scholarly journals The Energy Lock-In Effect of Solar Home Systems: A Case Study in Rural Nigeria

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6682
Author(s):  
Olumide Hassan ◽  
Stephen Morse ◽  
Matthew Leach
Keyword(s):  
Solar Pv ◽  
Household Energy ◽  
Rural Nigeria ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Lock In Effect ◽  
Solar Home System ◽  
Lock In ◽  
Electricity Access ◽  
The Impact

Ongoing reductions in the costs of solar PV and battery technologies have contributed to an increased use of home energy systems in Sub-Saharan African regions without grid access. However, such systems can normally support only low-power end uses, and there has been little research regarding the impact on households unable to transition to higher-wattage energy services in the continued absence of the grid. This paper examines the challenges facing rural energy transitions and whether households feel they are energy ‘locked in’. A mixed-methods approach using questionnaire-based household energy surveys of rural solar home system (SHS) users was used to collect qualitative and quantitative data. Thematic analysis and a mixture of descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were applied. The results showed that a significant number of households possessed appliances that could not be powered by their SHS and were willing to spend large sums to connect were a higher-capacity option available. This implied that a significant number of the households were locked into a low-energy future. Swarm electrification technology and energy efficient, DC-powered plug-and-play appliances were suggested as means to move the households to higher tiers of electricity access.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Benefits of a Solar Home System-Based DC Microgrid for Rural Electrification

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nishant Narayan ◽  
Ali Chamseddine ◽  
Victor Vega-Garita ◽  
Zian Qin ◽  
Jelena Popovic-Gerber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Rural Electrification ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Dc Microgrid ◽  
Dc Microgrids ◽  
Solar Home System ◽  
Tier 3 ◽  
Electricity Access ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adequate Power

Off-grid solar home systems (SHSs) currently constitute a major source of providing basic electricity needs in un(der)-electrified regions of the world, with around 73 million households having benefited from off-grid solar solutions by 2017. However, in and of itself, state-of-the-art SHSs can only provide electricity access with adequate power supply availability up to tier 2, and to some extent, tier 3 levels of the Multi-tier Framework (MTF) for measuring household electricity access. When considering system metrics of loss of load probability (LLP) and battery size, meeting the electricity needs of tiers 4 and 5 is untenable through SHSs alone. Alternatively, a bottom-up microgrid composed of interconnected SHSs is proposed. Such an approach can enable the so-called climb up the rural electrification ladder. The impact of the microgrid size on the system metrics like LLP and energy deficit is evaluated. Finally, it is found that the interconnected SHS-based microgrid can provide more than 40% and 30% gains in battery sizing for the same LLP level as compared to the standalone SHSs sizes for tiers 4 and 5 of the MTF, respectively, thus quantifying the definite gains of an SHS-based microgrid over standalone SHSs. This study paves the way for visualizing SHS-based rural DC microgrids that can not only enable electricity access to the higher tiers of the MTF with lower battery storage needs but also make use of existing SHS infrastructure, thus enabling a technologically easy climb up the rural electrification ladder.

scholarly journals Assessment of Stand-Alone Residential Solar Photovoltaic Application in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case Study of Gambia

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sambu Kanteh Sakiliba ◽  
Abubakar Sani Hassan ◽  
Jianzhong Wu ◽  
Edward Saja Sanneh ◽  
Sul Ademi
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Photovoltaic Application ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Electrical Demand

The focus of this paper is the design and implementation of solar PV deployment option, which is economical and easy to maintain for remote locations in less developed countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The feasibility of stand-alone solar PV systems as a solution to the unstable electricity supply and as an alternative to the conventional resource, “diesel generators,” is presented. Moreover, a design of a system is carried out, such that the electrical demand and site meteorological data of a typical household in the capital, Banjul, is simulated. Likewise, the life cycle cost analysis to assess the economic viability of the system, along with the solar home performance, is also presented. Such system will be beneficial to the inhabitants of Gambia by ensuring savings in fuel costs and by reducing carbon emissions produced by generators. The selection of appropriate-sized components is crucial, as they affect the lifetime, reliability, and initial costs. The design presented in this study represents a solution for domestic houses to adopt the system according to the location and environment, in order to meet electricity demand.

Utility privatisation in Sub-Saharan Africa: a case study of water

2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Bayliss
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Privatisation Process ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

Over the past twenty years, the focus of development policy has shifted from the state to the private sector. Privatisation is now central to utility reform in much of SSA. This paper sets out developments in water privatisation and reviews the evidence regarding its impact. Water privatisation has been carried out to some degree in at least fourteen countries in the region, and many other governments are at various stages in the privatisation process. However, in some cases privatisation has been difficult to achieve, and a few countries have successfully provided water under public ownership. Evidence on the impact of privatisation indicates that the performance of privatised utilities has not changed dramatically, but that enterprises have continued to perform well, or not so well, depending both on their state when they were privatised and on the wider economic context. The evidence points to internal improvements in terms of financial management. However, governments face considerable difficulties in attracting investors and regulating private utilities. Furthermore, privatisation fails to address some of the fundamental constraints affecting water utilities in SSA, such as finance, the politicised nature of service delivery, and lack of access for the poor. A preoccupation with ownership may obscure the wider goals of reform.

scholarly journals Migrants’ Vulnerabilities and Their Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Mobile Shoe Shine Boys in the Cape Coast Metropolis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
King David Dzirasah
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Cape Coast ◽  
Customer Base ◽  
Vulnerability Model ◽  
Interview Guide ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Covid-19 pandemic has impacted socio-economic activities in sub-Saharan Africa and Ghana for that matter. Occupations in the informal sector such as shoe-shine business have been affected by the disease outbreak. This paper focuses on migrant vulnerabilities and their responses to Covid-19 with a specific focus on shoe-shine boys in Cape Coast Metropolis. The study is guided by the IOM determinants of migrant vulnerability model, empirical review on the shoe-shine business and conceptual framework on shoe-shine business within the informal sector. Using an interview guide, ten shoe-shine boys were interviewed in the Cape Coast Metropolis. Their responses were transcribed and a content analysis was employed to analyze the data. The main challenges caused by Covid-19 were the reduction in income, decrease in customer base and changes in the nature of work. The study concluded that the irregular nature of the shoe-shine business exacerbated the impact of the covid-19 on the occupation but individual coping strategies were key in ensuring the sustainability of the occupation.

scholarly journals The Impact of Foreign Aid Conditionality on Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh: A Recipient’s Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Mehadi Mamun
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Aid Conditionality ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Recipient Government ◽  
The Impact

Donors provide aid to the recipient government with conditions to implement some policies so that the recipient government can use aid effectively and able to improve its economic, social, and political situation as well as reduce its poverty. However, concerns have been raised that aid conditionality has promoted reforms that could not reduce the poverty situation in some countries such as sub-Saharan Africa, while some countries in East Asia were able to break out of poverty and find themselves better off than before the conditional aid was accepted. Hence, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of foreign aid conditionality on poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. The paper is qualitative in nature and a case study on Bangladesh. The study has been conducted by using secondary data, like journal articles, research papers, and Bangladesh government and aid donors’ reports. The study finds that Bangladesh has started to show considerable improvement in reducing poverty, though it is still ranking low on the Human Development Index. The findings have important implications for policymakers and captured insights about the foreign aid conditionality in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Financial resilience of municipal civil servants’ pension funds

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (81) ◽  
pp. 425-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Vaz de Lima ◽  
André Carlos Busanelli de Aquino
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Pension Funds ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Accounting Data ◽  
Fund Managers ◽  
Lock In Effect ◽  
Lock In ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the responses and the repetitive pattern of financial resilience which emerge within the civil servants’ pension funds (RPPS, in Portuguese) of local governments in Brazil. The analysis extends the traditional financial resilience approach discussing the emergence of vulnerability from the sponsor and RPPS interaction, often stimulated by the lock-in effect from the federal regulation, which constrains the space for transformative responses. Financial resilience is a concern usually applied to governments’ response to crises, but not for pension funds. However, the long-term objective of such funds when juxtaposed to short-term pressures conduce a paradoxical standpoint for fund’s managers absorbing the pressures. The impact of this article to the pension funds and the regulatory field is the proposition that the growing vulnerability of RPPS regimes comes from the insufficient governance belt protecting them, which would be a necessary and applicable remedy to any pension funds reform the country decides to take . It was applied a sequential mixed-method approach, starting by interviews with fund managers, actuarial consultants and representatives of the Ministry of Finance's Pension Secretariat (SPREV), to identify the usual responses to emerging financial pressures which affect the funds’ financial performance. Secondly, four from the identified typical responses were selected and analyzed through financial and accounting data to detect the response for about 1,8 thousand funds from 2014 to 2016. Based on the frequency of the adopted responses by each fund, it was proposed a recurrent financial resilience pattern, and how the managers’ responses vary according to the vulnerability provoked by the City Hall’s decisions. It was observed that the City Halls accommodate budgetary pressures failing to transfer or downsizing the contributions to the fund, increasing the fund’s vulnerability. The managers consequently respond subjoining the reserves to pay pensioners, reinforcing the fund’s vulnerability. Such response is a weak resilience pattern, which reinforces the funds’ vulnerability due to governance gaps and the lock-in effect proposed by Pike, Dawley & Tomaney (2010), which constrains the local agents’ capacity to perceive and find solutions more transformative and actives looking for financial sustainability.

The Effect of Seller Income Taxes on Acquisition Price: Evidence from Purchases of Taxable and Tax-Exempt Hospitals

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan S. Dhaliwal ◽  
Merle M. Erickson ◽  
Shane Heitzman
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Primary Difference ◽  
Tax Exempt ◽  
Tax Status ◽  
Lock In Effect ◽  
Lock In ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Acquisition Price

This paper investigates the impact of the seller's tax liability on the price paid in hospital acquisitions. Lock-in theory predicts that for a given asset, asset holders with larger tax liabilities demand a higher price to compensate for income tax liabilities generated on the sale. We apply this theory to a sample of hospital acquisitions by for-profit firms where the primary difference among target hospitals is the seller's tax status—either taxable or tax-exempt. Consistent with the predicted lock-in effect, the evidence indicates that purchase prices are higher when the seller is taxable than when the seller is tax-exempt. Thus, our findings suggest that seller tax liabilities are positively related to purchase prices.

Attraction agglomeration and destination appeal

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1245-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Bo ◽  
Qu Hailin ◽  
Li Ningqiao
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
Dynamic Panel ◽  
Regional Tourism ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Lock In Effect ◽  
Lock In ◽  
The Impact

Using panel data from 225 cities in China over the 2002–2012 period along with dynamic panel data models, this study aims to quantify the impact of attraction agglomeration (AA) on the appeal of a destination at the macrolevel. The study results show that the agglomeration of natural and cultural attractions contributes to destination appeal in domestic tourism markets. The agglomeration of natural, cultural, and man-made attractions enhances destination appeal in international tourism markets. The agglomeration of cultural attractions has the most significant contribution in both domestic and international tourism markets. This study also demonstrates the lock-in effect of AA of a certain type, which means that diversification of attraction type will undermine the benefits of AA of a specific type. The results should help governments and industry organizations plan and develop regional tourism more effectively.

scholarly journals Joint Optimal Planning of Electricity and Modern Energy Cooking Services Access in Nyagatare

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4093
Author(s):  
Eduardo Sánchez-Jacob ◽  
Andrés González-García ◽  
Javier Mazorra ◽  
Pedro Ciller ◽  
Julio Lumbreras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Optimal Planning ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Third ◽  
Greenhouse Emissions ◽  
Electricity Access ◽  
The Impact

In 2019, there were 759 million people globally without access to electricity and 2.6 billion people lacked access to clean cooking. Cooking with electricity could contribute to achieving universal access to energy by 2030. This paper uses geospatially-based techniques—a computer model named REM, for Reference Electrification Model—to show the impact of integrating electric cooking into electrification planning. Three household scenarios were analyzed: one for providing basic electricity access with no electric cooking; another for cooking with electricity; and the third for cooking half of the meals with electricity and half with another fuel, with a clean stacking process. Results of the application of REM to the three scenarios were obtained for the Nyagatare District, Rwanda. The case study showed that electric cooking substantially changes the mix of technologies and the total cost of the least-cost electrification plan. It also showed that electric cooking can be cost competitive compared to LPG and charcoal in grid-connected households and can reduce greenhouse emissions. Stacking with energy-efficient electric appliances provides most of the benefits of full electric cooking at a lower cost and is a pathway worthy of further consideration.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document