scholarly journals Extreme hydrological phenomena in the forest steppe and steppe zones of Ukraine under the climate change

2020 ◽  
Vol 383 ◽  
pp. 229-235
Author(s):  
Valeriya Ovcharuk ◽  
Eugene Gopchenko ◽  
Nataliya Kichuk ◽  
Zhannetta Shakirzanova ◽  
Liliia Kushchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
The North

Abstract. Nowadays, during the period of the global climate change, scientists around the world have noticed an increased incidence of extreme natural disasters. The authors of the study suggested methods of using climate change as a part of a genetic model of maximal floods runoff. This model makes possible the introducing of “climate changes” directly through the maximal stocks of snow and precipitation during the spring flood and runoff coefficients. The object of study is the basin of the Southern Bug – one of the largest rivers in Ukraine, which flows within two geographical zones – forest-steppe and steppe. Overall results using scenario RCP 4.5 showed a decrease of runoff by the end of 2050 from 20 % in the north part of the basin (the forest-steppe zone) to 50 % – in the south (the steppe part of basin). On the other hand, the characteristics of minimal river flow in the Southern Bug basin – winter and summer low waters had been analyzed. One option for low water flow simulation is to study the connection between the drought index (e.g. SPEI) and the minimal water. Studies show that such correlation exists, so knowing the forecast of drought index it is possible to project the value of minimal water discharge, which is the object of the research.

scholarly journals Hydraulic Evaluation of the Levee System Evolution on the Kurobe Alluvial Fan in the 18th and 19th Centuries

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4406
Author(s):  
Tadaharu Ishikawa ◽  
Hiroshi Senoo
Keyword(s):  
Channel Capacity ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Japan Sea ◽  
Main Channel ◽  
Alluvial Fan ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Levee System

The development process and flood control effects of the open-levee system, which was constructed from the mid-18th to the mid-19th centuries, on the Kurobe Alluvial Fan—a large alluvial fan located on the Japan Sea Coast of Japan’s main island—was evaluated using numerical flow simulation. The topography for the numerical simulation was determined from an old pictorial map in the 18th century and various maps after the 19th century, and the return period of the flood hydrograph was determined to be 10 years judging from the level of civil engineering of those days. The numerical results suggested the followings: The levees at the first stage were made to block the dominant divergent streams to gather the river flows together efficiently; by the completed open-levee system, excess river flow over the main channel capacity was discharged through upstream levee openings to old stream courses which were used as temporary floodways, and after the flood peak, a part of the flooded water returned to the main channel through the downstream levee openings. It is considered that the ideas of civil engineers of those days to control the floods exceeding river channel capacity, embodied in their levee arrangement, will give us hints on how to control the extraordinary floods that we should face in the near future when the scale of storms will increase due to the global climate change.

scholarly journals Modelling the productivity of Siberian larch forests from Landsat NDVI time series in fragmented forest stands of the Mongolian forest-steppe

2021 ◽  
Vol 193 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Erasmi ◽  
Michael Klinge ◽  
Choimaa Dulamsuren ◽  
Florian Schneider ◽  
Markus Hauck
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Siberian Larch ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Forest Productivity ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Fragmented Forest ◽  
Southern Fringe

AbstractThe monitoring of the spatial and temporal dynamics of vegetation productivity is important in the context of carbon sequestration by terrestrial ecosystems from the atmosphere. The accessibility of the full archive of medium-resolution earth observation data for multiple decades dramatically improved the potential of remote sensing to support global climate change and terrestrial carbon cycle studies. We investigated a dense time series of multi-sensor Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data at the southern fringe of the boreal forests in the Mongolian forest-steppe with regard to the ability to capture the annual variability in radial stemwood increment and thus forest productivity. Forest productivity was assessed from dendrochronological series of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) from 15 plots in forest patches of different ages and stand sizes. The results revealed a strong correlation between the maximum growing season NDVI of forest sites and tree ring width over an observation period of 20 years. This relationship was independent of the forest stand size and of the landscape’s forest-to-grassland ratio. We conclude from the consistent findings of our case study that the maximum growing season NDVI can be used for retrospective modelling of forest productivity over larger areas. The usefulness of grassland NDVI as a proxy for forest NDVI to monitor forest productivity in semi-arid areas could only partially be confirmed. Spatial and temporal inconsistencies between forest and grassland NDVI are a consequence of different physiological and ecological vegetation properties. Due to coarse spatial resolution of available satellite data, previous studies were not able to account for small-scaled land-cover patches like fragmented forest in the forest-steppe. Landsat satellite-time series were able to separate those effects and thus may contribute to a better understanding of the impact of global climate change on natural ecosystems.

scholarly journals Ensemble models on palaeoclimate to predict India's groundwater challenge

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Partha Sarathi Datta
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Ensemble Models ◽  
North West ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
14C Age

In many parts of the world, freshwater crisis is largely due to increasing water consumption and pollution by rapidly growing population and aspirations for economic development, but, ascribed usually to the climate. However, limited understanding and knowledge gaps in the factors controlling climate and uncertainties in the climate models are unable to assess the probable impacts on water availability in tropical regions. In this context, review of ensemble models on δ18O and δD in rainfall and groundwater, 3H- and 14C- ages of groundwater and 14C- age of lakes sediments helped to reconstruct palaeoclimate and long-term recharge in the North-west India; and predict future groundwater challenge. The annual mean temperature trend indicates both warming/cooling in different parts of India in the past and during 1901–2010. Neither the GCMs (Global Climate Models) nor the observational record indicates any significant change/increase in temperature and rainfall over the last century, and climate change during the last 1200 yrs BP. In much of the North-West region, deep groundwater renewal occurred from past humid climate, and shallow groundwater renewal from limited modern recharge over the past decades. To make water management to be more responsive to climate change, the gaps in the science of climate change need to be bridged.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic and Climate Effects on a Free Dam Tropical River: Measuring the Contributions on Flow Regime

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 10030
Author(s):  
Verônica Léo ◽  
Hersília Santos ◽  
Letícia Pereira ◽  
Lilia Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Flow Regime ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Hydrologic Alteration ◽  
Tropical River ◽  
Range Of Variability Approach ◽  
Flow Components

The demand for freshwater resources and climate change pose a simultaneous threat to rivers. Those impacts are often analyzed separately, and some human impacts are widely evaluated in river dynamics—especially in downstream areas rather than the consequences of land cover changes in headwater reaches. The distinction between anthropogenic and climate on the components of the flow regime is proposed here for an upstream free dam reach whose watershed is responsible for the water supply in Rio de Janeiro. Indicators of hydrologic alteration (IHA) and the range of variability approach (RVA) combined with statistical analyses of anthropogenic and climate parameters indicated that (1) four river flow components (magnitude, frequency, duration, and rate of change) were greatly altered from the previous period (1947 to 1967) and the actual (1994 to 2014); (2) shifts in the sea surface temperature of the Atlantic correlated with flow magnitude; (3) the cattle activity effects on the flow regime of the studied area decreased 42.6% of superficial discharge; global climate change led to a 10.8% reduction in the same river component. This research indicated that climate change will impact the intensification of human actions on rivers in the southeast Brazilian headwaters.

scholarly journals Impact of climate change on rawa river water source in lake Lindu watershed, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 276 ◽  
pp. 04003
Author(s):  
I Wayan Sutapa ◽  
Muhammad Galib Ishak ◽  
Vera Wim Andiese
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Water ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Climate Extreme ◽  
Climate Trends ◽  
Projected Changes

Global Climate change has been discussed in the High-Level Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992 and has given more impacts in the world. One of the global climate exchanges is the rising of intensity and frequency of climate extreme which included drought, flood, and hurricane. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of climate change on evapotranspiration and rainfall for river water discharge of Rawa. The investigation has been carried out using daily data and analyzed on a daily, monthly and yearly. The rain stations that represent the location of this research are Palolo, Kulawi, and Wuasa. Climatological station nearest to the research station used Bora. Climate trends and projected changes in the method of Makesens analysis (Mann-Kendall, Sens) and the correlation of rainfall and evapotranspiration discharge used linear regression equation. Similarly, the correlation between changes in soil water storage with rainfall, evapotranspiration, and discharge was analyzed in a linear manner. The conclusion of this study is the climate changes in the River of Rawa watershed was characterized by slowly increasing temperature, increasing rainfall, and decreasing discharge.

China’s Evolving Development Dilemma in the Context of the North-South Climate Governance Debate

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 699-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyeeta Gupta ◽  
King Yip Wong
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Climate Governance ◽  
Climate Change Negotiations ◽  
The North ◽  
Zero Sum

This paper examines China’s policy and position in relation to the evolving climate change negotiations in order to explain how China is dealing with the dilemma of meeting its growing development needs while reducing ghg emissions. It argues that global climate governance requires steering and leadership to deal with the interlocked political process; that the developing countries (dcs) right to develop is challenged by the need for ecosystemic standards especially as climate change is seen as a zero-sum game as the more one country emits the less another one can. This is especially problematic as Industrialized countries (ics) appear to be both unwilling and unable to increase growth without increasing emissions. This explains China’s policy of insisting on its right to develop, of demanding that ics reduce their emissions and that they fulfil their obligations under the fccc, while expressing its willingness to take on a voluntary target. The paper argues that China’s state-led transition has eight unique characteristics that may allow it to lead as it moves beyond a no-regrets policy to a circular and green economy, cooperating with other dcs and mobilizing conscious green values in citizens. The question remains—will the initial success and scale of state-led transition lead the global green transition to a sustainable world?

Regional Governance of Global Climate Change: The North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele M. Betsill
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
North American ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Regional Governance ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Environmental Cooperation ◽  
Climate Governance ◽  
The North

Over the past decade the governance of global climate change has evolved into a complex, multi-level process involving actors and initiatives at multiple levels of social organization from the global to the local in both the public and private spheres. This article analyzes the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) as one component of this multilevel governance system. Specifically, it evaluates the CEC as a site of regional climate governance based on three potential advantages of governance through regional organizations: a small number of actors, opportunities for issue linkage, and linkage between national and global governance systems. On each count I find that the benefits of a CEC-based climate governance system are limited and argue for greater consideration of how such a system would interact with other forms of climate governance in North America.

scholarly journals Taxonomic composition of weed vegetation in the southern and middle Urals and zonal features of its control in maize crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 03024
Author(s):  
A.E. Panfilov ◽  
N.I. Kazakova ◽  
N.N. Zezin ◽  
E.L. Tikhanskaya ◽  
P.Yu. Ovchinnikov
Keyword(s):  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Middle Urals ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Temperate Soil ◽  
Segetal Flora

As a result of expeditionary-route studies, the impoverishment of the composition of the segetal flora in maize crops was established when moving from the North-West to the South-East of the Ural region: from 37 species in the forest-meadow and mountain-forest zones to 10 in the steppe zone. Zonal features of the composition of weed communities associated with the hydrothermal gradient consist in the mutual substitution of annual monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species with a stable contribution of perennial dicotyledons, as well as the replacement of mesophytic weeds with xerophytic species of the same families. A comparison of cross-spectrum herbicides effectiveness in the forest-steppe and forest-meadow zones showed the advantages of a post-emergent preparation with soil effect of Meister Power. In temperate soil fertility in the Southern area of the region, it is economically feasible to use post-emergent herbicides without soil effect, in Northern areas with stable moisture – soil ones.

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