scholarly journals The Hydration and Volume Expansion Mechanisms of Modified Expansive Cements for Sustainable In-Situ Rock Fragmentation: A Review

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5965
Author(s):  
Janethri Buddhipraba Liyanage ◽  
Ranjith Pathegama Gamage
Keyword(s):  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Rock Breaking ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Heat Of Hydration ◽  
Rock Fragmentation ◽  
Energy Material ◽  
Expansion Mechanism ◽  
Similar Materials

This review provides the hydration and volume expansion mechanism of expansive materials, with the goal of utilizing them in the development of sustainable mining methods. The main focus of the review will be the newly developed non-destructible rock fragmentation method, slow releasing energy material agent (SREMA), which is a modified soundless chemical demolition agent (SCDA). The review aims to address one of the main gaps in studies related to SREMA, by presenting a thorough understanding of the components of SREMA and their mechanisms of action, leading to volume expansion. Thus, this review would act as a guide for researchers working on using expansive materials for rock breaking. As many literatures have not been published regarding the recently discovered SREMA, studies on cements, expansive cements, and soundless chemical demolition agents (SCDA) were mainly considered. The chemical reactions and volume expansive processes of these materials have been studied and incorporated with the additives included in SREMA, to understand its behavior. Literature containing experimental studies analyzing the heat of hydration and microstructural changes have been mostly considered along with some of the heavily discussed hypotheses regarding the hydration of certain components, to predict the volume expansive mechanism of SREMA. Studies related to SREMA and other similar materials have shown drastic changes in the heats of hydration as the composition varies. Thus, SREMA has the capability of giving a wider range of expansive energies in diverse environmental conditions

IN SITU AND PILOT ORGAN PERFUSION TECHNIQUES FOR THE STUDY OF METABOLIC DYNAMICS

1972 ◽  
Vol 68 (2_Supplb) ◽  
pp. S9-S25 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Urquhart ◽  
Nancy Keller
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Test Substance ◽  
Organ Perfusion ◽  
Systemic Blood ◽  
Experimental Control ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Vascular Connections

ABSTRACT Two techniques for organ perfusion with blood are described which provide a basis for exploring metabolic or endocrine dynamics. The technique of in situ perfusion with autogenous arterial blood is suitable for glands or small organs which receive a small fraction of the animal's cardiac output; thus, test stimulatory or inhibitory substances can be added to the perfusing blood and undergo sufficient dilution in systemic blood after passage through the perfused organ so that recirculation does not compromise experimental control over test substance concentration in the perfusate. Experimental studies with the in situ perfused adrenal are described. The second technique, termed the pilot organ method, is suitable for organs which receive a large fraction of the cardiac output, such as the liver. Vascular connections are made between the circulation of an intact, anaesthetized large (> 30 kg) dog and the liver of a small (< 3 kg) dog. The small dog's liver (pilot liver) is excised and floated in a bath of canine ascites, and its venous effluent is continuously returned to the large dog. Test substances are infused into either the hepatic artery or portal vein of the pilot liver, but the small size of the pilot liver and its blood flow in relation to the large dog minimize recirculation effects. A number of functional parameters of the pilot liver are described.

scholarly journals Phase Transitions in Borohydride Perovskites

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C73-C73
Author(s):  
Pascal Schouwink ◽  
Radovan Cerny
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Host Lattice ◽  
High Temperature Phase ◽  
Temperature Phase ◽  
New Class ◽  
Structural Distortions ◽  
Complex Hydrides ◽  
Type Lattice

A series of complex hydrides based on the highly dynamic tetrahydroborate anion BH4-and crystallizing in theABX3type lattice has recently been discovered. They present a rare case of a family of iono-covalent hydrides that has a genuine tunable host lattice, making them an interesting new class of host compounds for not only the design of hydrogen storage materials but also hydride-properties related to heavy metals. Amongst these, preliminary results onREE-based luminescence will be discussed in the neat and doped compounds, the Ln2+excited states surprisingly not being subject to significant quenching by B-H vibrations. Unlike oxide- or halide-perovskites some members of theAB(BH4)3group do not evolve to higher symmetries as a function of temperature. We show by means ofin-situsynchrotron X-ray powder diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy andab initiocalculations in the solid state, that temperature-induced structural distortions in perovskite-typeACa(BH4)3(A= K, Rb, Cs) have their origin in close hydridic di-hydrogen contacts of repulsive nature. Coupling between internal B-H vibrations and phonons results in lattice distortions that are identical in symmetry to well-known instabilities (soft modes) in perovskites, which generally condense to lower temperatures. Anion-substitution BH4-<->X-(X= Halide) calculated on ordered models can relax distortions caused by repulsive effects. High temperature phase-transitions inACa(BH4)3can be of first or second-order, including 2-fold superlattices, simple cubic-cubic transitions accompanied by volume expansion or complex modulated superstructures accompanied by negative volume expansion, as is the case in RbCa(BH4)3. Close di-hydrogen contacts may be suggested as a tool to tailor the crystal symmetry in complex hydride perovskites in the future.

NATIVE METALS IN THE MUSKOX INTRUSION

1965 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Chamberlain ◽  
C. R. McLeod ◽  
R. J. Traill ◽  
G. R. Lachance
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Native Metal ◽  
Native Copper ◽  
Nickel Iron ◽  
Native Iron ◽  
Reducing Conditions ◽  
Cobalt Iron ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Reducing Environment

The following native metals have been identified in the Muskox intrusion: native iron, native nickel–iron (awaruite), native cobalt–iron (wairauite), and native copper. Mineral distributions and textures indicate that the native metals formed more or less contemporaneously, during the period of serpentinization of the host dunites and related rocks.Conditions during serpentinization must have been more reducing in the central and lower parts of the layered series than in the margins and upper parts of the intrusion. This is indicated by the fact that most native metals are abundant in the central regions and are essentially lacking elsewhere, even in strongly serpentinized zones. This zoning suggests that reducing conditions may have been generated internally, possibly as a result of the serpentinization process itself. The composition of the primary olivine of forsterite80–88 together with the presence of abundant secondary magnetite in equivalent serpentinites indicates that a redox reaction, olivine + water = serpentine + magnetite + hydrogen, contributed to the development of a progressively more reducing, or hydrogen-rich, fluid phase.Natural phase relations indicate that each native metal formed primarily in situ as a result of the decomposition of specific earlier formed minerals that had become unstable in the reducing environment. Native iron appears to have been formed by the reduction of magnetite; awaruite by the reduction of pentlandite; wairauite by the reduction of an unknown phase, possibly cobalt pentlandite or cobaltian pyrite; and native copper by the reduction of chalcopyrite. The feasibility of most of these reactions was confirmed by experimental studies carried out in systems open to moist hydrogen.

Tropylium Salt Promoted Hydroboration Reactions: Mechanistic Insights via Experimental and Computational Studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nhan Nu Hong Ton ◽  
Binh Khanh Mai ◽  
Thanh Vinh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Dft Calculations ◽  
Lewis Acids ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cross Coupling ◽  
Computational Studies ◽  
Metal Free ◽  
Hydride Abstraction ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Tropylium Salts

Abstract: Hydroboration reaction of alkynes is one of the most synthetically powerful tools to access organoboron compounds, versatile precursors for cross coupling chemistry. This type of reaction has traditionally been mediated by transition metal or main group catalysts. Herein, we report a novel method using tropylium salts, typically known as organic oxidants and Lewis acids, to efficiently promote the hydroboration reaction of alkynes. A broad range of vinylboranes can be easily accessed via this metal-free protocol. Similar hydroboration reactions of alkenes and epoxides can also be efficiently catalyzed by the same tropylium catalysts. Experimental studies and DFT calculations suggested that the reaction follows an uncommon mechanistic paradigm, which is triggered by a hydride abstraction of pinacolborane with tropylium ion. This is followed by a series of <i>in situ</i> counterion-activated substituent exchanges to generate boron intermediates that promote the hydroboration reaction.

Volume Expansion Mechanism of Laser-Induced Hydrodynamic Reorientation

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-200
Author(s):  
V. S. Hakobyan ◽  
M. R. Hakobyan ◽  
R. S. Hakobyan
Keyword(s):  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Expansion Mechanism

Electrotonic structure of olfactory sensory neurons analyzed by intracellular and whole cell patch techniques

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Pongracz ◽  
S. Firestein ◽  
G. M. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Input Resistance ◽  
Resting Membrane Potential ◽  
Ambystoma Tigrinum ◽  
Olfactory Sensory Neurons ◽  
Isolated Cells ◽  
Whole Cell

1. Experimental studies employing whole cell patch recordings from freshly isolated olfactory sensory neurons of the salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) yield much higher estimates of specific membrane resistance (Rm) than studies using conventional intracellular recordings from in situ neurons. Because Rm is critical for understanding information transfer in these cells, we have used computational methods to analyze the possible reasons for this difference. 2. Compartmental models were constructed for both the in situ and isolated neurons, using SABER, a general-purpose simulation program. For Rm in the in situ cell, we used a high value of 100,000 omega.cm2, as estimated in the whole cell recordings from isolated cells. A shunt across the cell membrane caused by the penetrating microelectrode was simulated by several types of shunt mechanisms, and its effects on lowering the apparent value of resting membrane potential (MP), input resistance (RN), and membrane time constant (tau m) and increasing the electrotonic length (L) were analyzed. 3. A good approximation of the electrotonic properties recorded intracellularly was obtained in the in situ model with high Rm combined with an electrode shunt consisting of Na and K conductances. A raised K conductance (1-5 nS) helps to maintain the resting MP while contributing to the increased conductance, which lowers RN and shortens the apparent tau m toward the experimental values. 4. Combined shunt resistances of 0.1-0.2 G omega (5-10 nS) gave the best fits with the experimental data. These shunts were two to three orders of magnitude smaller than the values reported from intracellular penetrations in muscle cells and motoneurons. This may be correlated with the smaller electrode tips used in the recordings from these small neurons. We thus confirm the prediction that even small values of electrode shunt have relatively large effects on the recorded electrotonic properties of small neurons, because of their high RN (2-5 G omega). 5. We have further explored the effects on electrotonic structure of a nonuniform Rm by giving higher Rm values to the distally located cilia compared with the proximal soma-dendritic region, as indicated by recent experiments. For the same RN, large increases in ciliary Rm above 100,000 omega.cm2 can be balanced by relatively small decreases below that value in soma-dendritic Rm. A high ciliary Rm appears to be a specialization for transduction of the sensory input, as reported also in photoreceptors and hair cells.

scholarly journals Corrosion in CO2 Systems with Impurities Creating Strong Acids

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/3110 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 1307-1314
Author(s):  
Bjørn H. Morland ◽  
Morten Tjelta ◽  
Arne Dugstad ◽  
Gaute Svenningsen
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Strong Acids ◽  
Safety And Environment

There are several proposed specifications for CO2 transport regarding how much impurities that can be allowed in the CO2 stream. Many of these specifications are based on health, safety, and environment (HSE) considerations in case of accidental spill, and only limited focus has been on the pipeline integrity. Previous work has demonstrated that many of the impurities that are expected to be present in CO2 captured from flue gasses may react and form corrosive species. The present paper studied impurity reactions and corrosion under simulated transport conditions (25°C and 10 MPa of CO2). An experiment was performed in a transparent autoclave which allowed for in situ visual observation. Chemical reactions between the impurities were observed even at very low concentrations (<100 ppmv). These reactions contributed to the production of nitric and sulfuric acid together with formation of elemental sulfur. Corrosion was observed on coupons of carbon steel, but not on stainless steels. The corrosion rate of carbon steel was low, but the amount of acids and solids (corrosion products) produced cannot be accepted from a pipeline integrity perspective. Further experimental studies are needed to determine specific limits for impurity concentrations in captured CO2 for transport.

scholarly journals Quipazine Elicits Swallowing in the Arterially Perfused Rat Preparation: A Role for Medullary Raphe Nuclei?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 5120
Author(s):  
Victor Bergé-Laval ◽  
Christian Gestreau
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Raphe Nuclei ◽  
Excitatory Effect ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Systemic Injection ◽  
Medullary Raphe ◽  
Raphé Nuclei ◽  
Stimulation Of

Pharmacological neuromodulation of swallowing may represent a promising therapeutic option to treat dysphagia. Previous studies suggested a serotonergic control of swallowing, but mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of the serotonergic agonist quipazine on swallowing, using the arterially perfused working heart-brainstem (in situ) preparation in rats. Systemic injection of quipazine produced single swallows with motor patterns and swallow-breathing coordination similar to spontaneous swallows, and increased swallow rate with moderate changes in cardiorespiratory functions. Methysergide, a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, blocked the excitatory effect of quipazine on swallowing, but had no effect on spontaneous swallow rate. Microinjections of quipazine in the nucleus of the solitary tract were without effect. In contrast, similar injections in caudal medullary raphe nuclei increased swallow rate without changes in cardiorespiratory parameters. Thus, quipazine may exert an excitatory effect on raphe neurons via stimulation of 5-HT2A receptors, leading to increased excitability of the swallowing network. In conclusion, we suggest that pharmacological stimulation of swallowing by quipazine in situ represents a valuable model for experimental studies. This work paves the way for future investigations on brainstem serotonergic modulation, and further identification of neural populations and mechanisms involved in swallowing and/or swallow-breathing interaction.

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