scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effects of Smart Charging Strategies and Frequency Restoration Reserves Market Participation of an Electric Vehicle

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Rücker ◽  
Michael Merten ◽  
Jingyu Gong ◽  
Roberto Villafáfila-Robles ◽  
Ilka Schoeneberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Automatic Frequency ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Electricity Cost ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
Frequency Restoration Reserve ◽  
The Impact

The emergence of electric vehicles offers the opportunity to decarbonize the transportation and mobility sector. With smart charging strategies and the use of electricity generated from renewable sources, electric vehicle owners can reduce their electricity bill as well as reduce their carbon footprint. We investigated smart charging strategies for electric vehicle charging at household and workplace sites with photovoltaic systems. Furthermore, we investigated the participation of an electric vehicle in the provision of positive automatic frequency restoration reserve (aFRR) in Germany from 30 October 2018 to 31 July 2019. We find that the provision of positive aFRR in Germany returns a positive net return. The positive net return is, however, not sufficient to cover the current investment cost for a necessary control unit. For home charging, we find that self-sufficiency rates of up to 48.1% and an electricity cost reduction of 17.6% for one year can be reached with unidirectional smart charging strategies. With bidirectional strategies, self-sufficiency rates of up to 56.7% for home charging and electricity cost reductions of up to 26.1% are reached. We also find that electric vehicle (EV) owners who can charge at their workplace can reduce their electricity cost further. The impact of smart charging strategies on battery aging is also discussed.

scholarly journals Optimized Strategic Planning of Future Norwegian Low-Voltage Networks with a Genetic Algorithm Applying Empirical Electric Vehicle Charging Data

Electricity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-109
Author(s):  
Julian Wruk ◽  
Kevin Cibis ◽  
Matthias Resch ◽  
Hanne Sæle ◽  
Markus Zdrallek
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Network Planning ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Vehicle Charging ◽  
The Impact

This article outlines methods to facilitate the assessment of the impact of electric vehicle charging on distribution networks at planning stage and applies them to a case study. As network planning is becoming a more complex task, an approach to automated network planning that yields the optimal reinforcement strategy is outlined. Different reinforcement measures are weighted against each other in terms of technical feasibility and costs by applying a genetic algorithm. Traditional reinforcements as well as novel solutions including voltage regulation are considered. To account for electric vehicle charging, a method to determine the uptake in equivalent load is presented. For this, measured data of households and statistical data of electric vehicles are combined in a stochastic analysis to determine the simultaneity factors of household load including electric vehicle charging. The developed methods are applied to an exemplary case study with Norwegian low-voltage networks. Different penetration rates of electric vehicles on a development path until 2040 are considered.

scholarly journals Electric Vehicle Charging Strategy for Isolated Systems with High Penetration of Renewable Generation

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Michel Clairand ◽  
Javier Rodríguez-García ◽  
Carlos Álvarez-Bel
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
Vehicle Charging ◽  
Installed Capacity ◽  
Charging Strategy

Inhabited islands depend primarily on fossil fuels for electricity generation and they also present frequently a vehicle fleet, which result in a significant environmental problem. To address this, several governments are investing in the integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs), but the combined integration of them creates challenges to the operation of these isolated grid systems. Thus, the aim of this paper is to propose an Electric Vehicle charging strategy considering high penetration of RES. The methodology proposes taxing CO2 emissions based on high pricing when the electricity is mostly generated by fossil fuels, and low pricing when there is a RES power excess. The Smart charging methodology for EV optimizes the total costs. Nine scenarios with different installed capacity of solar and wind power generation are evaluated and compared to cases of uncoordinated charging. The methodology was simulated in the Galapagos Islands, which is an archipelago of Ecuador, and recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as both aWorld Heritage site and a biosphere reserve. Simulations results demonstrate that the EV aggregator could reduce costs: 7.9% for a case of 5 MW installed capacity (wind and PV each), and 7% for a case of 10 MW installed (wind and PV each). Moreover, the use of excess of RES power for EV charging will considerably reduce CO2 emissions

Research on Application of UPQC in Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment

2015 ◽  
Vol 734 ◽  
pp. 852-857
Author(s):  
Cheng Gong ◽  
Rui Shi ◽  
Zhong Jun Chi ◽  
Bao Qun Zhang ◽  
Long Fei Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Power Quality ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Vehicle Charging ◽  
Reference Parameters ◽  
Research On Application ◽  
The Mathematical Model

In order to improve the power quality problems caused by electric vehicle charging equipment, this paper put forward the research on Application of Unified Power Quality Controller (UPQC) in the charging field. Based on the mathematical model of UPQC, current control unit with state feedback single loop PI controller and voltage control unit based on dual PI loop controller are designed. Based on the mathematical model, the design reference parameters are derived. Finally, a UPQC prototype is developed and experiment is carried out, results show that UPQC has good application prospect in the field of electric vehicle charging.

scholarly journals Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging Strategy on the Long-Term Planning of an Isolated Microgrid

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3455
Author(s):  
Jean-Michel Clairand ◽  
Carlos Álvarez-Bel ◽  
Javier Rodríguez-García ◽  
Guillermo Escrivá-Escrivá
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Power Generation Planning ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ev Charging ◽  
Charging Strategy

Isolated microgrids, such as islands, rely on fossil fuels for electricity generation and include vehicle fleets, which poses significant environmental challenges. To address this, distributed energy resources based on renewable energy and electric vehicles (EVs) have been deployed in several places. However, they present operational and planning concerns. Hence, the aim of this paper is to propose a two-level microgrid problem. The first problem considers an EV charging strategy that minimizes charging costs and maximizes the renewable energy use. The second level evaluates the impact of this charging strategy on the power generation planning of Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Ecuador. This planning model is simulated in HOMER Energy. The results demonstrate the economic and environmental benefits of investing in additional photovoltaic (PV) generation and in the EV charging strategy. Investing in PV and smart charging for EVs could reduce the N P C by 13.58%, but a reduction in the N P C of the EV charging strategy would result in up to 3.12%.

scholarly journals Comparison and Analysis of GPS Measured Electric Vehicle Charging Demand: The Case of Western Sweden and Seattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Hartvigsson ◽  
Niklas Jakobsson ◽  
Maria Taljegard ◽  
Mikael Odenberger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
The United States ◽  
Power Demand ◽  
Driving Patterns ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Vehicle Charging ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Charging Demand

Electrification of transportation using electric vehicles has a large potential to reduce transport related emissions but could potentially cause issues in generation and distribution of electricity. This study uses GPS measured driving patterns from conventional gasoline and diesel cars in western Sweden and Seattle, United States, to estimate and analyze expected charging coincidence assuming these driving patterns were the same for electric vehicles. The results show that the electric vehicle charging power demand in western Sweden and Seattle is 50–183% higher compared to studies that were relying on national household travel surveys in Sweden and United States. The after-coincidence charging power demand from GPS measured driving behavior converges at 1.8 kW or lower for Sweden and at 2.1 kW or lower for the United States The results show that nominal charging power has the largest impact on after-coincidence charging power demand, followed by the vehicle’s electricity consumption and lastly the charging location. We also find that the reduction in charging demand, when charging is moved in time, is largest for few vehicles and reduces as the number of vehicles increase. Our results are important when analyzing the impact from large scale introduction of electric vehicles on electricity distribution and generation.

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