Modelling the Integration of Residential Heat Demand and Demand Response in Power Systems with High Shares of Renewables

The EU aims to become the world’s first climate-neutral continent by 2050. In order to meet this target, the integration of high shares of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) in the energy system is of primary importance. Nevertheless, the large deployment of variable renewable sources such as wind and photovoltaic power will pose important challenges in terms of power management. For this reason, increasing the system flexibility will be crucial to ensure the security of supply in future power systems. This work investigates the flexibility potential obtainable from the diffusion of Demand Response (DR) programmes applied to residential heating for different renewables penetration and power system configuration scenarios. To that end, a bottom-up model for residential heat demand and flexible electric heating systems (heat pumps and electric water heaters) is developed and directly integrated into Dispa-SET, an existing unit commitment optimal dispatch model of the power system. The integrated model is calibrated for the case of Belgium and different simulations are performed varying the penetration and type of residential heating technologies, installed renewables capacity and capacity mix. Results show that, at country level, operational cost could be reduced up to €35 million and curtailment up to 1 TWh per year with 1 million flexible electric heating systems installed. These benefits are significantly reduced when nuclear power plants (non-flexible) are replaced by gas-fired units (flexible) and grow when more renewable capacity is added. Moreover, when the number of flexible heating systems increases, a saturation effect of the flexibility is observed.

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A Review of Virtual Inertia Techniques for Renewable Energy-Based Generators

10.5772/intechopen.92651 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ana Fernández-Guillamón ◽

Emilio Gómez-Lázaro ◽

Eduard Muljadi ◽

Ángel Molina-Garcia

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Power Systems ◽

Power System ◽

Power Plants ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Extensive Discussion ◽

Renewable Sources ◽

Virtual Inertia ◽

Alternative Sources

Over recent decades, the penetration of renewable energy sources (RES), especially photovoltaic and wind power plants, has been promoted in most countries. However, as these both alternative sources have power electronics at the grid interface (inverters), they are electrically decoupled from the grid. Subsequently, stability and reliability of power systems are compromised. Inertia in power systems has been traditionally determined by considering all the rotating masses directly connected to the grid. Thus, as the penetration of renewable units increases, the inertia of the power system decreases due to the reduction of directly connected rotating machines. As a consequence, power systems require a new set of strategies to include these renewable sources. In fact, ‘hidden inertia,’ ‘synthetic inertia’ and ‘virtual inertia’ are terms currently used to represent an artificial inertia created by inverter control strategies of such renewable sources. This chapter reviews the inertia concept and proposes a method to estimate the rotational inertia in different parts of the world. In addition, an extensive discussion on wind and photovoltaic power plants and their contribution to inertia and power system stability is presented.

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Optimal Coordination of Aggregated Hydro-Storage with Residential Demand Response in Highly Renewable Generation Power System: The Case Study of Finland

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12061037 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 1037 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Arslan Bashir ◽

Matti Lehtonen

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Power Systems ◽

Power System ◽

Demand Response ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Renewable Generation ◽

Generation Structure ◽

Optimal Coordination ◽

Residential Demand ◽

Generation Power

Current energy policy-driven targets have led to increasing deployment of renewable energy sources in electrical grids. However, due to the limited flexibility of current power systems, the rapidly growing number of installations of renewable energy systems has resulted in rising levels of generation curtailments. This paper probes the benefits of simultaneously coordinating aggregated hydro-reservoir storage with residential demand response (DR) for mitigating both load and generation curtailments in highly renewable generation power systems. DR services are provided by electric water heaters, thermal storages, electric vehicles, and heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) loads. Accordingly, an optimization model is presented to minimize the mismatch between demand and supply in the Finnish power system. The model considers proportions of base-load generation comprising nuclear, and combined heat and power (CHP) plants (both CHP-city and CHP-industry), as well as future penetration scenarios of solar and wind power that are constructed, reflecting the present generation structure in Finland. The findings show that DR coordinated with hydropower is an efficient curtailment mitigation tool given the uncertainty in renewable generation. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis is also carried out to depict how higher penetration can reduce carbon emissions from electricity co-generation in the near future.

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Increasing the share of RES in Polish district heating systems using power-to-heat technology

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201911600042 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 116 ◽

pp. 00042

Author(s):

Małgorzata Kwestarz ◽

Maciej Chaczykowski

Keyword(s):

Power Systems ◽

Power System ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

District Heating ◽

Policy Framework ◽

Heating Systems ◽

Heat Technology ◽

District Heating Systems ◽

The Stability ◽

Energy And Climate Policy

The power systems in European Union operate under energy policies where the greenhouse gases reduction, the increase of the share of renewable energy sources (RES) and the improvements in energy efficiency are the main objectives. Polish energy sector is currently based on inefficient usage of coal and must be transformed according to the requirements of EU energy and climate policy. A policy framework for climate and energy in the period from 2020 to 2030 established the target of 27% of share of RES in energy consumption. With the continuing increase in the use of RES, it is likely that more and more generation will have to be curtailed to maintain the stability of the power system which was not originally designed to integrate renewable generation. In this context, the conversion of renewable electricity to heat in connection with its storage in district heating systems, known as Power-to-Heat (PtH) can be considered as a viable option in increasing the share of RES and facilitating the stability of the power system. In this paper an attempt is made to estimate the potential of PtH technology for Poland up to 2030, including the high RES share scenario for the energy mix development.

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Use of maneuverable properties of hydroelectric power plants and hydro-accumulating power plants for improving reliability and operating efficiency of electric power systems of commonwealth countries (using example of power plants of Russia and the Republic of Uzbekistan)

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202021601139 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 216 ◽

pp. 01139

Author(s):

Yu.S. Vasilyev ◽

V.V. Elistratov ◽

I.G. Kudryasheva ◽

M.M. Mukhammadiyev ◽

B.U. Urishev

Keyword(s):

Power Systems ◽

Power System ◽

Electric Power ◽

Power Plants ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Electric Power System ◽

Operating Efficiency ◽

Hydroelectric Power ◽

Current Increase ◽

Pump Station

The possibilities of using shunting properties of HPP units, HAPS (Hydro-accumulating power system) for energy storage and redistribution, as well as Pump Station as a consumer of the regulator in night load dips to increase the reliability of the electric power system (EPS) in the conditions of the current increase in the share of non-nondestructive capacities in Russia and Uzbekistan and the implementation of programs for the development of renewable energy sources, primarily the construction of wind and solar power plants, were considered.

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Distributed active demand response system for peak power reduction through load shifting

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences ◽

10.1515/bpasts-2016-0101 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 925-936 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. Benysek ◽

M. Jarnut ◽

SZ. Werminski ◽

J. Bojarski

Keyword(s):

Power Systems ◽

Power System ◽

Demand Response ◽

Power Plants ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Electrical Power ◽

End User ◽

Network Resources ◽

Large Variability ◽

Virtual Power Plants

Abstract The large variability in power consumption in electrical power systems (EPS) influences not only growth balance losses and technical losses, but also in some cases reduces energy security. Delayed restoration of power generation, combined with unpredictable weather events leading to the loss of generating power can lead to a situation in which to save the stability of the power system there must be introduced in the system a load power limit or even disconnection of end-user in a given area, which will significantly reduce the comfort of use of energy. This situation can be prevented through either the building of new intervention power units or the aggregated use of new energy technologies, such as distributed network resources (DER), which are part of an intelligent Smart Grid network. Such resources bring together virtual power plants (VPP) and demand side management (DSM). The article presents an alternative decentralized active demand response (DADR) system, that by acting on selected groups of loads reduces peak loads with minimized loss of comfort of energy in use for the end-user. The system operates without any communication. The effectiveness of the proposed solution has been confirmed, outlined in test results obtained by the authors from a developed analytical model, which also contains stochastic algorithms to decrease the negative impact of such DSM systems on the power system (power overshoot and oscillation).

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Competitiveness of power systems with nuclear power plants and with high participation of intermittent renewable energy sources

Thermal Science ◽

10.2298/tsci210203182g ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 182-182

Author(s):

Vojin Grkovic ◽

Djordjije Doder

Keyword(s):

Power Systems ◽

Power System ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Power Plants ◽

Nuclear Power Plants ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Hard Coal ◽

Wind Generators ◽

High Participation ◽

Storage Technologies

In the paper are presented and discussed the results of a more complex research of technology portfolio competitiveness in power systems with high penetration of i-RES. Possible technology portfolios compositions are analyzed. The portfolios comprise very high participation of i-RES, as well as a certain participation of energy storage technologies, but also and other energy technologies like nuclear and fossil fueled power plants. Within the research are developed new competitiveness indicators i.e., dispatchability indicator and the technology portfolio?s assured capacity. The latter is defined on the basis of recently published Ulrich?s and Schiffer?s paper. Obtained results point out that inclusion of pumped-hydro storage plants improves portfolio?s dispatchability. However, within the researched interval up to PHS installed capacities relative to i-RES capacities of 0,3; numerical values of the dispatchability indicators are still below their values for the portfolio without i-RES. Increased participation of nuclear power plants contribute to the improvement of numerical values of the dispatchability indicators. The sensitivity analysis for the case of two times smaller cost of pumped hydro storage capacities is also performed. Hypothetical change of power system?s technology structure in sense of substitution hard coal and lignite fired power plants with wind generators or with nuclear power plants is also analyzed. The analysis points out that the substitution with nuclear power plants enables much better results regarding power system?s ability to change the power on demand than substitution with wind generators, particularly in the countries with high participation of hard coal and/or lignite in electricity generation.

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A New Thermal Energy Storage Technology for Power System Services

10.20944/preprints202102.0020.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Romano Acri ◽

Fulvio Bassetti ◽

Maria Carmen Falvo ◽

Letizia Magaldi ◽

Matteo Manganelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Power Systems ◽

Power System ◽

Thermal Energy ◽

Thermal Energy Storage ◽

Power Plants ◽

Waste Heat ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Solid Particles ◽

Steam Turbines

The decarbonization of the electrical energy sector is in progress for contrasting the climate changes, with a relevant increase of the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) power plants, mostly in Dispersed Generation (DG). The adequacy and the security of power systems, with a huge penetration of RES in DG is possible with a suitable integration of energy storage. In fact, energy storages are able to provide many different services for long-term adequacy and real time security. In this framework the present paper deals with a Thermal Energy Storage (TES) proposed for power system services. The technology presented is made up of modules containing a bed of fluidizable solid particles, which can store thermal energy from waste heat, process heat and/or from electricity. Stored thermal energy can be released, e.g. as superheated steam, for thermal uses or converted into electricity, by means of steam turbines. Some possible applications are then reported explaining advantages and limits.

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The Challenges and Opportunities of Renewable Energy Source (RES) Penetration in Indonesia: Case Study of Java-Bali Power System

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13225903 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 5903 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Handrea Bernando Tambunan ◽

Dzikri Firmansyah Hakam ◽

Iswan Prahastono ◽

Anita Pharmatrisanti ◽

Andreas Putro Purnomoadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Power Systems ◽

Power System ◽

Power Plants ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Thermal Power ◽

Peak Load ◽

Rate Capability ◽

Thermal Power Plants ◽

Pv Penetration

Nowadays, the integration of renewable energy sources, especially grid-connected photovoltaic, into electrical power systems, is increasing dramatically. There are several stimulants especially in the Java-Bali power system, including huge solar potential, a national renewable energy (RE) target, regulation support for prosumers, photovoltaic technology development, and multi-year power system planning. However, significant annual photovoltaic penetration can lead to critical issues, including a drop of netload during the day, ramping capability, and minimal load operation for thermal power plants. This study analyses the duck curve phenomenon in the Java-Bali power system that considers high shares of the baseload power plant and specific scenarios in photovoltaic (PV) penetration and electricity demand growth. This study also analyses future netload, need for fast ramping rate capability, and oversupply issues in the Java-Bali power system. The results showed that the duck curve phenomenon appears with a significant netload drop in the middle of the day because of high power generation from grid-connected PV. Furthermore, the need for fast ramp rate capability is critical for a higher peak load combined with the lowest netload valley. Moreover, the significant load growth with high grid-connected PV penetration level caused unit commitment issues for thermal power plants as baseload operators.

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Impact of wind and solar power plants on the reliability of the IPS

Safety and Reliability of Power Industry ◽

10.24223/1999-5555-2020-13-4-257-266 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 257-266

Author(s):

V. A. Nepomnyashchiy

Keyword(s):

Power Systems ◽

Power System ◽

Power Plants ◽

Solar Power ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Power Industry ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Solar Power Plants ◽

Additional Fuel Consumption ◽

Additional Fuel

One of the most promising areas in the development of the electric power industry is generally regarded to lie in expanding the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the electric energy balance of power systems in the form of wind and solar power plants (WPP and SPP), the saving of organic fuel (coal, gas, fuel oil) and the reduction of environmentally harmful emissions into the atmosphere considered to be their most important advantages. However, the impact of RES on the controllability of the modes of operation of electric power systems and on the reliability of the IPS operation remains quite unexplored.Currently, the global energy industry uses 318 million kW of WPP and about 142.4 million kW of SPP, of which the major West European countries account for about 227 million kW, or 49.3%. On average, wind and solar power plants account for almost 30% of the total generating capacity in Western Europe, with Denmark having the largest share of WPP (47%) and Germany having the highest share of SPP (18.6%). However, an uncontrolled growth in the share of WPP and SPP in the structure of generating capacities of power systems begins to manifest itself in a sharp decline in the reliability of the power industry due to the fact that a number of negative properties of WPP and SPP have not been taken into account (at least, to a sufficient extent), which manifested themselves in practice in a system accident in the UK power system that occurred on August 09, 2019, when, as a result of an "ordinary" short circuit, a system accident occurred, with up to 1.1 million consumers with a total load of 1690 MW disconnected from the power supply system for a period of 15 to 45 minutes. This is estimated to have resulted in economic losses for consumers amounting to 12.3–15.0 million USD.The reason for this is that the high sensitivity of WPP, SPP, CCGT and gas piston units to voltage and frequency drops is not properly considered in conditions of insufficient capacity of the rotating (mobile) generation reserve. Damage can be prevented by increasing the rotating reserve within the available reserve of the power system, which will require an increase in funds for maintaining the same due to additional fuel consumption. The ratio of reduction of probable damage to consumers and the cost of additional fuel consumption for maintenance of a required rotating reserve in the power system allows to economically substantiate the strategy and scale of introduction of renewable energy sources to the power industry.

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MOSAIK and FMI-Based Co-Simulation Applied to Transient Stability Analysis of Grid-Forming Converter Modulated Wind Power Plants

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11052410 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 2410

Author(s):

Nakisa Farrokhseresht ◽

Arjen A. van der Meer ◽

José Rueda Torres ◽

Mart A. M. M. van der Meijden

Keyword(s):

Power System ◽

Time Domain ◽

Power Plants ◽

Transient Stability ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Critical Factor ◽

Primary Control ◽

Simulation Approach ◽

Wide Range ◽

Grid Side

The grid integration of renewable energy sources interfaced through power electronic converters is undergoing a significant acceleration to meet environmental and political targets. The rapid deployment of converters brings new challenges in ensuring robustness, transient stability, among others. In order to enhance transient stability, transmission system operators established network grid code requirements for converter-based generators to support the primary control task during faults. A critical factor in terms of implementing grid codes is the control strategy of the grid-side converters. Grid-forming converters are a promising solution which could perform properly in a weak-grid condition as well as in an islanded operation. In order to ensure grid code compliance, a wide range of transient stability studies is required. Time-domain simulations are common practice for that purpose. However, performing traditional monolithic time domain simulations (single solver, single domain) on a converter-dominated power system is a very complex and computationally intensive task. In this paper, a co-simulation approach using the mosaik framework is applied on a power system with grid-forming converters. A validation workflow is proposed to verify the co-simulation framework. The results of comprehensive simulation studies show a proof of concept for the applicability of this co-simulation approach to evaluate the transient stability of a dominant grid-forming converter-based power system.

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