scholarly journals Hydraulic Evaluation of the Levee System Evolution on the Kurobe Alluvial Fan in the 18th and 19th Centuries

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4406
Author(s):  
Tadaharu Ishikawa ◽  
Hiroshi Senoo
Keyword(s):  
Channel Capacity ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Japan Sea ◽  
Main Channel ◽  
Alluvial Fan ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Levee System

The development process and flood control effects of the open-levee system, which was constructed from the mid-18th to the mid-19th centuries, on the Kurobe Alluvial Fan—a large alluvial fan located on the Japan Sea Coast of Japan’s main island—was evaluated using numerical flow simulation. The topography for the numerical simulation was determined from an old pictorial map in the 18th century and various maps after the 19th century, and the return period of the flood hydrograph was determined to be 10 years judging from the level of civil engineering of those days. The numerical results suggested the followings: The levees at the first stage were made to block the dominant divergent streams to gather the river flows together efficiently; by the completed open-levee system, excess river flow over the main channel capacity was discharged through upstream levee openings to old stream courses which were used as temporary floodways, and after the flood peak, a part of the flooded water returned to the main channel through the downstream levee openings. It is considered that the ideas of civil engineers of those days to control the floods exceeding river channel capacity, embodied in their levee arrangement, will give us hints on how to control the extraordinary floods that we should face in the near future when the scale of storms will increase due to the global climate change.

scholarly journals Hydraulic function of the kasumi levee system on the Kurobe Alluvial Fan of the 19th century

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 06032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi SENOO ◽  
Tadaharu ISHIKAWA
Keyword(s):  
Flood Control ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Alluvial Fan ◽  
Main River ◽  
Main River Channel ◽  
Hydraulic Design ◽  
Levee System ◽  
Numerical Flow Simulation ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
The 19Th Century

Kasumi levees are a type of discontinuous levee system that was used in early-modern times of Japan, but few records remain of the hydraulic design of the levee construction. Results of numerical flow simulation are presented for the hydraulic functioning of the Kasumi levee system along the Kurobe River that flows on a steep alluvial fan. Historical records from the 19th century to the present were used to simulate the flow through a levee system.. The computational results suggest that the flood control strategy was such that old river paths were utilized for temporary floodways and a portion of this diverted flow was returned to the main river channel through funnel-shaped levee openings located along the middle reach to prevent inundation of the alluvial fan.

scholarly journals Benchmarking the predictive capability of hydrological models for river flow and flood peak predictions across over 1000 catchments in Great Britain

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 4011-4032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosanna A. Lane ◽  
Gemma Coxon ◽  
Jim E. Freer ◽  
Thorsten Wagener ◽  
Penny J. Johnes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Peak Flows ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Model Structures

Abstract. Benchmarking model performance across large samples of catchments is useful to guide model selection and future model development. Given uncertainties in the observational data we use to drive and evaluate hydrological models, and uncertainties in the structure and parameterisation of models we use to produce hydrological simulations and predictions, it is essential that model evaluation is undertaken within an uncertainty analysis framework. Here, we benchmark the capability of several lumped hydrological models across Great Britain by focusing on daily flow and peak flow simulation. Four hydrological model structures from the Framework for Understanding Structural Errors (FUSE) were applied to over 1000 catchments in England, Wales and Scotland. Model performance was then evaluated using standard performance metrics for daily flows and novel performance metrics for peak flows considering parameter uncertainty. Our results show that lumped hydrological models were able to produce adequate simulations across most of Great Britain, with each model producing simulations exceeding a 0.5 Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency for at least 80 % of catchments. All four models showed a similar spatial pattern of performance, producing better simulations in the wetter catchments to the west and poor model performance in central Scotland and south-eastern England. Poor model performance was often linked to the catchment water balance, with models unable to capture the catchment hydrology where the water balance did not close. Overall, performance was similar between model structures, but different models performed better for different catchment characteristics and metrics, as well as for assessing daily or peak flows, leading to the ensemble of model structures outperforming any single structure, thus demonstrating the value of using multi-model structures across a large sample of different catchment behaviours. This research evaluates what conceptual lumped models can achieve as a performance benchmark and provides interesting insights into where and why these simple models may fail. The large number of river catchments included in this study makes it an appropriate benchmark for any future developments of a national model of Great Britain.

scholarly journals Benchmarking the predictive capability of hydrological models for river flow and flood peak predictions across a large-sample of catchments in Great Britain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosanna A. Lane ◽  
Gemma Coxon ◽  
Jim E. Freer ◽  
Thorsten Wagener ◽  
Penny J. Johnes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Peak Flows ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Model Structures

Abstract. Benchmarking model performance across large samples of catchments is useful to guide future model development. Given uncertainties in the observational data we use to drive and evaluate hydrological models, and uncertainties in the structure and parameterisation of models we use to produce hydrological simulations and predictions, it is essential that model evaluation is undertaken within an uncertainty analysis framework. Here, we benchmark the capability of multiple, lumped hydrological models across Great Britain, by focusing on daily flow and peak flow simulation. Four hydrological model structures from the Framework for Understanding Structural Errors (FUSE) were applied to over 1100 catchments. Model performance was then evaluated using a standard performance metric for daily flows, and more novel performance metrics for peak flows considering parameter uncertainty. Our results show that simple, lumped hydrological models were able to produce adequate simulations across most of Great Britain, with median Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency scores of 0.72–0.78 across all catchments. All four models showed a similar spatial pattern of performance, producing better simulations in the wetter catchments to the west, and poor model performance in Scotland and southeast England. Poor model performance was often linked to the catchment water balance, with models unable to capture the catchment hydrology where the water balance did not close. Overall, performance was similar between model structures, but different models performed better for different catchment characteristics and for assessing daily or peak flows, demonstrating the value of using an ensemble of model structures. This research demonstrates what conceptual lumped models can achieve as a performance benchmark, as well as providing interesting insights into where and why these simple models may fail. The large number of river catchments included in this study makes it an appropriate benchmark for any future developments of a national model of Great Britain.

scholarly journals Extreme hydrological phenomena in the forest steppe and steppe zones of Ukraine under the climate change

2020 ◽  
Vol 383 ◽  
pp. 229-235
Author(s):  
Valeriya Ovcharuk ◽  
Eugene Gopchenko ◽  
Nataliya Kichuk ◽  
Zhannetta Shakirzanova ◽  
Liliia Kushchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
The North

Abstract. Nowadays, during the period of the global climate change, scientists around the world have noticed an increased incidence of extreme natural disasters. The authors of the study suggested methods of using climate change as a part of a genetic model of maximal floods runoff. This model makes possible the introducing of “climate changes” directly through the maximal stocks of snow and precipitation during the spring flood and runoff coefficients. The object of study is the basin of the Southern Bug – one of the largest rivers in Ukraine, which flows within two geographical zones – forest-steppe and steppe. Overall results using scenario RCP 4.5 showed a decrease of runoff by the end of 2050 from 20 % in the north part of the basin (the forest-steppe zone) to 50 % – in the south (the steppe part of basin). On the other hand, the characteristics of minimal river flow in the Southern Bug basin – winter and summer low waters had been analyzed. One option for low water flow simulation is to study the connection between the drought index (e.g. SPEI) and the minimal water. Studies show that such correlation exists, so knowing the forecast of drought index it is possible to project the value of minimal water discharge, which is the object of the research.

Simulation of karst floods with a hydrological model improved by meteorological model coupling

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Flood Control ◽  
Underground Structure ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Precipitation Forecast ◽  
Karst Area ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Flood Prediction ◽  
Meteorological Model ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Flood Warning

Abstract Karst basins are prone to rapid flooding because of their geomorphic complexity and exposed karst landforms with low infiltration rates. Accordingly, simulating and forecasting floods in karst regions can provide important technical support for local flood control. The study area, the Liujiang karst river basin, is the most well-developed karst area in South China, and its many mountainous areas lack rainfall gauges, limiting the availability of precipitation information. Quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) from the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) and quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) from remote sensing information by an artificial neural network cloud classification system (PERSIANN-CCS) can offer reliable precipitation estimates. Here, the distributed Karst-Liuxihe (KL) model was successfully developed from the terrestrial Liuxihe model, as reflected in improvements to its underground structure and confluence algorithm. Compared with other karst distributed models, the KL model has a relatively simple structure and small modeling data requirements, which are advantageous for flood prediction in karst areas lacking hydrogeological data. Our flood process simulation results suggested that the KL model agrees well with observations and outperforms the Liuxihe model. The average Nash coefficient, correlation coefficient, and water balance coefficient increased by 0.24, 0.19, and 0.20, respectively, and the average flood process error, flood peak error, and peak time error decreased by 13%, 11%, and 2 hours, respectively. Coupling the WRF model and PERSIANN-CCS with the KL model yielded a good performance in karst flood simulation and prediction. Notably, coupling the WRF and KL models effectively predicted the karst flood processes and provided flood prediction results with a lead time of 96 hours, which is important for flood warning and control.

River parametrisation of the JULES land surface model for improved runoff routing at the global scale.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aristeidis Koutroulis ◽  
Manolis Grillakis ◽  
Camilla Mathison ◽  
Eleanor Burke
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Land Surface Model ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Routing Scheme ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
River Flow Simulation ◽  
River Routing

<p>The JULES land surface model has a wide ranging application in studying different processes of the earth system including hydrological modeling [1]. Our aim is to tune the existing configuration of the global river routing scheme at 0.5<sup>o</sup> spatial resolution [2] and improve river flow simulation performance at finer temporal scales. To do so, we develop a factorial experiment of varying effective river velocity and meander coefficient, components of the Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (TRIP) river routing scheme. We test and adjust best performing configurations at the basin scale based on observations from GRDC 230 stations that exhibiting a variety of hydroclimatic and physiographic conditions. The analysis was focused on watersheds of near-natural conditions [3] to avoid potential influences of human management on river flow. The HydroATLAS database [4] was employed to identify basin scale descriptive hydro-environmental indicators that could be associated with the components of the TRIP. These indicators summarize hydrologic and physiographic characteristics of the drainage area of each flow gauge. For each basin we select the best performing set of TRIP parameters per basin resulting to the optimal efficiency of river flow simulation based on the Nash–Sutcliffe and Kling–Gupta efficiency metrics. We find that better performance is driven predominantly by characteristics related to the stream gradient and terrain slope. These indicators can serve as descriptors for extrapolating the adjustment of TRIP parameters for global land configurations at 0.5<sup>o</sup> spatial resolution using regression models.</p><p> </p><p>[1] Papadimitriou et al 2017, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4379–4401</p><p>[2] Falloon et al 2007. Hadley Centre Tech. Note 72, 42 pp.</p><p>[3] Fang Zhao et al 2017 Environ. Res. Lett. 12 075003</p><p>[4] Linke et al 2019, Scientific Data 6: 283.</p>

scholarly journals Exploring The Viability of Dams is Key to Malaysian Water Resources Development of the Future

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dato’ Ir. Syed Muhammad Shahabudin
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Water Resources Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Future ◽  
Control Water ◽  
Resources Development

It is said tluit civilization began and prospered when humans could control water; and that same civilization declined and vanished when that control is lost. Dams and other river flow barriers were built to harness and control water in the early days of civilisation in order to secure the benefits for human basic needs and comfort. Centuries later, more dams were built to cater for increasing population, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. But it is really in the past two centuries that many large-sized dams have been built to satisfy a wider range of development demands — hydropower, treated water supply, irrigation, flood control and environmental needs.Towards the second half of the last century, society came to realise that dams can cause significant negative social and environmental impacts that could outweigh the original economic benefits. Opponents of dams protest vehemently world-wide against the development of more dams whilst proponents are convinced tluit the y are a necessary feature to support growth and prosperity. It is these contradicting beliefs in mind tluit the public must be engaged to facilitate a better understanding of the views of both the proponents and the opponents of dam development before deciding on a long-term strateg y. In the meantime, more effort may have to be made for water and energ y conservation strategies and to realize the potential applications of low impact and non-structural solutions that complement existing dams and defer new dam development to as far into the future as possible.This paper aims to provoke a critical debate amongst engineers and the public to look at the longer term future ofdams in water resources development that could possibl y reduce the fundamental demand for services that dam provides. In other words, to try and answer the question “Why should a country rich in water, as Malaysia is, need to construct dams and even plan for more?”

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