Leisure Agricultural Park Selection for Traveler Groups Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic

With the widespread vaccination against COVID-19, people began to resume regional tourism. Outdoor attractions, such as leisure agricultural parks, are particularly attractive because they are well ventilated and can prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the considerations around choosing a leisure agricultural park are different from usual, and will be affected by uncertainty. Therefore, this research proposes a fuzzy collaborative intelligence (FCI) approach to help select leisure agricultural parks suitable for traveler groups during the COVID-19 pandemic. The proposed FCI approach combines asymmetrically calibrated fuzzy geometric mean (acFGM), fuzzy weighted intersection (FWI), and fuzzy Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (fuzzy VIKOR), which is a novel attempt in this field. The effectiveness of the proposed FCI approach has been verified by a case study in Taichung City, Taiwan. The results of the case study showed that during the COVID-19 pandemic, travelers (especially traveler groups) were very willing to go to leisure agricultural parks. In addition, the most important criterion for choosing a suitable leisure agricultural park was the ease of maintaining social distance, while the least important criterion was the distance from a leisure agricultural park. Further, the successful recommendation rate using the proposed methodology was as high as 90%.

The Standardization of Halal Tourism Management in West Nusa Tenggara

<p>This research aims at explaining the standardization of halal tourism management in West Nusa Tenggara. The result shows that the standardization of halal tourism management through Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2016 on Halal Tourism has not solved the problems of regional tourism such as good environmental maintenance from the increasingly damaged biology resource crisis, the deforestation, the limited water resources, soil erosion, sedimentation, abrasion on the cost, coral reef damage, littering 53% or about 250 ton plastic waste every day. Even, this regional regulation is in contrary to the higher laws and religious nuances. <em></em></p>

The Impact of the "Belt and Road" Initiative on Tourism Economic Development in Chinese Regions Along the Route---An Empirical Analysis Based on DID Model

As an important component of modern service industry, tourism is regarded as a "green" driver to regional economic growth and industrial upgrading. Applying the "quasi-natural experiment" advocated by the &ldquo;The Belt and Road&rdquo; Initiative, this paper, based on the method of DID, as-sessed the influence of this initiative on regional tourism development by analyzing panel data collected from 286 prefecture-level cities in China over the period of 2007-2018. It is found that the "The Belt and Road" initiative has stimulated market dynamics and promoted tourism de-velopment in the regions along the route, and has significantly improved indicators such as per capita domestic and inbound tourism revenue and per capita domestic and inbound tourist re-ceipt. Also, the degree of contribution of domestic tourists to the tourism economy of the re-gions where the policy has been implemented is stronger than that of inbound tourists. In sum, the results of this paper not only confirm that the &ldquo;The Belt and Road&rdquo; Initiative has significantly contributed to the high-quality tourism development of Chinese provinces along the routes, but also provide important policy enlightenment for the upgrading of regional tourism industry and regional economic balance.

Competitive Benchmarking of Tourism Resources and Products in Extremadura as Factors of Competitiveness by Identifying Strengths and Convergences of Spanish Regions in the Period 2010–2018

In a globalized and interconnected world, and with increased leisure time, competition between tourism destinations has increased considerably. For this reason, the periodic measurement of tourism competitiveness has become a basic tool for tourism management today. It is not only necessary to determine the tourism competitiveness of destinations in a given period of time (static analysis); the continuous changes which are now occurring in the tourism industry also make it necessary to measure them from time to time (dynamic analysis). The periodic measurement of the competitiveness of Spanish regions as destinations is the objective of the Monitur report. This paper aims to analyze the evolution of one of its most important mainstays, namely the diversification and structuring of regional tourism products. Based on a set of 25 indicators, the relative evolution of the 17 Spanish Autonomous Regions regarding this mainstay between 2010 and 2018 has been compared, and those aspects in which the regions have shown increased relative competitiveness (convergence or competitive reinforcement) and those in which they have shown reduced relative competitiveness (divergence or competitive weakening) in each region have been identified. Based on the results obtained, a competitive benchmarking exercise was carried out to compare the evolution of Extremadura with that of the four regions with the best overall record in terms of competitiveness between 2010 and 2018. In this way it has been possible to suggest improvements in the region’s range of products and services so as to increase its tourism competitiveness in the medium and longer terms.

The role of TCI and TCCI indexes in regional tourism planning

Podunavlje region in Serbia comprises 16.6% of the territory and 38.9% of the total population of the country. Due to its attractive natural values, cultural-historical monuments, ethnographic features, etc., Serbian Podunavlje has favorable conditions for the development of excursion, nautical, stationary, event, youth, rural, hunting, transit, and other kinds of tourism. Since the climate as a tourism resource and the factor of tourist migrations in the observed area has not been analyzed yet, the aim of this paper is the tourism valorization of the significance of climate using the two tourism climatic indexes: tourism climate index (TCI) and tourism climate comfort index (TCCI). To achieve it, the climate elements were first analyzed at five meteorological stations in Serbian Podunavlje: Sombor, Novi Sad, Belgrade, Veliko Gradište, and Negotin for the period 1990–2010. Then the periods favorable for tourism activities were determined according to the mentioned indexes at the given stations. The research results show that summer is certainly the most favorable season for tourism activities in the observed area since the maximum TCI values were recorded during summer, and the minimum ones during winter at all the stations. Regarding the TCCI, the most optimal values of this index were recorded in September and May. These results can further serve the tourism organizations in the municipalities in Serbian Podunavlje when considering the construction of the tourism infrastructure, marketing activities, and further affirmation of the resources for the purpose of sustainable development of tourism.

Calculation of tourism development income index based on finite element ordinary differential mathematical equation

China's tourism industry developed rapidly in the late 1990s, and its direct result is the continuous and rapid growth of tourism operating income. However, since 2010, China's tourism development has been slow and regional tourism development has been uneven. Even in different years in the same area, the tourism operating income shows great differences. How to select the key factor from many factors, as there is still no recognised method in the theoretical circle. This article combines the theories of econometrics, differential calculus, statistics and other related fields. Through in-depth basic research, the data required for the research is determined, and such data are substituted into the self-constructed econometric differential statistical model. Effective analysis of empirical objects is realised. At the same time, the article uses tourism operating income as an indicator and uses the analysis of variance method to calculate the average coefficient of variation of the same region in different years and different regions in the same year, analyses the trends and characteristics of China's tourism in the temporal and spatial structure, and proposes corresponding results on this basis.

Cooperator or supporter: how can cross-boundary Macau–Zhuhai metropolis promote regional tourism together?

PurposeThis study initiated an investigation of how the Macau–Zhuhai tourism cooperated and discussed how Macau and Zhuhai could join hands to develop tourism in the region. The study demonstrated an approach for destination marketing organizations to explore online tourist-generated content and to understand tourists' perceptions of the destination image (DI).Design/methodology/approachA total of 1,291,057 reviews (535,317 for Macau and 755,740 for Zhuhai) were collected, analyzed and examined to determine how the DI s of Macau and Zhuhai changed during the period of 2015–2019 based on tourist-generated content on travel websites (TripAdvisor, Ctrip.com and Qyer.com) through a text-mining approach.FindingsThe result revealed that Macau and Zhuhai were in a hybrid of competition and collaboration on tourism DI s. First, Macau and Zhuhai competed in hotel and catering industry. Macau was appealing to international tourists and provided high-end and prestigious offerings; while Zhuhai was impressed by cost-effective accommodation and food. Second, Macau diversified industrial structure with diverse “Tourism, Leisure and Recreation” and “Culture, History and Art” more than Zhuhai did. Meanwhile, Macau should balance the different demands of international and Chinese tourists. Third, complementary potentials were found in natural resources, urbanization technology and tourism innovation and related projects.Practical implicationsThe research provides valuable insights for policymakers and industrial managers on their endeavors to develop DIs. Policymakers should be able to develop supportive mechanisms and tourism facilitators to promote industrial collaboration and mutual DIs. Managers could refer to the components in the changing DIs and identify the developmental gaps and cooperation potentials in their targeted areas.Originality/valueThe research fulfills the gap in regional tourism studies on Macau, in which the evaluation on synergetic influence and neighbor effect from Zhuhai has been underexplored. Facilitated by up-to-date data mining techniques, the study contributes to both DI and coopetition literature in tourism marketing; and this should inspire further studies on the antecedences of DI changes, resolutions to the competing interests and DIs of different stakeholders in different forms of strategic cooperation in regional tourism. The employment of DIs is an explicit demonstration of tourists' immersion and values attached to the destination, providing effective cues on the status of coopetition.

Regional tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic: Losses, missed opportunities and new developments for the tourism industry

As a result of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, tourism, as one of the branches of many national economies, has suffered heavy losses both nationally and regionally. The pandemic as a global phenomenon is bound to change tourism, at least for some time to come. Therefore, questions arise about the nature of these changes and how deep they will be. The aim of the article is to show that for Podkarpackie Province in Poland, the COVID-19 pandemic, apart from the obvious negative consequences for the tourism industry, has also brought new development opportunities. The analyses presented here are based on a survey conducted among 948 adult respondents in 10 different locations within three districts between 15 and 30 August 2020. The analysis showed that during the pandemic, nature-related travel and active tourism, as well as trips aimed at health recovery were in high demand. Ensuring health and safety on holidays became a priority. Therefore, a concentration of tourism was observed in selected domestic destinations, usually in areas not associated with tourism (e.g. rural areas). In the future, this may create opportunities for a revival of local tourism. In contrast, the tourism industry suffered its greatest losses in cities; business and event tourism lost out, and there was a significant drop in revenue from both domestic and foreign tourists. These results indicate the negative effects of the pandemic, but also show new development opportunities. No one knows how long COVID-19 will continue, so the conclusions may be useful both for entrepreneurs preparing their tourist offers in the coming years, and institutions responsible for regional tourism policy.