽

Espen Boe ◽

Helge Skulstad

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Ejection Fraction ◽

Diastolic Heart Failure ◽

The Elderly ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Filling Pressure ◽

Left Ventricular Ejection ◽

Ventricular Ejection Fraction ◽

Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽

Objective Evidence

Heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HF-PEF), sometimes named diastolic heart failure, is a common condition most frequently seen in the elderly and is associated with arterial hypertension and left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. Symptoms are attributed to a stiff left ventricle with compensatory elevation of filling pressure and reduced ability to increase stroke volume by the Frank-Starling mechanism. LV interaction with stiff arteries aggravates these problems. Prognosis is almost as severe as for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF-REF), in part reflecting co-morbidities. Before the diagnosis of HF-PEF is made, non-cardiac etiologies must be excluded. Due to the non-specific nature of heart failure symptoms, it is essential to search for objective evidence of diastolic dysfunction which, in the absence of invasive data, is done by echocardiography and demonstration of signs of elevated LV filling pressure, impaired LV relaxation, or increased LV diastolic stiffness. Antihypertensive treatment can effectively prevent HF-PEF. Treatment of HF-PEF is symptomatic, with similar drugs as in HF-REF.

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Prognostic value of global longitudinal layer specific strain for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.0117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

C Johnsen ◽

M Sengeloev ◽

P Joergensen ◽

N Bruun ◽

D Modin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Ejection Fraction ◽

Prognostic Value ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Volume Index ◽

Funding Source ◽

Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽

Patients With Heart Failure ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

Echocardiographic Parameters

Abstract Background Novel echocardiographic software allows for layer-specific evaluation of myocardial deformation by 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. Endocardial, epicardial- and whole wall global longitudinal strain (GLS) may be superior to conventional echocardiographic parameters in predicting all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of endocardial-, epicardial- and whole wall GLS in patients with HFrEF in relation to all-cause mortality. Methods We included and analyzed transthoracic echocardiographic examinations from 1,015 patients with HFrEF. The echocardiographic images were analyzed, and conventional and novel echocardiographic parameters were obtained. A p value in a 2-sided test <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Cox proportional hazards regression models were constructed, and both univariable and multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated. Results During a median follow-up time of 40 months, 171 patients (16.8%) died. A lower endocardial (HR 1.17; 95% CI (1.11–1.23), per 1% decrease, p<0.001), epicardial (HR 1.20; 95% CI (1.13–1.27), per 1% decrease, p<0.001), and whole wall (HR 1.20; 95% CI (1.14–1.27), per 1% decrease, p<0.001) GLS were all associated with higher risk of death (Figure 1). Both endocardial (HR 1.12; 95% CI (1.01–1.23), p=0.027), epicardial (HR 1.13; 95% CI (1.01–1.26), p=0.040) and whole wall (HR 1.13; 95% CI (1.01–1.27), p=0.030) GLS remained independent predictors of mortality in the multivariable models after adjusting for significant clinical parameters (age, sex, total cholesterol, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, ischemic cardiomyopathy, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and diabetes) and conventional echocardiographic parameters (left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, LV mass index, left atrial volume index, deceleration time, E/e', E-velocity, E/A ratio and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion). No other echocardiographic parameters remained an independent predictors after adjusting. Furthermore, endocardial, epicardial and whole wall GLS had the highest C-statistics of all the echocardiographic parameters. Conclusion Endocardial, epicardial and whole wall GLS are independent predictors of all-cause mortality in patients with HFrEF. Furthermore, endocardial, epicardial and whole wall GLS were superior prognosticators of all-cause mortality compared with all other echocardiographic parameters. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): Herlev and Gentofte Hospital

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Reverse remodelling by sacubitril/valsartan predicts the prognosis in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

ESC Heart Failure ◽

10.1002/ehf2.13285 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mi‐Gil Moon ◽

In‐Chang Hwang ◽

Wonsuk Choi ◽

Goo‐Yeong Cho ◽

Yeonyee E. Yoon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Ejection Fraction ◽

Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽

Reverse Remodelling

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Uric Acid, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Chronic Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

Revista Romana de Medicina de Laborator ◽

10.1515/rrlm-2015-0039 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 397-406 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Adriana Iliesiu ◽

Alexandru Campeanu ◽

Daciana Marta ◽

Irina Parvu ◽

Gabriela Gheorghe

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Heart Failure ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Chronic Heart Failure ◽

Ejection Fraction ◽

Xanthine Oxidase ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Paraoxonase 1 ◽

Lv Function ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background. Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are major mechanisms involved in the progression of chronic heart failure (CHF). Serum uric acid (sUA) is related to CHF severity and could represent a marker of xanthine-oxidase activation. The relationship between sUA, oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation markers was assessed in patients with moderate-severe CHF and reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF). Methods. In 57 patients with stable CHF, functional NYHA class III, with EF<40%, the LV function was assessed by N-terminal of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels and echocardiographically through the EF and E/e’ ratio, a marker of LV filling pressures. The relationship between LV function, sUA, malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) as OS markers and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) as markers of systemic inflammation was evaluated. Results. The mean sUA level was 7.9 ± 2.2 mg/dl, and 61% of the CHF patients had hyperuricemia. CHF patients with elevated LV filling pressures (E/e’ ≥ 13) had higher sUA (8.6 ± 2.3 vs. 7.3 ± 1.4, p=0.08) and NT-proBNP levels (643±430 vs. 2531±709, p=0.003) and lower EF (29.8 ± 3.9 % vs. 36.3 ± 4.4 %, p=0.001). There was a significant correlation between sUA and IL-6 (r = 0.56, p<0.001), MDA (r= 0.49, p= 0.001), MPO (r=0.34, p=0.001) and PON-1 levels (r= −0.39, p= 0.003). Conclusion. In CHF, hyperuricemia is associated with disease severity. High sUA levels in CHF with normal renal function may reflect increased xanthine-oxidase activity linked with chronic inflammatory response.

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