scholarly journals Feasible Islanding Operation of Electric Networks with Large Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources considering Security Constraints

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Arash Alavi ◽  
Valentin Ilea ◽  
Alireza Saffarian ◽  
Cristian Bovo ◽  
Alberto Berizzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Electric Networks ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
The One

The high penetration of Renewable Energy Sources into electric networks shows new perspectives for the network’s management: among others, exploiting them as resources for network’s security in emergency situations. The paper focuses on the frequency stability of a portion of the grid when it remains islanded following a major fault. It proposes an optimization algorithm that considers the frequency reaction of the relevant components and minimizes the total costs of their shedding. The algorithm predicts the final frequency of the island and the active power profiles of the remaining generators and demands. It is formulated as a Mixed-Integer Non-Linear Programming problem and the high computation time due to a large-size problem is mitigated through a simplified linear version of the model that filters the integer variables. The algorithm is designed to operate on-line and preventively compute the optimal shedding actions to be engaged when islanding occurs. The algorithm is validated for a typical distribution grid: the minimum amount of shedding actions is obtained while the most frequency reactive resources are maintained in operation to assure a feasible frequency. Finally, time-domain simulations show that the optimal solution corresponds to the one at the end of the network’s transients following the islanding.

scholarly journals Progresses in Analytical Design of Distribution Grids and Energy Storage

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4270
Author(s):  
Gianpiero Colangelo ◽  
Gianluigi Spirto ◽  
Marco Milanese ◽  
Arturo de Risi
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Power Generators ◽  
Bidirectional Power Flow ◽  
Distribution Grids

In the last years, a change in the power generation paradigm has been promoted by the increasing use of renewable energy sources combined with the need to reduce CO2 emissions. Small and distributed power generators are preferred to the classical centralized and sizeable ones. Accordingly, this fact led to a new way to think and design distributions grids. One of the challenges is to handle bidirectional power flow at the distribution substations transformer from and to the national transportation grid. The aim of this paper is to review and analyze the different mathematical methods to design the architecture of a distribution grid and the state of the art of the technologies used to produce and eventually store or convert, in different energy carriers, electricity produced by renewable energy sources, coping with the aleatory of these sources.

scholarly journals Ancillary Services Offered by Distributed Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Grid Level: An Attempt at Proper Definition and Quantification

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7106
Author(s):  
Charis S. Demoulias ◽  
Kyriaki-Nefeli D. Malamaki ◽  
Spyros Gkavanoudis ◽  
Juan Manuel Mauricio ◽  
Georgios C. Kryonidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Ancillary Services ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Support Functions

The gradual displacement of synchronous generators driven by conventional power plants, due to the increasing penetration of distributed renewable energy sources (DRES) in distribution grids, is creating a shortage of crucial ancillary services (AS) which are vital for the frequency and voltage stability of the grid. These AS, and some new ones, could now be offered by the DRES, particularly those that are converter interfaced, in a coordinated way in order to preserve the grid stability and resilience. Although recent standards and grid codes specify that the DRES exhibit some system support functions, there are no specifications on how to measure and quantify (M & Q) them both at DRES level and in aggregated form. The M & Q of AS is crucial, since it would allow the AS to be treated as tradable AS in the current and future AS markets. This paper attempts to define a number of AS that can be offered by converter-interfaced DRES and suggests methods for their M & Q. The new AS addressed are: (1) inertial response; (2) primary frequency response; (3) active power smoothing (ramp-rate limitation); (4) exchange of reactive power for voltage regulation; (5) fault-ride-through (FRT) and contribution to fault clearing; (6) voltage harmonic mitigation. Additionally, a rough estimation of the additional investment and operational cost, as well as the financial benefits associated with each AS is provided in order to form the basis for the development of business models around each AS in the near future.

scholarly journals Joint Optimal Allocation of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations and Renewable Energy Sources Including CO2 Emissions

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayenne Dias de Lima ◽  
John F. Franco ◽  
Fernando Lezama ◽  
João Soares ◽  
Zita Vale
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Renewable Generation ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
Ev Charging

AbstractIn the coming years, several transformations in the transport sector are expected, associated with the increase in electric vehicles (EVs). These changes directly impact electrical distribution systems (EDSs), introducing new challenges in their planning and operation. One way to assist in the desired integration of this technology is to allocate EV charging stations (EVCSs). Efforts have been made towards the development of EVCSs, with the ability to recharge the vehicle at a similar time than conventional vehicle filling stations. Besides, EVs can bring environmental benefits by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, depending on the energy matrix of the country in which the EVs fleet circulates, there may be indirect emissions of polluting gases. Therefore, the development of this technology must be combined with the growth of renewable generation. Thus, this proposal aims to develop a mathematical model that includes EVs integration in the distribution system. To this end, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is proposed to solve the allocation problem of EVCSs including renewable energy sources. The model addresses the environmental impact and uncertainties associated with demand (conventional and EVs) and renewable generation. Moreover, an EV charging forecast method is proposed, subject to the uncertainties related to the driver's behavior, the energy required by these vehicles, and the state of charge of the EVs. The proposed model was implemented in the AMPL modelling language and solved via the commercial solver CPLEX. Tests with a 24-node system allow evaluating the proposed method application.

scholarly journals Effect of Energy Storages on Flexibility and Cyber Resilience of Electric Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 01006
Author(s):  
Irina Kolosok ◽  
Elena Korkina ◽  
Victor Kurbatsky
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Electric Power Systems ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Networks

When planning and managing the present-day and future transformed electric power systems (EPS), such comparatively new properties as flexibility and cyber resilience shall be taken into account along with EPS conventional properties, such as Reliability, Security, Survivability, and Vulnerability. Large-scale introduction of renewable energy sources notably lowers the EPS flexibility. Installation of Energy Storages allows compensation of power production imbalance occurred when using renewable energy sources, which makes the energy system more robust, but lowers its cyber security. The paper considers the main performances and models of Energy Storages, their impact on flexibility and cyber security of electric networks; it also presents the technique for quantifying the flexibility of a network with Energy Storages, and identifies most promising directions of studies in this area.

scholarly journals Determinants of Energy Cooperatives’ Development in Rural Areas—Evidence from Poland

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Jakub Jasiński ◽  
Mariusz Kozakiewicz ◽  
Maciej Sołtysik
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Local Energy ◽  
Energy Deposit ◽  
The Eu

The strategies, plans and legislation on energy market development and decarbonization in the European Union (EU) developed in recent years, such as the directives implementing the package “Clean energy for all Europeans”, aim at promoting not only renewable energy sources, but also new institutions that involve the development of local energy markets and a greater role for citizens in managing their own energy generation. At the same time, Poland remains the economy most dependent on coal and one of the largest air polluters in the EU. In order to minimize this problem and to meet the direction of energy development in the EU, Poland decided to establish, among other things, an energy cooperative. It is intended to fill the gap in the development of the civil dimension of energy on a local scale and at the same time improve efficiency in the use of the potential of renewable energy sources in rural areas. The authors of the paper seek to verify the extent to which this new institution, which is part of the idea of a local energy community, one of the driving forces for the implementation of the objectives and directions of development of “clean energy” set by the EU, has a chance to develop. The research took into account the characteristics of energy producers and consumers in rural areas, economic preferences provided for by law, relating to the functioning of an energy cooperative and the existing alternative solutions dedicated to prosumers. A dedicated mathematical model in the mixed integer programming technology was used to optimize the functioning of an energy cooperative, and more than 5000 simulations were carried out, with a typical optimization task performed as part of the research with about 50,000 variables. The conclusions and simulations make it possible to confirm the thesis that profitable energy cooperatives can be established in rural areas, with the objective of minimizing the sum of energy purchases from the distribution network and losses on the energy deposit (virtual network storage) (the energy deposit (or network deposit) should be understood as energy introduced to the grid during generation surpluses for its subsequent consumption, taking into account the discount factor).

Wirtschaftliche Bürgerbeteiligung

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Weinke
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
The State ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Federal States ◽  
The One

The Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state legislature addresses the tension between the expansion of renewable energies on the one hand and acceptance problems on the other with a participation law on mandatory economic participation. This raises the question of compatibility with applicable law, in particular whether the state legislature has the power to legislate. Furthermore, the author shows the framework for a regulation and takes a position on possible encroachments on fundamental rights by such a regulation. The topicality of the study is demonstrated by the constitutional complaint pending against the law, as well as by the dynamic legislation - for example, Section 36g (5) of the Renewable Energy Sources Act now stipulates an opening clause for the federal states.

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