scholarly journals Electrification of LPT in Algeciras Bay: A New Methodology to Assess the Consumption of an Equivalent E-Bus

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 5117
Author(s):  
Carola Leone ◽  
Giorgio Piazza ◽  
Michela Longo ◽  
Stefano Bracco
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Charging System ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Fast Charging ◽  
Average Consumption ◽  
Specific Line

The present paper proposes a new methodology to aid the electrification process of local public transport (LPT). In more detail, real drive cycles of traditional buses currently in use are evaluated together with other data to simulate the consumption of equivalent e-buses (electric buses) with similar characteristics. The results are then used in order to design the best charging infrastructure. The proposed methodology is applied to the case study of Algeciras Bay, where a specific line of LPT is considered. Real measurements are used as data for the simulation model, and the average consumption of an equivalent e-bus is obtained for different operating conditions. Based on these results, different sizes and locations for fast-charging infrastructure are proposed, and the size of the depot charging system is defined trying to maintain the current buses timetable. Finally, some future developments of the present work are presented by considering other bus lines that may benefit from the introduction of the defined charging systems.

A Practical Approach to Expedite a Pore to Process Simulation Model for a Rich Gas Condensate Reservoir – Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed ◽  
Ahmed Mahmoud El-Menoufi ◽  
Eman Abed Ezz El-Regal ◽  
Ahmed Mohamed Ali ◽  
Khaled Mohamed Mansour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Production Optimization ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Gas Condensate ◽  
Western Desert ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Compositional Approach ◽  
Process Plant ◽  
Black Oil

Abstract Field development planning of gas condensate fields using numerical simulation has many aspects to consider that may lead to a significant impact on production optimization. An important aspect is to account for the effects of network constraints and process plant operating conditions through an integrated asset model. This model should honor proper representation of the fluid within the reservoir, through the wells and up to the network and facility. Obaiyed is one of the biggest onshore gas field in Egypt, it is a highly heterogeneous gas condensate field located in the western desert of Egypt with more than 100 wells. Three initial condensate gas ratios are existing based on early PVT samples and production testing. The initial CGRs as follows;160, 115 and 42 STB/MMSCF. With continuous pressure depletion, the produced hydrocarbon composition stream changes, causing a deviation between the design parameters and the operating parameters of the equipment within the process plant, resulting in a decrease in the recovery of liquid condensate. Therefore, the facility engineers demand a dynamic update of a detailed composition stream to optimize the system and achieve greater economic value. The best way to obtain this compositional stream is by using a fully compositional integrated asset model. Utilizing a fully compositional model in Obaiyed is challenging, computationally expensive, and impractical, especially during the history match of the reservoir numerical model. In this paper, a case study for Obaiyed field is presented in which we used an alternative integrated asset modeling approach comprising a modified black-oil (MBO) that results in significant timesaving in the full-field reservoir simulation model. We then used a proper de-lumping scheme to convert the modified black oil tables into as many components as required by the surface network and process plant facility. The results of proposed approach are compared with a fully compositional approach for validity check. The results clearly identified the system bottlenecks. The model can be used to propose the best tie-in location of future wells in addition to providing first-pass flow assurance indications throughout the field's life and under different network configurations. The model enabled the facility engineers to keep the conditions of the surface facility within the optimized operating envelope throughout the field's lifetime.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Fast Charging Efficiency under Extreme Temperatures

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Germana Trentadue ◽  
Alexandre Lucas ◽  
Marcos Otura ◽  
Konstantinos Pliakostathis ◽  
Marco Zanni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Power Conversion ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Charging System ◽  
Fast Charging ◽  
Electric Vehicle Adoption ◽  
Charging Stations

Multi-type fast charging stations are being deployed over Europe as electric vehicle adoption becomes more popular. The growth of an electrical charging infrastructure in different countries poses different challenges related to its installation. One of these challenges is related to weather conditions that are extremely heterogeneous due to different latitudes, in which fast charging stations are located and whose impact on the charging performance is often neglected or unknown. The present study focused on the evaluation of the electric vehicle (EV) charging process with fast charging devices (up to 50 kW) at ambient (25 °C) and at extreme temperatures (−25 °C, −15 °C, +40 °C). A sample of seven fast chargers and two electric vehicles (CCS (combined charging system) and CHAdeMO (CHArge de Move)) available on the commercial market was considered in the study. Three phase voltages and currents at the wall socket, where the charger was connected, as well as voltage and current at the plug connection between the charger and vehicle have been recorded. According to SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) J2894/1, the power conversion efficiency during the charging process has been calculated as the ratio between the instantaneous DC power delivered to the vehicle and the instantaneous AC power supplied from the grid in order to test the performance of the charger. The inverse of the efficiency of the charging process, i.e., a kind of energy return ratio (ERR), has been calculated as the ratio between the AC energy supplied by the grid to the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) and the energy delivered to the vehicle’s battery. The evaluation has shown a varied scenario, confirming the efficiency values declared by the manufacturers at ambient temperature and reporting lower energy efficiencies at extreme temperatures, due to lower requested and, thus, delivered power levels. The lowest and highest power conversion efficiencies of 39% and 93% were observed at −25 °C and ambient temperature (+25 °C), respectively.

scholarly journals Design and Validation of Ultra-Fast Charging Infrastructures Based on Supercapacitors for Urban Public Transportation Applications

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Ortenzi ◽  
Manlio Pasquali ◽  
Pier Paolo Prosini ◽  
Alessandro Lidozzi ◽  
Marco Di Benedetto
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Charging System ◽  
Electric Bus ◽  
Fast Charging ◽  
Charging Current

The last few decades have seen a significant increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) for private and public transportation around the world. This has resulted in high power demands on the electrical grid, especially when fast and ultra-fast or flash (at the bus-stop) charging are required. Consequently, a ground storage should be used in order to mitigate the peak power request period. This paper deals with an innovative and simple fast charging infrastructure based on supercapacitors, used to charge the energy storage system on board electric buses. According to the charging level of the electric bus, the proposed fast charging system is able to provide the maximum power of 180 kW without exceeding 30 s and without using DC–DC converters. In order to limit the maximum charging current, the electric bus is charged in three steps through three different connectors placed between the supercapacitors on board the bus and the fast charging system. The fast charging system has been carefully designed, taking into account several system parameters, such as charging time, maximum current, and voltage. Experimental tests have been performed on a fast charging station prototype to validate the theoretical analysis and functionality of the proposed architecture.

scholarly journals Intelligent Multi-Vehicle DC/DC Charging Station Powered by a Trolley Bus Catenary Grid

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8399
Author(s):  
Michéle Weisbach ◽  
Tobias Schneider ◽  
Dominik Maune ◽  
Heiko Fechtner ◽  
Utz Spaeth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Charging System ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Management Algorithm ◽  
Fast Charging ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
Utilization Time ◽  
Grid Level

This article deals with the major challenge of electric vehicle charging infrastructure in urban areas—installing as many fast charging stations as necessary and using them as efficiently as possible, while considering grid level power limitations. A smart fast charging station with four vehicle access points and an intelligent load management algorithm based on the combined charging system interface is presented. The shortcomings of present implementations of the combined charging system communication protocol are identified and discussed. Practical experiments and simulations of different charging scenarios validate the concept and show that the concept can increase the utilization time and the supplied energy by a factor of 2.4 compared to typical charging station installations.

scholarly journals Charging for Collaboration: Exploring the Dynamics of Temporal Fit in Interdependent Constellations for Innovation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5386
Author(s):  
Wouter P. L. van Galen ◽  
Bob Walrave ◽  
Sharon A. M. Dolmans ◽  
A. Georges L. Romme
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Collaborative Effort ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Charging System ◽  
Collective Goal ◽  
Temporal Structures ◽  
Group Politics ◽  
Innovation Practices

The development of a suitable public charging system for electric vehicles relies on inputs from many complementary organizations that need to synchronize interdependencies across different activities, organizations, and industries. Research on temporal fit has focused on synchronizing activities within or external to the organization, rather than exploring synchronization across multiple organizations with highly interdependent yet colliding temporal structures and multiple time-givers. Drawing on a case study of a collaborative effort to create a national charging infrastructure for electric vehicles, we theorize the interplay between various highly interdependent actors. The resulting theory posits that actors combine and shift between different innovation practices to organize time and explains how multiple, yet interdependent actors engaging in temporal work attempt to accomplish temporal fit. Three entrainment dynamics are identified: (1) temporal tug-of-war through ecosystem configuration; (2) temporal dictating through group politics; and (3) ecosystem navigation through temporal ambivalence. These dynamics arise both between and within groups of actors when they coordinate innovation practices across multiple temporal structures and time-givers. Together, the simultaneous pursuit of synchronization within and across these different coalitions appears to constrain the realization of the collective goal.

scholarly journals Optimization and Operational Analysis of Electric Vehicle Operation with Fast-Charging Technologies

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Mohammed AL-SAADI ◽  
Manuel Mathes ◽  
Johannes Käsgen ◽  
Koffrie Robert ◽  
Matthias Mayrock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Power Level ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Electric Heater ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Charging System ◽  
Technical Operation

This work presents three demos, which include Electric Buses (EBs) from four various brands with lengths of 12 m and 18 m and an Electric Truck (E-truck) for refuse collection. The technical operation of these EVs were analyzed to implement further operational cost optimization on the demo vehicles. The Electric Vehicles (EVs) were tested against superfast-charging solutions based on Pantograph (Type A & Type B) on the route lines (and depots) and based on Combined Charging System Type 2 (CCS2, Combo2) from various brands to validate the interoperability among several vendors and support further EV integration with more affordable solutions. The optimization includes the calculation of the EBs’ consumption at various seasons and under various operating conditions in order to use optimum battery system design, heating system, optimum EB fleet operation and size and to find the charging solutions properly. The results showed that the EB consumption increases in some cases by 64.5% in wintertime due to heating systems, and the consumption in urban areas is more than that on the route lines outside cities. In the E-truck demo, where the electric heater was replaced with a heat-pump to optimize the energy consumption, it was found that the consumption of the heat-pump is about half of the electric heater under certain operating conditions. Under strict EB schedule, Pantograph charging solutions with power ratings of 300–600 kW have been adopted to charge the batteries of the EBs within 4–10 min. In order to minimize the cumulative costs of energy, (pantograph) charging infrastructure depreciation and battery degradation, as well as depot charging (at the bus operator’s depot), was adopted with a power level of 50–350 kW based on CCS2 and pantograph.

scholarly journals Implementation of the logistics train in the intralogistics system: A case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 896-906
Author(s):  
David Strnad ◽  
Gabriel Fedorko ◽  
Juraj Dribnak
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Solution Procedure ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
System A ◽  
Type Object ◽  
The Given

Abstract Intralogistics contributes significantly to the proper functioning of business processes. When designing and solving intralogistics systems, it is necessary to take into account the specific conditions in the given enterprise. The technical design, as well as the composition of the trolleys in the design of the transport system, must respect the specificities of the goods transported as well as shelf life and quantity. The study presents, for example, the implementation of a tugger train into an intercompany system with a solution procedure that is adapted to specific operating conditions and ensures the smooth functioning of the supply process. It is a principle based on the use of a simulation model. During its creation, three original sequences were developed in the programming language SimTalk. Their application decreases the use of blocks from the simulation program by up to 65% and it was possible to model more detailed processes that would not be possible in terms of functionality by using classical blocks. Fifteen directions of the language SimTalk were applied in their creation. Two variables of the type Integer, two variables of the type Object, and one variable of the type Real were defined.

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